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专题1 定语从句从句与句式在语法填空中的考查并列句或复合句中的连(接)词为语法填空必考内容，句式结构的判断至关重要。1.并列连词：连接两个或几个词、短语或句子的并列连词有and，or，but，neither.nor.，either.or.，whether.or.等。2.引导名词性从句的连接代词或连接副词(有意义，并在从句中作句子成分)，以及that(不作任何句子成句，没有任何意义)，和表示“是否”的whether/if。其中要特别注意连接代词what的意义和用法。3.引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词。注意：关系词是代表先行词并在定语从句中作句子成分的。4.引导状语从句的从属连词。5.特殊句式常考的语法项目包含主谓一致、倒装句、强调句、省略句、感叹句、祈使句等。考查形式有谓语动词的数、状语从句的省略中的非谓语动词、助动词、替代词或标志性的词等。应对策略若含有两个主谓结构的句子之间没有句号或分号，也没有连词，那么空格处一定填连接词，否则，句子结构就不完整。根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系，或者根据句式结构，确定是并列句还是某种主从复合句。然后根据从句的特点，结合连词的意义和作用，确定填具体的某个连词。如：一旦判断是定语从句，就根据定语从句的先行词和代表先行词的关系词在从句中作什么句子成分，来确定关系词。若在从句中作主语或宾语，就用关系代词；若作状语，就用关系副词。从句与句式在短文改错中的考查1.对于定语从句的考查主要涉及限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句中关系代词或关系副词的错用。2.对于名词性从句的考查主要涉及连接词使用不当，缺少连接词以及what与that、which混用等。3.对于并列连词或从属连词的考查主要涉及连词使用不当，缺少连词以及多余连词(although不能与but连用，because不能与so连用)等情况。4.对于特殊句式的考查主要涉及主谓不一致、含有助动词的谓语结构错误和替代词的错用等。应对策略1.对于连词的考查，注意首先判断两个或两个以上的单词、短语或单句之间是否有连词，再根据不同的句式结构，判断连词是否运用正确。解题时，可以注意以下几个方面：(1)把握前后两句话之间的衔接关系，判定是并列句、名词性从句、定语从句还是状语从句，根据连词在句中作何成分，判断正误；(2)注意but(转折)、and(并列)、or(或者/选择)、so(因此/结果)等逻辑关系词之间的混用；(3)注意although/though/while不与but连用；since/as/because不与so连用。2.遇到特殊句式，要注意主谓一致、强调句、倒装句、省略句、祈使句、感叹句、反意疑问句等的构成特点。专题1定语从句框架结构图定语从句的句法功能及相关定义1.功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。2.位置：定语从句常置于被修饰词之后；as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前、句中，也可置于主句之后。Those who are for the plan raise your hands，please.As is known to us all，the earth is spinning around the sun.3.先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如：some-，any-，every-，no-与-body，-thing的合成词或all，none，any，some，that，those等代词。数词和人称代词也同样可作先行词。4.关系词：连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。关系代词：who，whom，which，that，whose，as等。关系副词：when，where，why等。定语从句的核心考点1.确定关系词的步骤：(1)先找先行词，看先行词指的是什么。(2)看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。注意：先行词与关系词是等量关系。(1)先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。This is the place which is worth visiting.(2)关系词在从句中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。There are many places we can visit in China.(visit后面不能再加many places/them)2.在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词用that而不用which：(1)当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。(2)先行词被all，every，no，some，any，little，much，the only，the very，few等修饰时。(3)先行词为all，much，little，none，few，something，anything等不定代词时。(4)先行词中既有人又有物时。He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.(5)先行词在主句中作表语时。The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.(6)当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。Which are the books that you bought for me?3.用which而不用that的情况：(1)在非限制性定语从句中。(2)当关系词前有介词时。(3)当先行词本身是that时。(4)关系词后有插入语时。4.关系词who与that指人时，根据不同情况分别用不同的关系词。(1)当主句是there be句型时，关系词用who。(2)先行词是anyone，those，someone，everyone，one等词时，关系词用who。(3)当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that。Who is that girl that is standing by the window?(4)whom在从句中只作宾语，可被who取代。5.whose作关系词既指人又指物，在从句中作定语。Do you know Mr Smith whose story is very moving?There is a room，whose window faces the river.6.关系代词as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。(1)先行词被such和the same修饰，或句型as many(much)中，从句都用as 引导。Such books as you bought are useful.注意：such.that.引导结果状语从句。如：They are such lovely children that we love them much.the same.as.和the same.that.都可引导定语从句，前者表示“与同样的(但不是同一个)”；后者表示“同一个，就是那个”如：This is the same pen as I lost last week.这同我上周丢失的那支钢笔一样。(但不是同一支)This is the same pen that I lost last week.这就是我上周丢的那支钢笔。(2)先行词为句子，定语从句用as或which引导。区别：意义上：as 含有“这点正如一样”。位置上：as 从句可置于句首，也可在句中或句尾；which引导的非限制定语从句只能放在主句之后。He didnt pass the exam，as we had expected.There is lots of air in loose snow，which can keep the cold out.As is known，the earth is round.7.关系副词when，where，whywhen指时间in/at/on/during whichwhere指地点in/at/from whichwhy指原因for which注意：that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词之后，取代when，where，why和“介词which”引导的定语从句，修饰的先行词常为the way，the time，the day，the place等，在口语中that常被省略。I dont like the way (that/in which) he talks.The day (that/when/on which) she arrived was Thursday.8.必须注意的问题：(1)关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数。(2)注意区别定语从句与强调句。定语从句中关系词作从句成分；强调句中it无意义，that/who不是引导词；去掉it is/was和that/who后，如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。It is the museum that/which we visited last year.(定语从句)It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.(强调句)(3)定语从句与同位语从句的区别。定语从句的引导词被称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语，有时可省略。同位语从句的引导词被叫作连接词，that不充当任何成分，不可省。We expressed to them our wish that was the same as theirs.(定语从句)Word came that their army was defeated.(同位语从句)(4)关系词在定语从句中省略的情况。关系词作宾语，前无介词时；关系词作表语。(5)关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是which和whom。(6)几个特殊的定语从句句型：He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks in the match.(句中one为先行词)He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.(句中students为先行词)Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday?Is this the place (that/which) we visited yesterday?He stood at the window，from where he could see what was happening.It may rain，in which case the match will be put off.(一)定语从句意识缺失1.关系代词被普通代词取代(误)I have many collections of stamps，someofthem are my favorite.(正)I have many collections of stamps，someofwhich are my favorite.2.关系代词遗漏(误)The last one leaves the classroom please close the windows.(正)The last one wholeaves the classroom please close the windows.第一句从汉语意思角度是对的，但是汉语的干扰破坏了英语句式结构。(二)假冒伪劣的定语从句1.有从无主式(误)My friend Jane，who is very friendly to us classmates.(正)My friend Jane is very friendly to us classmates.(正)My friend Jane，who is very friendly to us classmates，hasavarietyofhobbies.第一句虎头蛇尾，属于有从无主式的句子，即有从句但没有主句。2.从句成分残缺式(误)Those whoagainst it think that it is unnecessary to move the zoos out of the city.(正)Those whoareagainst it think that it is unnecessary to move the zoos out of the city.第一句定语从句的成分不完整，缺谓语。介词against不能单独作谓语。3.画蛇添足式(误)As can be seen from the picture，that a sad boy stands between his angry parents.(误)As can be seen from the picture，a man who is talking happily.(误)I have many collections of stamps，and some of which are my favorite.第一句中关系代词as代替逗号后面的整个主句，因此主句是不需要连接词的。所以应去掉that。第二句中同样as代替逗号后面的整个主句，主句中的who是多余的。第三句中如果要满足定语从句的话，显然并列连词and是多余的。考向1关系代词引导的限制性定语从句.单句语法填空1.Many westerners who/that e to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.(2018浙江)解析句中包含定语从句，先行词是westerners指人，在定语从句中作主语，用关系代词who/that引导，故填who/that。2.Self-driving is an area where China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.(2018江苏)解析句意为：无人驾驶是一个中国和世界上其他国家处在同一起跑线的领域。句中先行词为an area，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。3.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014that/whichshowed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.(2018全国)解析此处a study是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语，故填that或which。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.Around me in this picture are the things were very important in my life at that time：car magazines and musical instruments.(2017全国)解析things是先行词，后面是定语从句，从句中缺少主语，故引导词用that或which。2.The dishes 或what I cooked were Moms favorite.(2016四川)解析分析句子结构可知，dishes后跟的是定语从句，what不能引导定语从句，应用that/which引导。引导词在定语从句中作cooked的宾语，可以省略，因此也可以把what删除。考向2“介词whom/which”或关系副词引导的限制性定语从句.单句语法填空1.When harvest came around，he was already selling herbs，vegetables and cotton in the market where people from the towns met regularly.(2015广东)解析根据句子结构可以判断，在这里应填关系词来引导一个定语从句，修饰表地点的先行词the market，且关系词在定语从句中作状语，故填关系副词where。2.Behind him were other people to whom he was trying to talk，but after some minutes they walked away and sat near me，looking annoyed.(2011广东)解析此处是一个定语从句，缺少关系代词，因为先行词为other people，指的是人，而且与介词to连用，所以填whom。.单句改错(仅有1处错误)They also had a small pond 或 they raised fish.(2018全国)解析句意为：他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。此处a small pond是先行词，其在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故用in which或where。考向3关系代词或关系副词引导的非限制性定语从句.单句语法填空1.She and her family bicycle to work，which helps them keep fit.(2018北京)解析句意为：她和她的家人都骑自行车上班，这有助于他们保持健康。根据句意可知，从句修饰的是前面的整个句子，且此定语从句前有逗号，是非限制性定语从句，所以用which。2.Kate，whose sister I shared a room with when we were at college，has gone to work in Australia.(2018天津)解析句意为：凯特，在大学时我和她的姐姐共住一室，已经去澳大利亚工作了。句中先行词为Kate，在非限制性定语从句中作名词sister的定语，故用关系代词whose。3.Like anything，it is possible to have too much of both，which is not good for the health.(2017全国)解析分析句子结构可知，空格处所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语，且指代整个主句的内容，故填关系代词which。4.But Sarah，who has taken part in shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.(2017全国)解析引导词代替先行词在从句中作主语，且指人，故用who。5.Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden，where it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted(生长) through it.(2017浙江)解析分析句子结构可知，空格处所在的句子是非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的先行词the garden，且从句中缺少地点状语，故用where引导该定语从句。6.But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s，when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.(2016全国)解析先行词是表示时间的the mid-1980s，且从句中缺少状语，故填关系副词when。7.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.，influenced the development of chopsticks.(2016全国)解析所填词引导非限制性定语从句，先行词指人，且在从句中作主语，故填who。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.In their spare time，they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden， is on the rooftop of their house.(2017全国)解析此处是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词their garden，关系词在从句中作主语，应用which而不能用that引导。2.Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner， might not be served until 8 oclock at night.(2013新课标全国)解析此处是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词dinner，且关系词在从句中作主语，应用which而不能用that。3.There，Katia will introduce me to some of her friends，one of has been to China several times.(2011重庆)解析因关系词指人，并且作of的宾语，只能用whom，不能用who。.单句语法填空1.According to Dr.Lance Workman，these people may develop a temporary moral code in their minds which/that justifies their actions：there are rich people who have things I dont have so its right that I take it.2.This is the very factory that they visited last summer holiday.3.When facing hardships，only those who are confident will achieve success.4.That evening，which I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.5.I wish to thank Professor Smith，without whose help I would never have got this far.6.After the flooding，people were suffering in that area，who urgently needed clean water，medicine and shelter to survive.7.We live in an age when more information is available with greater ease than ever before.8.The next day，my brother and I went to the beach where we watched some people play volleyball.9.He wrote many childrens books，nearly half of which were published in the 1990s.10.Well reach the sales targets in a month which/that we set at the beginning of the year.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.Ive never heard of the people and things you talked about just now.2.This is the only question has been answered.3.This is the museum 或where we visited last Sunday.4.We have made the same mistake you made last time.5.I shall never forget the years I spent in the country with the farmers， has a great effect on my life.6.The young man had a new girlfriend，in he took pride.7.I also enjoyed the evenings 或when we spent together.8.The visitors saw rows of houses，the roofs of were red.9.Please tell me the way 或或which you did the job.10.Little has been done is helpful to our work.语法填空(定语从句专练)Yangshuo，ChinaIt was raining lightly when I arrived in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I didnt care.A few hours before，Id been at home in Hong Kong,1.where I breathed its choking smog.Here，the air was clean and fresh，even with the rain.Id skipped nearby Guilin,2.which is a dream place for tourists 3.who/that seek the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River 4.that/which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.Instead，Id headed straight for Yangshuo.For those 5.who fly to Guilin，its only an hour away by car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.Yangshuo is really beautiful.A study of travelers 6.that/which was conducted by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations 7.that/which are famous in the world.And the town is fast being a popular weekend destination for people and their families 8.that/who are in Asia.Abercrombie & Kent,9.which is a travel pany in Hong Kong，says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people 10.who/that live in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
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