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第四讲 词义猜测题一、题型解读词义猜测题是高考英语阅读理解题中一种常见的题型。通过对近几年江苏高考英语阅读理解题的分析统计可以看出，词义猜测题一般有12题。常见的考查方式有：词义猜测题考点1猜测词义题考点2猜测短语题考点3猜测指代题考点4猜测句意题二、设问方式词义猜测题着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从“已知”得出“未知”的过程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义，常见的命题形式有：The underlined word in the second paragraph means “_”.Which of the following words is the closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph?The underlined word “hunch” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “_”.What does the phrase “knock off” in Paragraph 1 mean?The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means “_”.The word “it” in the last sentence refers to “_”.三、常见生词类型在英语阅读训练和测试中的生词障碍往往会成为学生理解的“绊脚石”，这些“绊脚石”的出现大致分五类：1.旧词新义，考查词汇表中未出现的词义，如：Nearby is the Indianapolis race course，where the nations most famous car race is held each year on May 30th.我们学过 course的意思是“过程，课程”等，在此显然不符句意。根据上下文 course是汽车赛举行的地方，可推断 course在该句是“车道”或“跑道”的意思。2.合成词、转化词与派生词，如shoplifting，heartbroken，puter-literate，decision-thinking，imperfect等；3.“灵活”的常用词增多，这些词必须根据具体的上下文语境才能正确理解；4.“新鲜”的外国人名、地名、专有名称增多，这些词有些带有一定的文化背景；5.超纲生词。 典例(2017全国卷阅读C)Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States，but they were gradually displaced by human development.By the 1920s，wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area.They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada，where there were fewer humans around.29.What does the underlined word “displaced” in Paragr-aph 2 mean?A.Tested. B.Separated.C.Forced out. D.Tracked down.答案C词义猜测题。根据本段后两句可知，因为人类的发展，侵占了灰狼的领域，灰狼逐渐向北迁徙，由此推断灰狼被人类排挤走了。【技巧点拨】如何解决词义猜测题？1.根据定义猜测词义。如果生词由定语从句、同位语(同位语前常有or，similarly，that is to say，in other words，namely，or rather，say等)或同位语从句来定义，或使用破折号、冒号、分号后的内容或引号中的内容加以解释，理解这些定义或解释就是在理解词义。2.根据对比、比较关系猜测词义。在一个句子或段落中如有对两个事物或两种现象的对比性描述，我们可以从生词的对立面猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词语主要有：unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast等。表示对比关系的句子结构有：while引导的并列句。表示比较关系的词语主要有：similarly，like，just as，also，as well as等。3.通过构词法猜测词义。生词的前缀、后缀、复合词的各部分，词性的变化都可以暗示出词义。(1)不管这个词多超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意思；(2)不管这个词多熟悉，都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思。典例(2017江苏高考阅读B)Before birth，babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They can even distinguish their mothers voice from that of a female stranger.But when it es to embryonic learning(胎教)，birds could rule_the_roost.As recently reported in The Auk：Ornithological Advances，some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化).New-born chicks can then imitate their moms call within a few days of entering the world.58.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “_”.A.be the worst B.be the bestC.be just as bad D.be just as good答案B本段一开始提到婴儿在辨别母亲的声音方面能力非常强，然后用了一个转折连词“But”，说明其后的内容“鸟类在胎教方面”应该是做得最好。故选B。【技巧点拨】如何解决猜测短语题？猜测短语题要利用出现短语的上文与其意义上的联系或下文进一步的叙述来猜测它的意思或利用文章中所出现的与短语意思相反的内容来猜测其语意。典例(2017全国卷阅读C)Some of the worlds most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day.UNESCO(United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music，its significance，and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures.Despite the celebrations，though，in the U.S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older，and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.Its Jason Morans job to help change that.As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz，Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz，make the music more accessible，and preserve its history and culture.29.What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to?A.Jazz being more accessible.B.The production of jazz growing faster.C.Jazz being less popular with the young.D.The jazz audience being larger.答案C代词指代题。根据前文Despite the celebrations，though，in the U.S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older，and the music has failed to connect with younger generations可知尽管UNESCO为爵士乐设了纪念日，但美国的爵士乐听众依然在减少，并且年龄在老化，爵士乐没能将年轻一代人连接起来。再结合Its Jason Morans job to help change that(是Jason Moran的工作帮助改变那一情况)可推测that指代的是前文中爵士乐在年轻一代人中失去吸引力的现象。故选C。【技巧点拨】如何解决猜测指代题？此类题目应注意代词指代的总原则代词通常指代上文已提到的内容。代词指代要注意在数、格、逻辑、意义、位置等方面与之接近的名词。就位置而言，代词所指代的名词通常在本句或其上句中。只有好好把握代词指代所在段落或前面段落的整体意思，问题才能迎刃而解。典例(2017江苏高考阅读D)When it es to adaptation，it is important to understand that climate change is a process.We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions.This is why，in part at least，the US National Climate Assessment says that：“There_is_no_one-size_fits_all_adaptation.” Nevertheless，there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.65.The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies_.A.adaptation is an ever-changing processB.the cost of adaptation varies with timeC.global warming affects adaptation formsD.adaptation to climate change is challenging答案A根据上文中的“We are therefore.but to a constantly shifting set of conditions.”可知，对于不断变化的环境，没有一个通用的方法来解决所有这样的问题。故画线部分表示的是适应环境也是一个不断变化的过程。本题采取的是重述的方法。故选A。【技巧点拨】如何解决猜测句意题？此类题目通常需要猜测意思的是一个具有概括性的句子，或是格言、谚语等，做题时只要通过阅读文章，对原句进行语法和词义上的准确分析，并和答案选项做一番比较，不难找出正确选项。一般来说，正确选项的意思与原句的意思完全相同，只不过是用了其他的英语词汇表述而已。题组一应用文A(2018全国卷)Washington, D.C.Bicycle ToursCherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.Duration：3 hoursThis small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington，D.C.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom.Reserve your spot before availabilityand the cherry blossomsdisappear!Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle TourDuration：3 hours (4 miles)Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington,D.C.Explore the monuments and memorials on the National Mall as your guide shares unique facts and history at each stop.Guided tour includes bike, helmet，cookies and bottled water.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.Duration：3 hoursMorning or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour for D.C.newers and locals looking to experience Washington，D.C.in a healthy way with minimum effort.Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks.fortable bikes and a smooth tour route(路线) make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle TourDuration：3 hours (7 miles)Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington,D.C.Get up close to the monuments and memorials as you bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall.Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history.Tour includes bike，helmet，and bottled water.All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.【语篇解读】本文主要介绍了在华盛顿特区骑自行车观光的四条路线、参观的主要景点和从事的活动。1.Which tour do you need to book in advance?A.Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.B.Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.C.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.D.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.答案A细节理解题。根据第一条旅行路线介绍的最后一句“Reserve your spot before availabilityand the cherry blossomsdisappear”可知，选择第一条旅行路线需要提前预订。2.What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour?A.Meet famous people.B.Go to a national park.C.Visit well-known museums.D.Enjoy interesting stories.答案D细节理解题。根据第三条旅行路线介绍中的“Knowledgeable guides.memorials，and parks”可知，选择这条旅行路线的游客可以在观光过程中听导游讲故事。3.Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night provide?A.City maps. B.Cameras.C.Meals. D.Safety lights.答案D细节理解题。第四条旅行路线是夜间游览，根据该段介绍的最后一句“All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights”可知，该路线为夜间骑车观光的游客提供反光背心和安全灯。B(2018苏北四市高三第一次调研)The Chocolate MuseumThe story of chocolate through the ages Experience chocolate-making from cocoa bean to chocolate bar Enjoy the smell，taste and texture of freshly made chocolateOpening hoursTuesFri10 am to 6 pmSat&Sunpublic holidays 11 am to 7 pmClosed on Mondays，Christmas Day and during Carnival week.Entrance feesAdults $6.00Concessions (over 65 years old) $3.00Groups (of 15 people or more) $5.00More than a museum！The Panorama Restaurant can cater for all your corporate events: business lunches，anniversaries，weddings and parties.Groups of 30300 people are wele.Wele To Auckland Museum“Nau mai haere mai”Auckland Museum has a constantly changing feast of fresh events and new exhibitions reflecting the culture of New Zealand.This year is no exception.Click here to find out more Latest newsBe inspired by the da Vinci Machines exhibition and design and build your own original flying machine.The best entry will win the budding inventor a helicopter ride over Auckland for a family of four.Avoid the traffic，enjoy hassle-free parking and view the exhibits in peace and quiet on Wednesday evenings! Open till 7：30 pm.From 28 November until 4 March there will be no public access to the Reading Room.Click here to find out more Museum opening hours10 am5 pm daily (except Christmas Day)4.If 16 adults，including 3 aged 70，plan to visit the Chocolate Museum，how much should they pay at least?A.$69. B.$78.C.$80. D.$87.答案B数字计算题。根据第一小篇Entrance fees中的信息可知，成年人$6/位，大于65岁的人优惠价$3/位，大于等于15人以上的团队$5/位，题中可知为16人团队且有3名大于65岁的人，则为满足15人团队的15名成员*团队价$5剩下的一名大于65岁者*优惠价$378元。故选B。5.According to the information of Auckland Museum，we know that _.A.it opens from 10 am to 5 pm every dayB.it has a feast of fresh events except this yearC.the winner will fly a helicopter as a rewardD.the museum focuses on New Zealands culture答案D根据第二小篇，由最后一句括号中except Christmas Day排除A，由第一段最后一句This year is no exception排除B，由Latest news中段一第二行“a helicopter ride”与选项中“helicopter”冲突，一个是直升机旅行，一个是直升机，需要仔细理解，排除C。再看段一中the culture of New Zealand符合D选项，故选D。题组二记叙文A(2018天津高考)When I was 17, I read a magazine article about a museum called the McNay, once the home of a watercolorist named Marian McNay.She had requested the munity to turn it into a museum upon her death.On a sunny Saturday, Sally and I drove over to the museum.She asked, “Do you have the address？” “No, but Ill recognize it, there was a picture in the magazine.”“Oh, stop.There it is！”The museum was free.We entered, excited.A group of people sitting in the hall stopped talking and stared at us.“May I help you？” a man asked.“No，”I said.“Were fine.” Tour guides got on my nerves.What if they talked a long time about a painting you werent that interested in? Sally had gone upstairs.The people in the hall seemed very nosy(爱窥探的), keeping their eyes on me with curiosity.What was their problem? I saw some nice sculptures in one room.Suddenly I sensed a man standing behind me.“Where do you think you are？” he asked.I turned sharply.“The McNay Art Museum！”He smiled, shaking his head.“Sorry, the McNay is on New Braunfels Street.” “Whats this place？” I asked, still confused.“Well, its our home.” My heart jolted (震颤).I raced to the staircase and called out, “Sally! e down immediately！”“Theres some really good stuff (艺术作品 ) up there.”She stepped down, looking confused.I pushed her toward the front door, waving at the family, saying, “Sorry, please forgive us, you have a really nice place.” Outside, when I told Sally what happened, she covered her mouth, laughing.She couldnt believe how long they let us look around without saying anything.The real McNay was splendid, but we felt nervous the whole time we were there.Van Gogh, Picasso.This time, we stayed together, in case anything else unusual happened.Thirty years later, a woman approached me in a public place.“Excuse me, did you ever enter a residence, long ago，thinking it was the McNay Museum？”“Yes.But how do you know? We never told anyone.”“That was my home.I was a teenager sitting in the hall.Before you came over, I never realized what a beautiful place I lived in.I never felt lucky before.You thought it was a museum.My feelings about my home changed after that.Ive always wanted to thank you.”【语篇解读】这是一篇记叙文。作者17岁的时候和好友去博物馆，结果误闯民宅，30年后，这家的一位成员认出了作者并感谢作者让她意识到自己家的美。1.What do we know about Marian McNay?A.She was a painter. B.She was a munity leader.C.She was a museum director.D.She was a journalist.答案A细节理解题。第一段说，McNay是水彩画家(watercolorist)，她要求社区在她死后把她曾经居住的地方改成博物馆，由此判断她是个画家。2.Why did the author refuse the help from the man in the house?A.She disliked people who were nosy.B.She felt nervous when talking to strangers.C.She knew more about art than the man.D.She mistook him for a tour guide.答案D推理判断题。根据题干信息，我们把答案定位在第四段。作者和朋友来到这个博物馆，然后有人询问是否需要帮助的时候，作者说导游让她紧张，从这些信息判断，作者误以为这个人是导游，因此选D。3.How did the author feel about being stared at by the people in the hall?A.Puzzled. B.Concerned.C.Frightened. D.Delighted.答案A推理判断题。根据题干的“被大厅里的人盯着看”判断，本题答案在第四段。该段说，当作者发现大厅里的人似乎都喜欢窥探，都好奇地盯着自己的时候，心想，“他们这是怎么了”(What was their problem)。从这些信息推断选A，作者对此十分困惑。4.Why did the author describe the real McNay museum in just a few words?A.The real museum lacked enough artwork to interest her.B.She was too upset to spend much time at the real museum.C.The McNay was disappointing pared with the house.D.The event happening in the house was more significant.答案D推理判断题。第六段说作者和朋友来到真正的McNay博物馆，但是她们一直觉得紧张，害怕又出现先前那种不同寻常的事。由此推断，她们一直想着先前误闯他人的家的事，因此选D。5.What could we learn from the last paragraph?A.People should have good taste to enjoy life.B.People should spend more time with their family.C.People tend to be blind to the beauty around them.D.People tend to educate teenagers at a museum.答案C推理判断题。最后一段这个女士告诉作者，30年前自己还是一个十几岁的青少年，在作者误闯她家之前，自己从来不知道自己的家有多美丽，由此推断选C，“人们往往对自己身边的美丽事物视而不见”。B(2018山东德州高三一模)The summer before my dad died，we moved house.Up until that point，our family had our own space to spread out.Money was tight，so there was no television set，but we owned a turntable on which my dads records played constantly.Mostly，it played Bob Dylan.Tracks from The Basement Tapes and Desire became an important part of our new life.My brother and I，aged 8 and 10，climbed trees，built hideaways and learned the words of Clothes Line Saga.We would chant over and over，lost in our own joy.It was January when my dad left us forever because of the cancer.He was 36 going on 37 then，the same age as Dylan.Afterwards，our laughter disappeared，but we kept on playing the records，which became our only ritual of remembrance.The two men became so intertwined in my head，I struggled to tell them apart.Dylan was my dads gift to me.What child wouldnt be fascinated by songs full of pirates and seasick sailors? How did it feel to have No direction home? Farewell，Angelina became my party-piece.I would sing this at church cheese and wines to the assembled audience.A lot of donations were made.Growing up，I remained a fan of the music，but I wasnt obsessed with Dylan until one day in early 1995，my brother bought us both tickets to see him play at Brixton Academy.London felt like a long way to go.But finally seeing Dylan step out on to the stage brought a sudden rush of excitement.I have seen Dylan a couple of times since.My brother is not around so much these days.But he was up for a visit recently.We passed a happy evening laughing an drinking，while his son，aged nine，performed his party-piece Subterranean Homesick Blues for us.He sang it word-perfect.And so it goes on：Dylans music as a gift，passed down the generations.【语篇解读】作者讲述了对Bob Dylan的喜欢和热爱，及Bob Dylan对自己家三代人的影响。6.Whats the authors purpose of writing the passage?A.To praise his late father.B.To tell about his family history.C.To express his longing for family reunion.D.To show his love for Bob Dylan.答案D推理判断题。根据文中Tracks from The Basement Tapes and Desire became.was my dads gift to me.和Dylans music as a gift，passed down the generations等信息讲述了作者从小到大一直以来对Bob Dylan的喜欢和热爱，故选D。7.The underlined word “ritual”in the second paragraph means “_”.A.passion B.ceremonyC.memory D.belief答案B猜测词义题。此处指父亲去世后我们的笑声消失了，但我们继续播放Bob Dylan的唱片，这成了我们唯一的记忆仪式。“ritual”指仪式，与ceremony同义，A项为“激情，热情”；C项为“记忆”；D项为“信任，信仰”。故选B。8.How did the author raise money in his childhood?A.By singing a Dylans song at church gatherings.B.By providing cheese and wines to church prayers.C.By playing a private in church performances.D.By accepting donations from the church.答案A细节推理题。根据第三段I would sing this at church cheese and wines to the assembled audience.A lot of donations were made.可知作者在童年的时候通过在教堂聚会上唱迪伦的歌来筹钱，故选A。9.The recent visit of the authors brother indicates that _.A.his nephew was ever invited to play in Dylans concertB.his brother has never seen a live performance of DylanC.Dylans music has influenced three generations of his familyD.Subterranean Homesick Blues is always his favorite song答案C推理判断题。根据最后一段But he was up for a visit.Subterranean Homesick Blues for us.和Dylans music as a gift，passed down the generations.描述哥哥带着儿子拜访Bob Dylan及儿子演唱他的歌表明Bob Dylan对作者一家三代人的影响。故选C。题组三 说明文A(2018北京高考)Preparing Cities for Robot CarsThe possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurists dream, years away from materializing in the real world.Well, the future is apparently now.The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for panies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads.The state also cleared the way for panies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for panies to operate driverless taxi services.Cali-fornia, it should be noted，isnt leading the way here.panies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country.Its hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads.But however long it takes，the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars (and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions (排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options.The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.Do we want to copyor even worsenthe traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles.They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread.They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking.Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus.The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transportan unwele side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050.Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing.The first mercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues (责任与维护问题).But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people bee fortable with the technology.Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless
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