2019高考英语 语法突破四大篇 第四部分 专题3 并列句和状语从句讲义.doc

专题3并列句和状语从句框架结构图连词的分类连词常分为并列连词(也叫等立连词)和从属连词两大类。并列句与并列连词的核心考点1.并列句的基本概念并列句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成的。在并列句中，这些简单句常由并列连词连在一起。并列连词所连接的简单句被称为分句。2.常见的并列连词(1)表示递进或顺承关系：常用的并列连词有and，not only.but (also).等。He had plenty of money and he spent it freely.Not only did he speak more correctly，but he (also) spoke more easily.(2)表示选择关系：常用的并列连词有or，either.or.等。Either you are right，or I am.(3)表示转折关系：常用的并列连词有but，yet，whereas等。Jane said she was ill，yet I saw her in the street just now.Some of the studies show positive results，whereas others do not.(4)表示因果关系：常用的并列连词有so，for等。It must have rained last night，for it is wet all over.The shops were closed，so I didnt get any milk.(5)when也可用作并列连词，意为“那时，这时”，相当于and at this/that time。常用于下列句式：sb.was doing sth.when.；sb.was about to do/going to do/on the point of doing sth.when.；sb.had (just) done sth.when.。We were having a meeting when someone broke in.We were about to set off when it suddenly began to rain.(6)while作为并列连词，意为“而，却”，表示对比。He likes pop music，while I am fond of folk music.从属连词与状语从句一、时间状语从句1.before引导的从句中不用否定式谓语。常用如下句型：It will be long before.(得过好久才)It will not be long before.(过不了多久就)It was long before.(过了好久才)It was not long before.(过了不久就)2.since后面所用动词不同，该动词所表示动作持续时间的计算方法也不同。It is two years since he joined the army.他参军两年了。It is two years since he smoked.他戒烟两年了。3.as，when，while用法一览表。类别作用例句asas表示“当的时候”，往往和when/while通用，但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。She came up as I was cooking.(同时)The runners started as the gun went off.(几乎同时)when(at or during the time that)既可以表示在某一点的时候，又可表示在某一段时间内，主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。It was raining when we arrived.(指时间点)When we were at school，we went to the library every day.(在一段时间内)whilewhile意思是“当的时候”或“在某一段时间里”。主句中的动作或事情在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程中发生，从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词。在when表示a period of time时，两者可以互换。Please dont talk so loud while others are working.He fell asleep while/when reading.Strike while the iron is hot.(不可用as或when，这里的while意思是“趁”)4.引导时间状语从句的连接词除上述外还有：(1)till，not.until.，untilDont get off the bus until it has stopped.He waited for his father until/till it was twelve oclock.(2)hardly/scarcely.when.，no sooner.than.表示“刚就”We had hardly got/Hardly had we got into the country when it began to rain.No sooner had he arrived/He had no sooner arrived than she started plaining.(3)directly，immediately，the moment，the minute，the instant，as soon as意为“一就”He made for the door directly he heard the knock.The moment he saw his mother，he burst into tears.(4)each time，every timeEach time he came to my city，he would call on me.二、让步状语从句1.although与though可以引导让步状语从句，不能与but连用，但可以与yet连用。Although/Though they are poor，(yet) they are warm-hearted.2.even if或even though引导让步状语从句，表示“即使”“纵然”，用来使人注意下文所强调内容的性质。Ill get there even if/though I have to sell my house to get enough money to go by air.3.no matter后接who，what，where，how等疑问词引导让步状语从句，也可以在这类疑问词后面加上-ever构成whoever，whatever，wherever，however等。但在引导名词性从句时，只能用“疑问词-ever”类词。Dont trust him，no matter what/whatever he says.I will eat whatever you give me.No matter how/However hard the work is，youd better try to do it well.4.as也可以引导让步状语从句，需将从句中的表语、状语以及谓语中的实义动词提前至从句句首，引起倒装；作表语的单数可数名词前如有冠词，冠词需省去。though引导的从句也可以倒装，但although引导的不可以。Child as/though he is，he knows a lot.Much as I like it，I wont buy.Try as he would，he couldnt lift the heavy box.5.while也可以引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管”，比though/although语气弱。while引导的让步状语从句一般要位于句首。三、原因状语从句：because，as，since，now that1.表示不知道的原因时用because，即说话人认为听话人不知道，因此because从句是全句最重要的部分，通常它被置于主句之后。You want to know why Im leaving？Im leaving because Im fed up with the boss.2.表示已经知道的原因时用as或since，即某种原因在说话人看来已经很明显，或已为听话人所熟悉，因此它是句中不太重要的部分。since要比as正式一些，它们通常被置于主句之前，但有时却相反。Seeing all of the children already seated，he said，“Since everyone is here，lets start.”3.下列情况下只能使用because：(1)在回答why的问句时；(2)在用于强调句型时；(3)被not所否定时。四、地点状语从句：where，wherever等Make a mark wherever you have any questions.We will go where the Party directs us.五、目的状语从句：that，so that，in order that注意：目的状语从句中的谓语动词常与情态动词连用，否则可能是结果状语从句，不可置于句首。He got up early so that he could catch the early train.六、结果状语从句：that，so that，so.that.，such.that.注意：so形容词/副词that从句；such名词that从句。She is so good that we all like her.He is such a good teacher that we all respect him.七、方式状语从句：as，as if/thoughIll do as I am told.It looks as if it is going to rain.八、条件状语从句：if，unless，so/as long as，in case，once，on condition that等You can use my bike as long as you return it on time.九、比较状语从句：than；(not)as/so.as.；not the same as; the比较级，the比较级He works as hard as others.We treat boys exactly the same as girls.The sun is much bigger than the earth.The more you eat，the fatter you will be.(一)在书面表达中往往缺乏并列句意识，主要存在以下两个方面的倾向：1.机械排列简单句I believe I am fit for it.Im writing to apply for the position.如果我们把意义相关的这两个句子用适当的连词连接起来，可得到下面的句子：I believe I am fit for it，so Im writing to apply for the position.比较一下，同学们是不是感觉后者要优于前者呢？并列连词的使用可增强句子之间的逻辑性和美感，使句子之间显得更加紧凑。2.逗号连接两个简单句Im enthusiastic and easy-going，Im easy to get along with and can cooperate well with others.在该句中含有两个简单句，中间用逗号起了连接作用，显然这是不符合英语语法规则的。我们不妨做如下改动：Im enthusiastic and easy-going，so Im easy to get along with and can cooperate well with others.(二)对于状语从句，在实际运用中主要存在以下问题：1.从句意识缺乏The Expo is very attractive.We are all eager to pay a visit to it.The Expo is so attractive thatwe are all eager to pay a visit to it.通过比较不难发现，后句比前句更加紧凑且逻辑性强，增强了交际效果。2.状语从句成分残缺(误)Please close the doors and windows beforeleave the classroom.(正)Please close the doors and windows beforeyouleave the classroom.由于受汉语的干扰，第一句中状语从句中漏掉了主语。3.连接词误用(误)Teachers and parents should respect us nomatter we are in or outside school.(正)Teachers and parents should respect us whether we are in or outside school.这两句尽管从汉语角度来看意思相同，但是从语法角度no matter一般后跟特殊疑问词，而whether可直接引导状语从句。(误)Though he is considered a great writer，but his works are not widely read.(正)Though he is considered a great writer，his works are not widely read.在让步状语从句中，though和although不能与but连用。考向1并列句中的并列连词.单句语法填空1.I am not afraid of tomorrow，for I have seen yesterday and I love today.(2016北京)解析句意为：我并不害怕明天，因为我已经历了昨天并热爱今天。根据句意可知，句子前后为因果关系，故答案为for。2.It was time for her to have a new baby，and it was also time for the young panda to be independent.(2016四川)解析句意为：是时候再生一个孩子了，熊猫宝宝也到独立的时候了。It was time for.和it was also time for.之间是并列关系，故用and连接。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.At the end of our trip，I told my father that I planned to return every two years， he agreed.(2018全国)解析句意为：在旅行的最后，我告诉爸爸我打算每两年回来一次，他同意了。此处是顺承关系，故将but改成and。2.Before getting into the car，I thought I had learned the instructors orders， once I started the car，my mind went blank.(2017全国)解析根据前后句意思可知这里表示转折概念，并非因果，所以把so改为but或yet。3.I have grown not only physically， also mentally in the past few years.(2017全国)解析not only.but also.不仅而且，连接并列成分。4.Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables high quality oil are used for cooking.(2016全国)解析根据句意可知，二者之间为并列关系而非选择关系。5.We can choose between staying at home and taking a trip.If we stay at home，it is fortable there is no need to spend money.(2016全国)解析如果待在家里，感觉舒适，还不必花钱。根据句意可知，此处应是并列关系，而不是转折关系。6.Mom has a full-time job， she has to do most of the housework.(2016四川)解析has a full-time job与has to do most of the housework之间是转折关系，故将so改为but。考向2状语从句中的从属连词.单句语法填空1.If we dont stop climate change，many animals and plants in the world will be gone.(2018北京)解析句意为：如果我们不制止气候变化，世界上的很多动植物将会消失。根据句意可知，设空处引导条件状语从句，表示“如果”，故填if。2.Lets not pick these peaches until this weekend so that they get sweet enough to be eaten.(2018天津)解析句意为：让我们这个周末再摘这些桃子吧，以便它们吃起来足够甜。从句为目的状语从句，故用so that引导。3.Unless you can sleep well，you will lose the ability to focus，plan and stay motivated after one or two nights.(2018江苏)解析句意为：除非你能睡好，否则一两个晚上之后，你会失去集中注意力、做好规划和保持积极性的能力。unless除非，如果不，引导条件状语从句，符合句意。4.Although/Though/While birds use their feathers for flight，some of their feathers are for other purposes.(2017北京)解析句意为：虽然鸟儿用羽毛来飞行，但是它们的一些羽毛也有其他用途。前后为让步关系，故用although/though/while引导状语从句。5.If you dont understand something，you may research，study，and talk to other people until/till you figure it out.(2017北京)解析句意为：如果不了解某个事物，你可以研究、学习、与他人探讨，直到(until/till)弄清楚。until/till直到为止，引导时间状语从句，符合语境。6.Located where the Belt meets the Road，Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.(2017江苏)解析句意为：由于位于“一带一路”的交汇处，江苏将为“一带一路”的建设作出更大的贡献。空格处在过去分词located后面引导状语从句，且在从句中作地点状语，表示“在一带一路的交汇处”，因此用where引导状语从句。located表示“坐落在；位于”。7.I really enjoy listening to music because/as it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.(2016北京)解析句意为：我真的很喜欢听音乐，因为它有助于我放松，让我忘记一天中的其他忧虑。根据句意可知，前后句为因果关系。8.Over time，as/when the population grew，people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.(2016全国)解析as/when当时，随着。9.The mother held the baby in her front paws much the way a human does.When/If it cried，she rocked it back and forth and gave it little forting pats.(2016四川)解析根据语境可知，when(当时)和if(如果)用在此处都合适。句意为：当它哭的时候/如果它哭了，熊猫妈妈会来回摇晃它，轻轻拍打，给它安慰。10.One day，the cow was eating grass when it began to rain heavily.(2015广东)解析be doing sth.when.正在做某事这时。when意思是“正在这时”。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.The games my parents taught me I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.(2018全国)解析句意为：我小时候我父母教给我的纸牌游戏在我日后的生活中证明是非常有用的。I was a child表示的是时间而非地点，故用when引导时间状语从句。2.My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor I was packing them up.(2015陕西)解析句意为：我所犯的唯一的错误就是当我把它们打包的时候，把一些掉在了地上。when/while当的时候，after在之后。根据句意应将after改为when/while。3. I was only a child when I studied in that classroom，I will never forget it.(2015浙江)解析句意为：尽管在那个教室学习时我仅仅是一个孩子，但我永远忘不了它。根据句意，应将If改为Although或Though。4.And it is wise to have as many good friends we can.(2014大纲全国)解析as many.as we can为固定句式，as引导比较状语从句。5.Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year，或but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems.(2014新课标全国)解析在让步状语从句中，although不可以与but连用，但可以与yet连用。6.In fact，he even scared my classmates away they came over to play or do homework with me.(2013新课标全国)解析句中during为介词，不可以连接两个并列的句子，根据逻辑关系，后一个分句应为when引导的时间状语从句。故during应改为when。.单句语法填空1.You have to move out of the way or/otherwise the truck couldnt get past you.2.Mike was usually so careful，yet/but this time he made a small mistake.3.Find ways to praise your children often，and youll find they will open their hearts to you.4.At school，some students are active while others are shy，yet they can be good friends with one another.5.Everything was placed exactly where he wanted it for the graduation ceremony.6.Hot as/though the night air was，we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.7.It is hard for the Greek government to get over the present difficulties unless it gets more financial support from the European Union.8.However hard you try，it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat.9.The doctor told the patient to go on a diet because he was overweight.10.There once was a very rich man.He was so generous to everybody around him that many people in his neighborhood knew him.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.My new job meant I had to say goodbye to my classmates，my school just everything else I love in the world.2.My father is hardworking goes to work in the field every day.3.I have been missing you very much I went to college a year ago.4.In the end，we drove to a service station and waited there the road was clear.5.Mom，though I may not often say it，I do love you.Nobody can take your part in my heart. I am，I will always love you.6.It is in the downtown area， it is easy to go anywhere from the hotel by public transport.7.I called my parents， I did not tell them what had happened.8.To deal with the problem，I think，they should first go all out to plant trees trees will help save water.9.Her hair was black and purple，and she wore black sports shoes and a black sweater， in summer.10.Some friends of his go to see him every day， they take him lots of good books and fresh fruit.语法填空(连词专练)My mother was cooking in the kitchen 1.while I was doing my school assignments.No sooner had I finished my homework 2.than the door bell rang.However，my sister unlocked the door 3.before I could open it.We were surprised the moment we saw her 4.because her clothes and face were terribly dirty.She looked much poorer 5.than we expected.6.Since we didnt know what had happened to her，we stood there and waited for my sisters story.We wouldnt leave 7.unless my sister told us all about it.8.After my sister got changed，she told us that she fell into a ditch 9.when she walked on a path on her way to my uncles home in the countryside.She couldnt get out of the ditch.10.Although/Though she cried for help loudly，no one could hear her.She tried to climb out of it，but 11.however hard she tried，she failed to escape from it.12.As time went by，she got worried.After several vain attempts she had to stand 13.where she was and waited 14.until a boy student passed by and gave her a hand.The boy reached her a long rope and told her to climb with the rope.She did 15.as the boy told，and she came out.