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语法专题专题一名词和冠词语法项目(一)名词名词的数 典题尝试(单句语法填空)1(2017全国卷)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.2(2017全国卷) She has turned down several invitations (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.3(2016全国卷)Recent studies (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly. 规则点拨1物质名词一般不用复数形式，但有些物质名词要用复数形式来表示不同的类别。fishes各种鱼fruits各种水果steels各种钢材2物质名词表示数量时，一般用表示数量的短语来表示。a cup of tea一杯茶two pairs of trousers两条裤子four pieces of bread四片面包3有些名词的单数和复数形式表示不同的含义。work(工作)works(著作)arm(手臂)arms(军火)glass(玻璃)glasses(眼镜)cloth(布)clothes(衣服)4有些名词既可用作可数名词又可用作不可数名词，但是意义不同。room空间a room一间房glass玻璃a glass一个玻璃杯子 chicken鸡肉a chicken一只小鸡paper纸a paper一张报纸5有些名词形似单数，但实为复数，如police, people。6有些名词单复数同形。如means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chinese，Japanese，sheep，works(工厂), cattle。7有些名词若被看作整体就用作单数，若被看作组成该集体的各个成员就用作复数。class, family, couple, audience, government, public。8有些名词经常以复数形式出现。glasses眼镜clothes衣服goods货物 trousers裤子ashes灰尘 surroundings环境belongings所有物 congratulations祝贺have words with sb.同某人吵架9合成名词的复数。gobetweengobetweens(中间人)，grownupgrownups, passerbypassersby。注意事项以s, x, ch, sh结尾的单词复数形式一般加es。watchwatches(此时ch的发音是/t/)，而stomachstomachs (此时ch的发音是/k/)例外。 对点演练(单句改错)1. (2018山东临沂一模)In China, I always spend the Spring Festival with Chinese family, eating dumplings, laughing and joking.familyfamilies_2(2018江西省高三第二次联考) As we returned home, I gathered some item. itemitems3(2018山西重点中学协作体一模) Whats more, we should improve our method of study and make good preparations for exams.methodmethods_4(2018山西晋商四校联考)Li Lin is a senior three students who devotes himself to his study every day. studentsstudent5(2018安徽示范性高中联考)First, we should adopt a positive attitudes towards failure.attitudesattitude名词的固定搭配 典题尝试(单句语法填空)1(2018河北石家庄二中一模) I would appreciate it if you could take me into consideration (consider) 2.(2018东北三省四市联考) He said he painted for pleasure (please) 规则点拨1名词与介词搭配 above average超过平均水平at present 目前at risk 冒险beyond pare 无与伦比beyond belief 难以置信by no means 决不；一点也不for sale 供出售for an instant 一瞬间in ruins 毁坏；破败不堪in advance 提前in public 公开in conclusion 总之on purpose 故意地on the whole 总的来说on the contrary 相反under repair 在修理中under consideration 在考虑中under discussion 在讨论中under construction 在建设中2名词与动词搭配 catch sight of瞥见 find fault with挑的错make use of利用 keep pace with与同步make a fool of愚弄 make fun of取笑pay attention to注意 put an end to结束take notice of注意到 take part in参加 对点演练(单句语法填空)1(2018福建龙岩质检)They think that taking notes with cellphones instead of by hand (hands) can save time.2. (2018齐齐哈尔市“五校联盟”联考)In addition (add), the feet do not smell as much because they stay dry, making it hard for bacteria to grow.3Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives out of childrens reach (reachable)抽象名词具体化 规则点拨1抽象名词通常是不可数名词，但是具体到某人或某物身上时可以加不定冠词。experience经验(不可数名词)an experience一次经历(可数名词)surprise惊奇(不可数名词)a surprise令人吃惊的人或事(可数名词)pleasure愉快(不可数名词)a pleasure一件乐事；一个乐趣(可数名词)honor荣誉(不可数名词)an honor一个(件)光荣的人或事(可数名词)success成功(不可数名词)a success一个(件)成功的人或事(可数名词)fort安慰(不可数名词)a fort一个(件)令人安慰的人或事(可数名词) 2物质名词通常是不可数名词，但是可以量化。coffee咖啡a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡smoke烟a smoke一支烟，two smokes两支烟drink饮料a drink一杯饮料，five drinks五杯饮料3物质名词有前置、后置定语修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。 对点演练(单句改错)1(2018河北唐山调研)Hearing of Als death, I thought，“what a plete fail！”_failfailure2A serious explosion happened in Tianjin.Yes, news came as shock to me.shock前加a 3Though we are now out of danger, the broken bridge is still great danger to car drivers.great前加a4Everyone agreed the picnic was great success.was后加a5Your advice was great help to me.great前加a1给其他词性形式(通常为动词、形容词)提示词，填写名词，考查名词的数(2016全国卷)But for tourists like me, pandas are its top _ (attract). 解析：attraction形容词top修饰空格处的名词，attract的名词形式是attraction，意思是“吸引人之物”。(20166月浙江高考改编)We can achieve a lot when we learn to let our _ (different) unite, rather than divide us.解析：differences由空格前的our可知此处应用名词的复数形式。2给名词形式提示词，填写名词，考查名词的数 (20176月浙江高考)Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small_ (carrot) and was about to throw them away.解析：carrots根据空格前的“a handful of”以及空格后的“them”可知，此处表示一把小胡萝卜，所以应用carrot的复数形式。(2016全国卷)The nursery team switches him every few _ (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, the other is with mum she never suspects.解析：days“every few复数名词”意思是“每隔”。every few days “每隔几天”。3考查名词的固定搭配(2015江苏高考改编)Some schools will have to make _ (adjust) in agreement with the national soccer reform. 解析：adjustmentsmake adjustments“做出调整”，为固定搭配。(2014天津高考改编)My parents always attach great _ (important) to my getting a good education. 解析：importanceattach great importance to“认为非常重要”，为固定搭配。1可数名词单复数的错用示例(2015全国卷)One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent. 答案：parentparents点拨有些名词常以复数形式出现，例如shoulders, trousers, parents等。示例(2015四川高考)As I told you last time, I made three new friend here.答案：friendfriends点拨可数名词前有大于1的数(量)词、some或one of .等修饰，则该名词应用复数形式。2混淆名词的可数与不可数示例(2017全国卷)Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet.答案：informationsinformation点拨误把不可数名词当作可数名词，例如纯抽象名词：progress, luggage/baggage, advice, weather, information, equipment, furniture等都只能用作不可数名词。示例(2014辽宁高考)Weve called several time about Cleos early morning barking.答案：timetimes点拨有些词既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词，例如time表示“次数”时为可数名词，表示“时间”时为不可数名词；experience表示“经历”时为可数名词，表示“经验”时为不可数名词。3词性错用，如误把动词、形容词等当作名词 示例(2017全国卷)I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes, playing pop music, and collecting the latest music albums. 答案：differencedifferent点拨名词前应用形容词作定语。增分技法1利用“抽象名词具体化”轻松写句子昨天夜里下了一场大雨。There was a heavy rain last night. 我希望你过得愉快。I hope youll have a good time. 2巧妙表达名词的量那辆汽车以每小时60英里的速度行驶。The car runs at a speed of sixty miles an hour. 中国是一个有13.8亿多人口的国家。China is a country with a population of over 1.38 billion people. 巧用增分被邀请来参加这次聚会我深感荣幸。(consider, honor)I_consider_it_a_great_honor_to_be_invited_to_this_party. 结果试验成功了。(turn out, success)It_turned_out_that_the_experiment_was_a_success. 作为一名作家他是失败的。(failure)As_a_writer,_he_was_a_failure. 这个城市人口超过200万，是这个国家的第二大城市。(a population)With_a_population_of_over_2_million,_the_city_is_the_second_largest_in_the_country. 建于20世纪50年代末，我们学校有将近70年历史。(a history)Set_up_in_the_late_1950s,_our_school_has_a_history_of_nearly_70_years. 语法项目(二)冠词不定冠词的基本用法 典题尝试(单句语法填空)1(2018江西九江十校联考) In 1990, over 100 countries signed an international agreement to make it illegal to buy or sell ivory.2(2017全国卷) Instead, she is earning 6,500 a day as a model in New York. 规则点拨不定冠词用来表示one, the same, a certain或every的意思。In order to find a better job, he decided to study a second foreign language.为了找到一份更好的工作，他决定学习另一门外语。注意事项1表示“每”或数量上的“一(个)时”，a/an和one可以互换。2表示种类时，a/an和one不能互换。不定冠词“a/an单数可数名词”可表示种类；而one只能表示数量。3牢记高考中常见的纯不可数名词。它们是information, fun, weather, progress, advice, news, space, word (news), furniture, equipment等，均不可与不定冠词连用。 对点演练(单句语法填空)1(2018山西省适应性考试)All too soon it was time to leave.I really enjoyed my stay in Xian. It is indeed worth a second visit. 2(2018河北石家庄二中一模)As an outgoing girl, it is my strength to get along well with my classmates. 3(2018河南豫南九校质量考评)The blog serves as an open platform where you can do lots of things.4(2018郑州高三模拟)Its a pleasure for me to be here to speak to such a distinguished group from all over the world.5(2018石家庄模拟)Our destination was Orewa, a seaside town.定冠词的基本用法 典题尝试(单句语法填空)1(2018江西五校一模)The World Wide Web is quickly being the worlds most popular matchmaker.2(2018江西省高三第二次联考) I had just purchased a new backpack. I filled the backpack with snacks, drinks, a new pair of trousers and some new socks. 3(2018河南八市重点高中质检)Now we know that they have the same features that can also be found in sharks around Australia and the South Sea.4Marco Polo is said to have sailed on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in the thirteenth century. 规则点拨1用在序数词和形容词最高级前。Yang Liwei is the first man who has been sent into space in China.在中国，杨利伟是第一个登上太空的人。2用在江河、湖泊、海洋、山脉和群岛的名称前。the Yellow River黄河the Pacific Ocean太平洋3用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级等专有名词前。the Peoples Republic of China中华人民共和国the United States美国4用在姓氏的复数形式前，表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。the Greens格林一家the Smiths史密斯一家5表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前。She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。6用在某些形容词或分词前，表示一类人或事。the poor/rich/dead/living/wounded穷人/富人/死人/活着的人/受伤的人7表示朝代和年代的词前。the Ming Dynasty明朝in the 1980s 在20世纪80年代8用在表示计量的名词前，如by the hour，by the day，by the dozen，by the yard等，但是如果表示单位的名词为不可数名词，之前不用冠词，如by weight/height等。I got paid by the hour.我按小时得到报酬。注意事项1表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前一般加定冠词the；但如果名词前有修饰语来表示“什么样的”时也可用不定冠词。the world世界a peaceful world一个和平的世界2表示乐器的名词前一般用定冠词，但如果该名词作为普通名词，也可用不定冠词。There is a piano in his study.在他的书房里有一架钢琴。 对点演练(单句语法填空)1(2018贵州遵义高三模拟)This is the book I borrowed yesterday. Isnt it an interesting one?2(2018福建泉州调研) I walked to the window，looked through it and to my surprise, found two strangers trying to open a case.3(2018江西八校一模)He tapped her on the shoulder, “Hi! I have been looking for you for such a long time！”4(2018济南模拟)When he became a doctor, he tapped peoples chests to see how much liquid was in their lungs. Laennec did the same and learned to tell by tapping carefully on a chest whether it was diseased or not.5(2018大庆市二轮复习检测)I should be very interested to meet the man who threw the stone you mentioned in the newspaper.零冠词的基本用法规则点拨1表示一类人或事物的复数名词、物质名词和抽象名词表示泛指，一般不用冠词。Glass can be made into bottles.玻璃可以制成瓶子。2学科，国名、洲名，三餐，球类、棋类、游戏名称，节日、星期、月份、季节，头衔、职务等名词前一般不用冠词，但是在中国的传统节日前要用冠词。Chinese汉语National Day国庆节Sunday星期天 spring春天June六月 play chess下棋the Spring Festival春节He is chairman of the meeting.他是会议主席。注意事项1school, college, prison, hospital, bed, class, church等词表示动词含义时，前边不加冠词，表示其他含义时，按照具体情况，加不定冠词或定冠词。at school在校学习in hospital住院in bed卧床at church在教堂做礼拜2表示语言的名词前面一般不用冠词，但后面如果出现language一词，前面需加定冠词the。Englishthe English language英语 对点演练(单句改错)1(2018河北邯郸高三联考)At first, I decided to eat less in order to lose the weight._去掉the 2(2018山西四校高三联考)One of our teachers was in the charge of this activity and he divided us into four groups.去掉the3It is a great pleasure for me to give a speech on the nature of human beings in front of the classroom._in_后加the_4(2018成都外国语学校高三一诊)I told him I could not go to the college because I did not want to study anymore.去掉the冠词在固定短语中的习惯用法 典题尝试(单句语法填空)1(2016全国卷)The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, _the_ other is with mum she never suspects.2(2015浙江高考改编)Janes grandmother had wanted to write a childrens book for many years, but one thing or another always got in the way.3(2018河北名校联盟质检)We slept in a tent and took a long walk every day. 规则点拨1用不定冠词的短语all of a suddensuddenly突然as a matter of factin fact 事实上 in a hurry 匆忙at a time 一次 pay a visit to 参观have a try 尝试take a look 看一看 have a rest 休息play a joke on 取笑某人；开某人玩笑a kind of 一种 a large quantity oflarge quantities of许多a great deal of 许多2用定冠词的短语in the morning/afternoon/evening 在早晨/下午/晚上in the end 最后at the beginning of 在开始时in the middle of 在中间on the contrary 相反on the other hand 另一方面in the hope of 希望to tell the truth 说实话3不用冠词的短语at noon (night, dawn, midnight) 在正午(晚上，黄昏，午夜)leave school 毕业catch fire 着火lose heart 失去信心take place 发生by chance 偶然；巧合for example 例如in trouble 在困境中 注意事项1固定短语的构成是不可随意改变的，包括其中的冠词。2固定短语的意思要牢记。要用于合适的语境中。 对点演练(单句语法填空)1If you want to improve your working efficiency, it will be a must for you to make the most of your time.2The cake you bought in that cake shop last week tastes strange, and I dont want to bite it for the time being.3As time passes, the power of newspapers seems to be on the_decrease.4With the development of society, our country is badly in need of those with a better mand of puter skills.冠词在语法填空题中通常以无提示词的形式进行考查，通常考查以下用法：1不定冠词的基本用法(20176月浙江高考) For Pahlsson, its return was _ wonder.解析：a此处表示“一个奇迹”，所以需要用不定冠词a表泛指。(2015四川高考改编)Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very likely to be _ Beethoven. 解析：a空格处用不定冠词表示一类人。2定冠词的基本用法(2017全国卷) This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over _ top. 解析：the此处特指“地铁的顶部”，故用定冠词the。(2014全国卷)Now, years later, this river is one of _ most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup. 解析：the后面的most outstanding是最高级，其前面要用定冠词the。3冠词在固定短语中的习惯用法 (2017全国卷) As_result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.解析：aas a result为固定搭配，意为“结果”。(2016全国卷)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for _ while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.解析：afor a while是固定搭配，意为“片刻，一会儿”。1不定冠词a和an的错用示例(2017全国卷) They live far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.答案：第一个aan点拨在元音音素前应用不定冠词an；在辅音音素前应用不定冠词a；有些单词以元音字母开头但却是以辅音音素开头，前面应用冠词a而不用an，例如a university；还有一些单词以辅音字母开头但却是以元音音素开头，前面应用冠词an而不用a，例如an hour。2.不定冠词a(n)和定冠词the的错用示例(2016全国卷)My uncle says that he never dreams of being rich in the short period of time.答案：thea(2015全国卷)One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents . A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop.答案：shop前的athe点拨表示特指时用定冠词the；表示泛指时用不定冠词a(n)。3单数可数名词前冠词的缺失示例(2013全国卷)This custom soon became another meal of day.答案：day前加the点拨一般情况下，单数可数名词前应有适当的冠词a(n)或the。 a(n)表示类指或泛指，the 表示特指。4定冠词the的缺失 示例(2017全国卷) Around me in picture are the things that were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.答案：picture前加the(2016全国卷)But in that case, we will learn little about world.答案：world前加the点拨在序数词、形容词最高级前常用定冠词the；世上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the。5冠词的多余示例(2014全国卷)There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.答案：去掉flowers前的the点拨可数名词复数或不可数名词表示泛指时不用冠词。6常见固定搭配中冠词的缺失与多余示例(2016全国卷)At the first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself.答案：去掉the(2015浙江高考)I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning. 答案：hurry前加a(2014全国卷)As result, the plants are growing everywhere.答案：result前加a点拨在固定搭配中，有的用不定冠词a(n)，有的用定冠词the，而有的不带任何冠词，如：in a hurry, as a result, on the right, in fact等。增分技法1遇到名词要考虑前面冠词是特指还是泛指 水对于我们的生活很重要，因此我们要尽最大努力来阻止它被污染。Water is important to our life, so we must do our best to prevent it from being polluted.我家乡附近那条河里的水已经被严重污染。我们要求政府尽早采取适当的措施来保护它。The water in the river near my hometown has been polluted seriously. We demand our government take appropriate measures to protect it as soon as possible. 2活用不定冠词a, an 就在那时，有一个七岁的小女孩正步行穿越马路。Just then, there was a sevenyearold girl walking across the street.3掌握好名词前用the的各种情况 会议将于周四下午三点到四点在3号楼四楼的402房间举行。The meeting will be held in Room 402 on the fourth floor of Building 3 from 3 pm. to 4 pm. on Thursday afternoon. 4掌握好名词前不用冠词的情况 春节是中国孩子最高兴的日子，他们可以穿最漂亮的衣服、吃最喜欢的食物。但是，在元旦他们通常不这样。The Spring Festival is the happiest day for children in China, when they can wear their nicest clothes and eat their favorite food. However, they cant do so on New Years Day.我们要招聘的这个人，最好年龄在二十多岁，精通英语，有办公室工作经历和丰富的管理经验。A young man in his twenties with a good knowledge of English, an experience of office work and rich experience in management is preferred. 巧用增分 都说老师们过着简朴的生活，但我认为当老师很有意义。(be said to, live a simple life, be a teacher, meaningful)Teachers_are_said_to_live_a_simple_life,_but_I_think_being_a_teacher_is_meaningful.由于他把大部分时间都用在学英语上，难怪他英语说得这么流利。(as, devote .to, no wonder, fluently)As_he_has_devoted_most_of_his_time_to_learning_English,_its_no_wonder_that_he_speaks_it_so_fluently.张华，我们班的班长，昨天被选为我们学校的学生会主席。(monitor, elect, chairman of the Students Union)Zhang_Hua,_monitor_of_our_class,_was_elected_chairman_of_the_Students_Union_of_our_school_yesterday.题点对点练 .单句语法填空1Yesterday the firemen (fireman) examined the ground but were not able to find any clues to the cause of the fire.2If a young man wants to bee a singer, he should take some special courses (course) in this area because they will help him improve singing abilities. 3As far as I know, two car thieves (thief) have been caught in our munity.4We have made preparations (prepare) to move to new offices.5(2018浙江温州市高三联考)Beijing has been chosen to host the 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics, which is a great encouragement to all Chinese.6I tried to appear at ease when the foreign guest greeted me by kissing me on the cheek.7I signed it “Some thankful students” and slipped it into an envelope.单句改错1There are branch library in many villages to improve peoples reading level. librarylibraries2You should follow the doctors advices and give up smoking.advicesadvice3(2018长沙一模)All a way we were chatting, singing and laughing, enjoying the fresh air and the beautiful scenery.athe_4(2018银川质量检测)This afternoon I went to see my grandfather by a bus.去掉a5(2018赣州模拟)He became a engineer instead and spent most of his time studying car design.aan.单句写作1他开始对传统医药学产生了极大的兴趣。(interest, Chinese traditional medicine)He_began_to_take_a_great_interest_in_Chinese_traditional_medicine.2他月收入上万，过着富裕的生活。(ine)With an ine of more than ten thousand yuan a month, he lives a rich life.3在我看来，在学校一个学生应当关心他的学业成绩。(personally, care about, academic performance)Personally,_a_student_should_care_about_his_or_her_academic_performance_at_school.4中午的时候在没有任何保护措施的情况下直视太阳对我们的眼睛有害。(be harmful to, look straight at, without any protection)It_is_harmful_to_our_eyes_to_look_straight_at_the_sun_without_any_protection_at_noon.5我喜欢门大、窗户大的房子，但是眼前有红屋顶的这一座不是我喜欢的。(with big doors and windows, a red roof, not my type)I_like_houses_with_big_doors_and_windows,_but_the_one_with_a_red_roof_before_us_is_not_my_type.题型综合练 .语法填空 (2018日照模拟)The tea culture of China is _1_ (amaze) and has a long history.Tea drinking was widespread in China for about one thousand years before _2_ (appear) in Europe.Tea drinking in China enjoys wide popularity.Many people nowadays go to expensively decorated teahouses _3_ (talk) business.However, tea drinking is very plex.Many factors contribute to _4_ enjoyable experience.It starts with the surroundings.In the past, tea drinking took place in a setting _5_ “spring water runs oil marble”At present, in order to create such atmosphere, teahouses _6_ (decorate) with traditional paintings and furniture.Besides, there is always a _7_ (perform) of a traditional Chinese musical instrument, such as the guzheng, pipa and erhu.Black tea, together _8_ green tea, oolong tea and puer tea _9_ (rank) the top four favourites.The first three types of tea are processed using similar methods but puer tea uses a _10_ (total) different method.1amazing形容词形式作表语，表示“(某事/某物)令人吃惊的”应用amazing。2appearing介词before后应用动名词形式。3talking/to talk此处表示伴随或目的，故用现在分词或动词不定式。4anexperience此处作“经历”讲，为可数名词，用不定冠词表示泛指；又因enjoyable的读音是以元音音素开头的单词，故用an。5where先行词为setting，在定语从句中关系词作地点状语，故用where。6are decorated主语teahouses与decorate之间为被动关系，te
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