高考英语语法基础知识图解.doc

高考英语语法基础知识图解一名词I. 名词的分类：专有名词普通名词特定人名、国名、地名、节日名、书刊名、组织名、星期名、月份名例如：Jack, the U.K, Shanghai, the Great Wall可数名词不可数名词个体名词例如：a boy, an apple, houses集体名词例如：army, audience, band抽象名词例如：news, advice, weather物质名词例如：water, paper专有名词须首字母大写，其前一般不使用冠词。但由普通名词构成的专有名词应在其前面使用定冠词“the”：the P.R.C (= the Peoples Republic of China) the U.S.A (= the United States of America)the Window of the World专有名词一般没有单、复数之分。但表示人的专有名词有时可用作可数名词，这时词意发生变化：The Zhangs are having dinner. (the + 姓氏复数，意为“XX夫妇（或全家）”。注意：表示名的专有名词不适用？这种结构，例如不能将Jack夫妇或全家人说成the Jacks)There are three Zhangs in our company.（意为”三个姓张的人”）集体名词通常表示由多个个体组成的一群人或事物，有时用作单数，有时用作复数，这完全取决于我们将集体看做一个整体还是强调该集体所包括的所有成员。这些名词包括：army, audience, band, class, committee, company, country, crew, crowd, dozen, enemy, family, government, group, jury, population, public, school, staff, team, town, village等。然而，有些集体名词通常只表示复数概念（例如cattle, clothes，people, police），因此在表示这些词义的单数概念时需采用相应的个体名词来表达。例如：some cattle a bull/cow/calf (not two, three, fourcattle)some clothes - a shirt/a pair of trousers/etc.有些集体名词通常为不可数的（例如poetry, luggage, machinery），因此只用作单数，在表示这些词义的具体数量或复数概念时，则同样需采用相应的个体名词来表达。例如：poetry a poem or poemsmachinery - a machine or machines物质名词即无法以个体形式而存在的物质（例如材料、食品、气体），通常为不可数名词，因此无复数形式，也不能在前使用不定冠词a/an。在表示这些物质的量时，只可使用量词。例如：water（not a water or some waters） a glass of water但有些物质名词是可数的，且通常使用其复数形式，例如vegetables, grapes, oats。此外，在表示“一种、一份、一阵”等或大数量、大面积的意义时，物质名词也可用作可数名词：Id like to have two cold beers.抽象名词即表示抽象概念（例如动作、行为、状态、性质）的词，通常为不可数的。然而，有些抽象名词其前有形容词修饰时，这时抽象名词通常转化为表示一个具体的事物（即抽象名词具体化），可用作可数名词。例如：I need to practise conversation.I had a long telephone conversation with my counselor last night.尽管如此，大多数抽象名词还是不能使用a/an来修饰的，即使其前有形容词修饰。例如：They encountered terrible weather five miles out to sea. (not a terrible weather)II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs两者皆可scarfs/scarves, handkerchiefs/handkerchieves4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词或缩略词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, kilo-kilos, memo-memos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词多数是在词尾加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 中国货币单位。注意：中国的计量单位在音译为英语时，单、复数也保持同形！例如：yuan yuan3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents虽然上述名词以复数形式存在，且与其连用的谓语动词也使用复数，但有些还是属于不可数的，因此不能使用数词修饰。例如：belongings （not a belonging or two belongings）goods（not a good or two goods）4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff在表示这些词义的单数概念时需采用相应的个体名词来表达。例如：some cattle a bull/cow/calf (not two, three, fourcattle)some clothes - a shirt/a pair of trousers/etc.some people - a personsome police - a policeman/policewoman 5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”一般加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-sh, ch,结尾的国籍名词表示全体国民，因此为复数意义，其前通常需使用定冠词the，表单数具体数量时，后接-man/men或-woman/womenthe English, a Dutchman, an Englishman, Frenchmen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches以man 或woman作定语修饰另一名词是，将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词属格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：s格和of格。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的用法：表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed然而，在很多表达中，s格和of格可相互替换。例如：the buss arrival the arrival of the busthe directors son - the son of the directorthe moons surface the surface of the moonof格还可表示同位语。例如：the port of Venice at the age of 20双重格即同时包含以上两种所有格的形式，使用这种双重格的情况主要在于of前面的所属物有不定冠词a/an、数词、不定代词（例如some, any, each, several等）或指示代词（例如this，that）修饰。例如：a cousin of mine some friends of my brothers another book of Jacks this book of yoursa picture of Davids a picture of David二代词：代词就是指代人或事物的词，例如I, you, one, this, none等。在英语中，代词的使用非常普遍，主要用于替代上文出现的名词、名词短语或名词性分句，以避免用词重复。通常来说，英语的代词可划分为九种：1人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, somethis和that均可用来指示人或物，它们之间的区别在于this指示时间或空间上离说话人较近的人或物，而that指示时间或空间上较远的，它们的复数形式分别为 these 和 those。例如：This is Mr Lee, English teaching director of our school, and that is Robert Heh, my colleague. .These roses do look nice. Where did you get them? so用作指示代词时常见于省略回答，指代上文述及的一个事件或句子，与其连用的谓语动词有appear, be afraid, believe, expect, guess, hope, seem, suppose, think等。例如：Chinese team is going to lose. Im afraid so. (与之对应的否定形式为Im afraid not)Its ten below today and the weather will remain so before next week.Dont worry! We will be there on time. I hope so. (否定形式：I hope not)Is the news true? I suppose so. (否定形式：I dont suppose so，而不是I suppose not)so用在say，tell后，代替that-宾语从句，以避免重复。例如：Its your turn to do the washing-up today. Who says so? Jack, you are leaving for England this September. Who told you so?so也可用作do的宾语，指代上文述及的拥有相同主语的同一个动作（但由like, think, remember等静态动词引导的动宾结构除外），以避免重复。例如： My parents have told me to stay off the bottle and cigarettes for a hundred times, but Ive failed to do so.Though I remembered to switch off the lamp before I left home, I didnt at last. (not didnt do so) I do sports almost every day, but my sister never does. (not does so) such 作指示代词用以指代上文述及的人或物，可单独使用作主语、宾语或表语。例如：Such can be easily done.The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop.such 也可用作形容词性指示代词，作定语修饰名词。修饰单数可数名词时，名词前需使用不定冠词a/an，但在no such +单数可数名词的结构中，单数可数名词前不使用冠词a/an,。例如：such rubbish such an interesting book such nice flowersno such monster as dragons (not no such a monster)5相互代词each other, one another根据传统语法，each other 主要用于两者之间，one another用于三者或以上。但在现代英语中，它们在以上意思上并无很大区别。例如：They helped each other/one another quite a lot in hard times. each other 和 one another在句中通常只作宾语，但其所有格可用作定语。例如：They are always wearing each others/ one anothers clothes.注意：meet和marry不能与each other 和 one another 连用。例如：We met on a train last October and married two months later. (not . met each other. and married each other.)6不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either7连接代词who, what8疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever9关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as不定代词用法注意点：1one, some与anyone可以泛指任何人，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. one也可指代具体的人或事物, 常见于定语从句。例如：Hes always been one that enjoys good food.This is the one I like best.some可用于疑问句中，表示说话人期待或鼓励对方的肯定回答。例如：Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?any也用于肯定句，表示“任何”的意思。例如：Please call us if you have any questions.Any of us know that it is not possible.some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?2each, every:Each和every在意义和用法上比较相似，均接单数可数名词表示“每个”的意思，但each可指代两者或以上的每个人或事物，强调个体，常见于小数量；而 every 一般用于三者或以上的每个人或事物，强调整体，并常见于较大数量。例如：There is a line of trees on each side of the road.For every pound raised, 95 pence goes directly to the poor.Each candidate gives a different answer to the question.Every candidate knows the answer to the question.each还可单独使用，但 every 不能单独使用。例如：Each of the flowers has its own colour and smell. (or Each one of the flowers )Every one of the flowers has its own colour and smell.* (not Every of the flowers)*every one 可指人或物，而everyone仅指人。3other, anotherOther+复数可数名词，another+单数可数名词；在特定范围内，则应使用the other指代另外一个人或物，the others指代其他或另外的。但 the other指代两者中的另外一个或多个中的最后一个，为一个单数概念，通常用于oneand the other的结构中，而the others指代三者或以上的所有其他人或其它事物，等于the +复数可数名词。例如：Our company started out with 5 offices in Shenzhen. 4 were in Luohu and the other is in Longhua. There are two books on the desk. One is a math book and the other is an English book.They have twenty-six desks in the classroom. One is for the teacher and the others are for the students.(= the other desks)another也意为“另外一个”， 即可指人也可指物，但another是指三者或以上的另外任何一个人或事物，因此不表示特指或前面不能使用冠词the，也不能指代两者中的另外一个。例如：I dont like this book. Please show me another.Do you want to exchange this MP4 player for another or do you want your money back?此外，another还有“又一(= one/two, etc. more 或 a second)、不同 (= different)”的意思。例如：It tastes really nice. Id like another cup.It will be summer again in another two months.This method does not work, so lets try another.在表示三者或以上的“一个、一个、一个”时，another也可与one连用构成oneanotherthe/a thirdthe/a fourth, etc.的结构。例如：Look at the three boys! One is shouting, another is crying and the other (or the third) is talking into his telephone loudly.4one/onesone作代词时用于指代上文表示人或事物的单数可数名词，以避免用词重复。例如：Excuse me! Can you get me a newspaper? Sorry, I dont know where to get one.A good teacher should be one good at encouraging ones students. Personally, I like black tea better than green tea. (not than green one.) 如上文提及的人或事物前有名词修饰时，则不能使用one指代。例如：Did you say you need a dinner tray or an ash tray? (nota dinner tray or an ash one?) one作代词时可用于泛指人们，意为“人人、任何人”，这种用法有时也使用 you。例如：One should do ones duty.You cant enjoy yourself if you are too tired.one也可指代具体的人或事物。例如：Hes always been one that enjoys good food.This is the one I like best.如指代的人或事物为复数，则应使用其复数形式ones。同时，one也有自己的所有格和反身代词形式：ones和oneself。all, both, either, anyall和both表示“全都”，但all用于三者或以上，both只表示两者。either和any表示“任何一个”，但either指代两者中的任何一个，而any指代三者或以上中的任何一个或一些。表示“都不”的意思时，不能使用not否定句，应使用neither, none。三冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4用于”of/at + a+名词”结构中, 表示“同一” (= the same)We are nearly of an age.Birds of a feather flock together. (物以类聚)5用于专有名词前,表示某人、某种人物、或某人的作品：A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outIm a Chinese, or exactly, a Han.This young man is very clever. He may be an Edison. (or another Edison).I read a Mark Twain yesterday6表示数量（=one，但不能互换）以及在表示数量的限定词前：a day or two (=one or two days), a quarter of a century, a cup of coffee, a hundred7用在序数词前，表示又一 ，再一（=one more）Could you please get me a second cup of coffee?8用在抽象名词和物质名词前，表示“一种、一次、一份、一阵”等意思：A cold beer, please!There was a heavy rain in the night.9用于固定词组中as a matter of fact, as a result, a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, have a headache, in a hurry, in a way, in a minute, have a walk, many a time10用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.11用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词(the)的用法：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar但在以汉语拼音表示的乐器名称前则不用冠词：Im much fond of playing Erhu5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6在姓氏复数形式前，表示“xx一家人”或“xx夫妇”，谓语动词用复数形式：the Smiths, the Lees, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8在江河、湖泊、海洋、山脉、海湾、海峡、运河、群岛等名词前：the Yellow River, the West Lake, the Indian Ocean, the Rocky Mountains, the Alps, the English Channel注：如上所述，在表示山脉和群岛的地理名词前要加定冠词，所以请注意：在表示独山和孤岛的地理名词前不加冠词：Mount Tai Mount Emei Christmas Island9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s11由by表示 “按计算”的结构中，该短语中的度量单位名称前要加the：I hired the car by the hour.注：by weight 按重量计算，该表达中不使用冠词。12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.13在由普通名词构成的专有名词前:the Great Wall, the White House, the Communist Party of Ch14在国籍、阶级等名词前，表示全体国民、阶级等，谓语动词用复数形式。The Chinese are hard working and brave.The lower-income class have had a tough time of it.15在only ,very, same等词前:In our class, you are the only one that has caught my eye.16在动词（如take，catch，hit等）+某人+the+身体部位的短语结构中：The bullet hit the police officer in the shoulder.This morning I saw him lead a girl by the handIII. 零冠词的用法：1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.四形容词和副词I. 形容词：1. 形容词的语法作用：定语a difficult question, modern houses, pretty girls表语Its small like a mouse. It tastes really nice. 补语主语补语Some people were driven mad by the stock market.宾语补语Too much homework makes the students very tired.状语The workers spent a whole day in the wind and snow, cold and hungry. 2. 形容词的分类：定语形容词名词加-en构成的形容词golden sun, woolen gloves以en结尾的过去分词Spoken English, a hidden microphone 表示比较的形容词Elder brother以词加ly结尾表示时间的形容词Daily life, weekly meeting表语形容词以字母a开头的形容词Afraid, asleep, alike, alone表示健康状况的well和illShe looks well. 表示情感和心理状态的形容词Glad, sorry, sure其它Worth, unable3. 形容词的位置：1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent, everything possible2以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available, the only solution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序记忆口诀：限观形龄色国材3) 复合形容词的构成：1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-yearII. 副词副词的分类：1时间副词soon, now, early, finally, once, recently6疑问副词how, where, when, why2地点副词here, nearby, outside, upwards, above7连接副词how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile3方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really8关系副词when, where, why4程度副词almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather9句子副词Fortunately, hopefully, interestingly注：这类副词是修饰整个句子，表示说话人的看法，也称评注性状语副词。5频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, neverIII. 形容词与副词对照大部分形容词后加-ly构成副词例如：careful- carefully, slow - slowly，happy - happily形副同形例如：fast fast, hard hard, high high, low - low其它有些词本身是副词，但与其形容词同形，有时在这些词后加-ly后又可以构成另外一种意义的副词。例如：hard（努力地）hardly (几乎不) clean（完全地） cleanly（干净地）high（高高地）- highly (非常) loud（响亮地）- loudly（大声地）. 形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加 -er和 -est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。1形容词的原级常用 asas,not so(as)asI am not so good a player as you are.2形容词的比较级常用“比较级+than”结构。The Earth is larger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.注：但某些以-ior结尾的形容词构成比较结构时，使用to替代than。c.f. prefer 例如：This task is prior to all others.比较级可由以下词语修饰：much, many, a lot, even, far (a lot), a bit, a little, still, yet, any, slightly。此外，原级和比较级还可由表示倍数的词来修饰。例如：Our school is three times larger than yours.Our school is four times as large as yours.Our school is four times the size of yours.3表示一方随另一方变化时用“the morethe more”句型。The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.The old we grow, the poorer our memory will become.4“比较级+比较级”和“more and more+原级”结构， 意为“越来越”。Its getting darker and darker.Im becoming more and more interested in science.5more/less than + 数词More than 50 people, less than 10 cars6all the + 比较级，意为“越发、特别”。all the better, all the happier7none the + 比较级，意为“毫不、一点也不”。none the better，none the happier注：none the less，意为“仍然，依旧”。例如：Its not cheap but I think we should buy it none the less.8最高级：三者或以上比较，结构为“the + 最高级(most + 多音节形容词原形) + 比较范围”。Taiwan is the largest island in China.This is the most entertaining book that Ive read before.注：如果most前面不用the，则不表示最高级意义。例如：This is a most entertaining book. 比较级也可表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day. (否定+比较级=最高级)Nothing could be sweeter. (否定+比较级=最高级)John is taller than any other boy in his class. (比较级+ than any other =最高级) 最高级可由序数词以及much, by far, nearly, almost, by no means等词语修饰。例如：Hainan is the second largest island in China.My favorite is usually much the most expensive.( “much + the + 最高级”的意思相当于“最最”“绝对是最”。)9表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。10副词的原级，比较级和最高级同上。.常用形容词和副词辨析late, later, latestLate 可用作形容词或副词，意为“迟、晚”，而副词lately意为“最近、近来”，相当于recently，常用于完成时。Later和latest分别为late的比较级和最高级，但later也可用作副词，意为“稍后,随后”。Latest除了“最迟的”意思外，还可表示“最近的，最新的”的意思。too much, much tooToo much表示“多（much）”的意思，而much too表示“太（too）”的意思。例如：too much water, much too busytrue, real, actualTrue指与事实相符，与false相对。Real表示相对于“假的”的“真的”，即某物外表与其实质之间的一致性。此外，real 所表示的“真实的”正好与“想象的”相对。 something real（实在的东