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第三讲定语从句定语从句必备知识1定语从句在复合句中，修饰名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。(定语从句作后置定语)2先行词被定语从句所修饰的词或句子叫先行词，作先行词的可以是：(1)一个词(通常是名词，也可以是代词) This is the place which is worth visiting.这是值得参观的地方。He laughs best who laughs last.谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。(2)一个短语Many lifes problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员、朋友或者同事就能解决的生活问题，是现在的大家庭无力解决的。(3)一个分句The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people have realized how diverse languages could be.希腊人认为，语言结构和思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。(4)一个完整的句子I found an old man lying on the ground and I took him to hospital in a taxi immediately, which was why I was late that morning.我发现一个老人躺在马路上，我立即乘出租车把他送到了医院，这就是那天上午我迟到的原因。3关系词引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系词有三大作用：代指先行词，引导定语从句，在从句中充当句子成分。Beijing, which is the capital city of China, is a very beautiful city.(which代指Beijing，在从句中作主语)4先行词与关系词的关系(1)关系代词who, that, which实际上是先行词的替代词A plane is a machine that can fly.(thata machine)The boy who broke the window is called Tom.(whothe boy)(2)关系代词whose实际上是先行词的所有格The boy whose parents were dead was brought up by his grandfather.(whosethe boys)(3)关系副词实际上是“介词先行词”The school where I study is far from my home. (wherein the school)5分类(1)限制性定语从句它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。Do you know the girl who just came in?你认识那个刚刚进来的女孩吗？The time when I first met Mr White was a very difficult period of my life.我第一次遇见怀特先生时是我生命中一个非常艰难的时期。(2)非限制性定语从句它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句一般不用that引导。The old woman, who lives on her own, has a cat for pany.这个老妇人一个人住，养了一只猫陪伴她。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的那栋房子有一个漂亮的花园。关系代词全析考法.单句语法填空1(2018全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.解析：that/which分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，在定语从句中作主语，修饰先行词study，故填that/which。2(2018全国卷)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 when the government started a soiltesting program_ gives specific fertilizer remendations to farmers and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.解析：that/which空处引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语，修饰“a soiltesting program”，先行词表示物，故用that或者which。3(2018浙江高考)Many westerners _ e to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.解析：who/that先行词是Many westerners，指人，故用who/that 引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语。4(2017全国卷)But Sarah, _ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.解析：who分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是Sarah，且空格处在从句中作主语，故用关系代词who。5(2015全国卷)Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River _ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.解析：that/which根据语境和句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词指物，关系词在从句中作主语，因此答案为that/which。.单句改错1(2017全国卷)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house._解析：thatwhich此句是非限制性定语从句，应用which而不能用that引导。2(2017全国卷)Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments._解析：theythat/which分析句子结构可知，things作其后定语从句的先行词，并在从句中作主语，故关系代词用that或which。3(2016四川高考)The dishes what I cooked were Moms favorite._解析：whatthat/which或去掉what分析句子结构可知，dishes后跟的是定语从句，what不能引导定语从句，应用that/which引导。又因引导词在定语从句中作cooked的宾语，可以省略，故也可以直接把what去掉。谨记规则(一)关系代词的基本用法1who用于指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeeds.(作主语)但是，努力过却失败的人比那些坐享其成的人要好得多。2whom用于指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可用who代替；但是，若从句中的介词提到关系代词前，只能用whom直接跟在介词后作宾语，不可用who代替。In our class there are 48 students, half of whom are girls.(作宾语)我们班有48名学生，其中有一半是女生。3which用于指物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students which allows them to municate freely with each other.(作主语)在为学生营造自由交流的氛围这方面，她很有天赋。4that既可指人又可指物，指人时通常可与who, whom互换，指物时通常可与which互换，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。The old town has narrow streets and small houses that are built close to each other.(作主语)这个古老的小镇有狭窄的街道和建造得彼此靠得很近的小房子。5whose表示所属关系，既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作定语。指物时相当于of which；指人时相当于of whom。The books on the desk, whose covers are shiny, are prizes for us.(作定语)桌上那些封面闪闪发亮的书是我们的奖品。6as(1)引导限制性定语从句，作关系代词，既可指人又可指物，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。常用于下列结构：such名词as . 意为“像一样的；像之类的”；such(代词)as .，意为“像一样的；像之类的”；the same (名词) as .意为“和同样的”。He is such a man as is always ready to help others.(作主语)他是一个时刻准备帮助别人的人。I have the same book as you (have)(作宾语)我有一本和你的一样的书。(2)引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个主句或主句中的一部分，意为“正如；像”。“You cant judge a book by its cover，” as the old saying goes.(作宾语)正如老话所说的那样：“人不可貌相。”特别注意关系代词在从句中作宾语时一般可省略，但其前有介词时一般不可省略。(二)关系代词的两处关注点15种只用that而不用which的情况(1)先行词是不定代词all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时；Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你有什么要为自己说的吗？(2)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或the only, the very (恰恰，正好), the last, all, no, few, little, any等修饰时；This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。This is the only thing that we can do now.这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。(3)先行词既有人又有物时；The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就为我们所有人所钦佩。(4)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也作表语时；Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.上海不再是过去的那座城市了。(5)当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。Who is the person that is standing at the gate?站在门口的那个人是谁？2which与as引导非限制性定语从句的3点区别whichas位置上只能放在主句的后面位置灵活，可位于句首、句中也可置于句末搭配上无动词的限制谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see, hear, know, expect, remember等意思上意为“这一点”表示“正如，正像的那样”She married again, which was unexpected.她再婚了，这是始料未及的。She married again, as we expected.正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。关系副词全析考法单句语法填空1(2018江苏高考改编)Selfdriving is an area_ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.解析：where句意：无人驾驶是一个中国和世界上其他国家处在同一起跑线上的领域。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句修饰先行词area，并在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。2(20176月浙江高考)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, _ it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.解析：where分析句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为“the garden”，在从句中作地点状语，故要用关系副词where引导。3(2016全国卷)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s, _ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.解析：when分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词是表示时间的“the mid1980s”，且从句中缺少时间状语，故填关系副词when。谨记规则(一)关系副词的分类关系副词先行词句法功能when时间时间状语where地点地点状语why原因原因状语(只引导限制性定语从句)The days are gone when physical strength was all you needed to make a living.完全靠体力谋生的时代已经一去不复返了。I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, where we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.我和朋友一起登上了山顶，在山顶上我们欣赏到了湖光美景。Is this the reason why/for which he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们的提议的原因吗？(二)关系副词与关系代词的易混点若先行词为一些表示地点的抽象名词，如situation, point, stage, position, part, condition, case等，且引导词在从句中作状语，则常用关系副词where或“介词关系代词”引导定语从句。如果引导词在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，则用关系代词that/which引导。I have e to the point where/at which I cant stand him.我已经到了无法容忍他的地步。Hes got into the situation where/in which he is in debt.他已经陷入负债累累的境地。At last he got the position (that/which) he had been dreaming of.他最终得到了他梦寐以求的那个职位。“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句全析考法单句语法填空/单句改错1(2017江苏高考改编)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.解析：whose句意：1963年，联合国建立了世界粮食计划署，它的其中一个目的就是减少世界范围内的饥饿问题。关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语，修饰purposes，whose purposesthe World Food Programmes purposes。2(20166月浙江高考改编)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of _ has been proved.解析：which句意：就人类为什么哭出眼泪科学家提出来许多理论，但没有一项理论得到证明。先行词为theories，故用which引导非限制性定语从句。3(2015安徽高考改编)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon _school education depends.解析：which句意：一些专家认为阅读是学校教育依赖的基本技能。depend upondepend on“依靠，依赖”。结合句意及句子结构可知，upon及其后的句子成分在句中作the fundamental skill的定语，是定语从句。从句中缺少一个宾语，故用关系代词which。4(2015重庆高考)He wrote many childrens books, nearly half of _ were published in the 1990s.解析：which句意：他写了很多儿童书籍，差不多一半发表于20世纪90年代。先行词为childrens books，在从句中作介词of的宾语，故要用which。5(2018全国卷)They also had a small pond which they raised fish._解析：which前加in或whichwhere分析句子结构可知，they raised fish是定语从句，其先行词是pond，在定语从句中应该作介词in的宾语，或者用关系副词where作状语。谨记规则(一)“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句构成句法功能用法指津名词(代词)介词关系代词主语可转化为“whose名词”结构数词(形容词最高级)of关系代词主语数词还可以用some, many, most, each等不定代词替换介词(短语)关系代词状语关系代词只能用which或whom且不能省略，但可与关系副词互换(从句常用倒装语序)介词关系代词名词状语关系代词常用which 和whose介词关系副词状语有时为了表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from或toThe newlybuilt gymnasium, the walls of which are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard study.新建成的体育馆，墙被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说真是一个安静的去处，特别是在刻苦学习后。He has ten cousins, the youngest of whom is very clever.他有十个表兄弟，最小的那个很聪明。She still remembers the day on which she won the prize.她仍然记得她获奖的那一天。He is studying in the classroom now, in front of which stand two trees.他现在正在前面有两棵树的那间教室里学习。Mother is preparing lunch, during which time children are playing outside.妈妈在准备午餐，在此期间，孩子们在外面玩。There is a big window in my room, from where I can see the railway station.我的房间有一个大窗户，透过它我可以看到火车站。(二)两个注意点1“介词which/whom”引导的定语从句中介词的确定：(1)根据从句中动词、形容词等与介词的习惯搭配来确定。Do you know the girl with/to whom the teacher talked just now？你认识刚才和老师谈话的那个女孩吗？(talk作“交谈”讲时，常与with或to搭配)(2)根据语意表达的需要来确定。Knowledge is the wings with which we realize our dreams.知识是我们借以实现梦想的翅膀。(with表示用某种手段、工具)2“介词which名词”结构引导的定语从句。常见的这类结构有：during which time在此期间at which time在这时at which point在这一时刻 for which reason由于这个原因in which case在这一情况下语法填空解题“3视角”1关系代词的选用(1)如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句中用who/that; 非限制性定语从句中用who。(2)如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom; 非限制性定语从句中用whom。(3)如果先行词指物，定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从句中用which/that; 非限制性定语从句用which。2关系副词的选用如果先行词指时间或地点，定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状语，定语从句中用when或where。3“介词关系代词”的判定如果先行词指人， “介词关系词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用whom; 如果先行词指物， “介词关系词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用which。据第1条解题1Records are rare before that time because Qin Shi Huang destroyed all the books that could be found.2However, speeding up your walking pace cant instantly make you the life of the party, which_means that you neednt change your personality.3As is expected, these programs should be positive in their forms as well as functions.4A best friend is someone whom you can tell everything to, even your most personal feelings and thoughts.5Now Edwards is studying English literature, having pleted a college course designed for adults who want to return to education or need extra qualifications to go on to university.据第2条解题6There are certain dates throughout the year when the entire country takes a vacation at the same time. 7Of course, there are times when we need to travel long distances. 8Gift shops in museums used to be the last stop of each visit, where people would buy souvenirs for themselves and their friends.据第3条解题9The city has historically developed on seven hills, some of which_are 250m high.10We first attended the opening parade, for which our class had made a lot of preparations.11Behind him were other people to whom he was trying to talk, but after some minutes they walked away and sat near me, looking annoyed.短文改错解题“3视角”1忽视先行词2混淆关系词的用法(1)错用which和that；(2)误把what当成关系代词；(3)介词后的关系代词不能使用that。3没有考虑关系词在从句中充当的成分据第1条解题1On the other hand, I can see the singers stories, who are so inspiring.whowhich2Youll find taxis waiting at the bus station where you can hire to reach your host family.wherewhich据第2条解题3She thanked me several times sincerely, that made me feel extremely proud.thatwhich4Secondly, manage our time wisely by setting up a study schedule, that can help us improve our learning efficiency.thatwhich5Looking at the spot what he thought the “fly” was again, he was so angry that he slapped it with all his strength.whatwhere6Last week, I along with my classmates was asked to attend a lecture, the theme of what was environmental protection.whatwhich据第3条解题7When I was 12, I met Mary. She came to China with her parents, whom taught English in a university.whomwho8In the square which many senior citizens were dancing, I found several elders buried in feeding birds.whichwhere9The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of them left their village homes for a better life in the city.themwhom
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