《pragmatics语用学》PPT课件.ppt

Pragmatics HeatedAttendantParking A Youtakeanattendant youheathim herup andthisiswhereyoucanparkhim her B Wecanparkacarinthisplace it saheatedarea andtherewillbeanattendanttolookafterthecar MoreIntroductoryExamples Ex 1Ihaveapapertotypewrite Canyoutypethispaperforme I mbusynow Canyoulendyourtypewritertome Ex 2AbullmarketinDianas U S NewsandWorldReport Jan 12 1998124 1 Abullmarketisamarketinwhichsharepricesarerising Ex 3 季交恕 你知道这个消息吗 方维夏 什么消息 季交恕 蒋介石开刀了 方维夏 什么病开刀 季交恕 你还睡觉 杀人 李六如 六十年的变迁 Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersusethesentencesofalanguagetoeffectsuccessfulcommunication Pragmaticsisdifferentfromtraditionalsemanticsinthatitstudiesmeaningnotinisolationbutincontext Semanticiststakemeaningtobeaninherentpropertyoflanguage pragmaticistsregardmeaningassomethingthatisrealizedinthecourseofcommunication Semantics whatdoesXmean Pragmatics whatdoesthespeakermeanbyX PragmaticAnalysis 你怎么还没走 Thinkwhatthespeakermaymeanbysayingit A 说话人知道听话人要在某个时间外出开会 或办事 或送人上火车 或赴宴等 眼看已经快误点了 说话人对听话人说 你怎么还没走 意义 提醒 催促 或是对听话人不守时间的批评 若考虑双方的关系 上下级关系 师生关系 父母子女之间 恋人之间等 则可理解的意思还多些 B 一个人老想着出国 老对别人说要办好手续了 但老也没见他出国 有人就说 你怎么还没走 意义 关心 调侃或嘲讽 C 下班时间早过了 某人还在办公室忙乎 值班人员过来锁门 说 你怎么还没走 意思 爱护 生气或某种猜测D 一个普通老百姓来到某个部门办事 被某个态度不好的工作人员拒之门外 过了半天 那工作人员看见老百姓还在门口 于是说 你怎么还不走 意思 可以比较肯定地认为 这是一种不太友好的态度 是让对方赶快走开的意思 SentenceMeaningUtteranceMeaning Itistheabstractcontext independententitycalledsemanticproposition Itiscontext dependent Itistheproductofsentencemeaningandcontext Therefore itisricherthanthemeaningofthesentence 刘勰 文心雕龙 章句 人之而言 因字而生句 积句而成章 积章而成篇 篇之彪炳 章之无疵也 章之明靡 句无玷也 句之精英 字无妄也 上下文 话语理解 话语表达 Contextplaysacrucialroleininterpretingthemeaningofanutterance Context Linguisticcontext Context Theknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer Situationalcontext Amazingly healreadylovesher Somethingmaleandanimatehasarrivedatastateofadorationofsomethingfemaleandanimate JohnmetMaryyesterday Amazingly healreadylovesher Linguisticcontext discourse Thediscoursethatprecedesandfollowsthephraseorsentencetobeinterpreted Theknowledgeofthelanguage 1 Johnsawtheboywiththetelescope Danalsosawhim Apronounreplacesthepreceedingnounphrase 2 EmilyhuggedCassidyandZacharydidtoo Pro verb 3 Iamsick whichdepressesme Pro sentence 4 A Myauntwashedthedishes B Myuncledried Ellipsis 5 JillwashedthegrapesandBillthecherries Yourex husbandisdancingwithsomeone butIdon tknowwho Mycatatesomething andIwishIknewwhat Shesaidshewascomingover butshedidnotsaywhen Sluicing A Isawaboyandagirlholdinghandsandkissing B Oh itsoundslovely A Yes theboywasquitetallandhandsome andheseemedtolikethegirlalot Therearesuchrulesofdiscoursethataviolationproducesunacceptableresults A Yes aboywasquitetallandhandsome andheseemedtolikeagirlalot e g Itseemsthatthemanlovesthewoman Manypeoplethinkhelovesher Itseemsthatthemanlovesthewoman Manypeoplethinkhelovesher Situationalcontext Theknowledgeabouttheworld IwavedtoFrankie who dthrownthebowlineonboard andIheadedheroutoftheslipanddroppeddownthechannelwithher ABritishfreighterwasgoingoutandIranalongbesideherandpassedher Shewasloadeddeepwithsugarandherplateswererusty AlimeyinanoldbluesweaterlookeddownatmefromhersternasIwentbyher Hemingway Tohaveandhavenot AndthatafternoonSuecametothebedwhereJohnsylayandputonearmaroundher Ihavesomethingtotellyou whitemouse shesaid Mr Behrmandiedofpneumoniatodayinthehospital Hewasillonlytwodays O Henry TheLastLeaf ayounghealthychildwellnursedisatayearoldamostdelicious nourishing andwholesomefood whetherstewed roasted baked orboiled andImakenodoubtthatitwillequallyserveinafricasseeoraragout Thosewhoaremorethrifty asImustconfessthetimesrequire mayflaythecarcass theskinofwhichartificiallydressedwillmakeadmirableglovesforladies andsummerbootsforfinegentlemen JonathanSwift AModestProposal ThenobleBrutus HathtoldyouCaesarwasambitious Ifitwereso itwasagrievousfault AndgrievouslyhathCaesaransweredit Here underleaveofBrutusandtherest ForBrutusisanhonourableman Soaretheyall allhonourablemen ComeItospeakinCaesar sfuneral Hewasmyfriend faithfulandjusttome ButBrutussayshewasambitious AndBrutusisanhonourableman HehathbroughtmanycaptivehomestoRome Whoseransomsdidthegeneralcoffersfill DidthisinCaesarseemambitious Whenthatthepoorhavecried Caesarhathwept Ambitionshouldbemakeofsternerstuff YetBrutussayshewasambitious Shakespeare JuliusCaesar AndBrutusisanhonourableman YoualldidseethatontheLupercalIthricepresentedhimakinglycrown Whichhedidthricerefuse Wasthisambitious YetBrutussayshewasambitious And sure heisanhonourableman IspeaknottodisprovewhatBrutusspoke ButhereIamtospeakwhatIdoknow Youalldidlovehimonce notwithoutcause Whatcausewithholdsyouthentomournforhim Ojudgment thouartfledtoobrutishbeasts Andmenhavelosttheirreason Bearwithme MyheartisinthecoffinherewithCaesar AndImustpausetillitcomebacktome Whetherawordispejorativeornotdependsonthecontext Howisthehumoristiceffectcreatedinthefollowing SpeechActTheory SpeechacttheorywasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnAustininthelate50 s Accordingtothistheory weareperformingvariouskindsofactswhenwearespeaking Background Essence Youcanuselanguagetodothings Beforethespeechacttheory Thebusinessofastatementiseithertodescribeortostate Itmustbeeithertrueorfalse IbetyoutendollarsthattheYankeeswin Ichallengeyoutoamatch Idareyoutostepoverthisline Ifineyou 100forpossessionoforegano Austin sdiscovery Imovethatweadjourn InominateBatmanformayorofGothamCity Ipromisetoimprove Iresign Ipronounceyouhusbandandwife 1 我感谢你为我提供了一个就业的机会 2 我劝你不要辞职 3 我宣判你服10年苦役 4 我保证明年聘你为教授 Austinmadetheprimarydistinctionbetweentwotypesofutterances constativeandperformative Constativevs Performative Theconstativeutteranceisverifiableanditiseithertrueorfalse Theperformativeutteranceisusedtoperformanaction soithasnotruthvalue Ido Ipronounceyouhusbandandwife asutteredinthecourseofamarriageceremony Examples InamethisshipElizabeth asutteredwhensmashingthebottleagainstthestern Igiveandbequeathmywatchtomybrother asoccurringinawill Ibetyousixpenceitwillraintomorrow asutteredwhenmakingabet Iwarnyouthatthereisasleepdoginthecloset Instructor Walkingintotheclassroomandseeingtheblackboardscribbledallover I mgoingtomakealotofuseoftheboard Students Silent Instructor Cananyonehelpmecleantheboard 学校大会上 领导 学校今年亏损两千万 学生大会 班主任 今年我又被扣奖金了 Whilemakinganutterance aspeakerisperformingthreeactssimultaneously alocutionaryact 以言述事的述事行为anillocutionaryact 以言行事的行事行为aperlocutionatryact 以言成事的成事行为 Speakingalanguageisperformingspeechacts Searle1969 Alocutionaryactistheactofsayingsomething itisanactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax lexiconandphonology 述事行为就是说出所要说的话 Anillocutionaryactistheactperformedinsayingsomething itsforceisidenticalwiththespeaker sintention InsayingXIwasdoingY e g I llreturntomorrow 爱你一万年 行事行为是说话人要用他说的话干什么事 Aperlocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething itistheconsequenceof orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance BysayingXIdidY e g 我明天来 许诺 听者放心 Think Canyouclosethedoor 吃了没有 抽烟有害健康 能帮我把行李放上去吗 Tosumup thethreespeechactsconstituteanorganicwhole Searlespecifiedfivetypesofillocutionaryspeechacts 1 representative断定2 directive指令3 commissive承诺4 expressive表情5 declaration宣告 Theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativesistocommitthespeakertosomething sbeingthecase tothetruthoftheexpressedproposition Iguessthathehascome Ithinkthatthefilmismoving Iamcertainthathehascome e g Directivesareattemptsbythespeakertogetthehearertodosomething Openthedoor Don tyouthinkit sabitstuffyhere Commissivesarethoseillocutionaryactswhosepointistocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction Whenspeaking thespeakerputshimselfunderobligation e g I llbringyouthisbook Ipromisetoloveyou Theillocutionarypointofexpressivesistoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedinthepropositionalcontentsuchasapologizing thanking congratulating welcomingetc I msorryforthemessIhavemade It sverykindofyoutohavethoughtofme e g Thepointofthedeclarationistobringaboutthecorrespondencebetweenthepropositionalcontentandreality e g Ideclarethemeetingopen Iappointyouchairmanofthecommittee Ifireyou Whatisimplied a 山姆经常吸烟 断言 b 山姆经常吸烟吗 提问 c 山姆 你要经常吸烟 命令 建议 d 愿山姆经常吸烟 祝愿 e Hello f MyGod Propositionalcontent illocutionaryforce PrincipleofConversationTheco operativeprinciple Inmakingconversation Griceholdsthatthereisageneralprinciplewhichallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserve Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged Themaximofquantity1 Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange 2 Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired Themaximofquality1 Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse 2 Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence ThemaximofrelationBerelevant Themaximofmanner1 Avoidobscurityofexpression 2 Avoidambiguity 3 Bebrief 4 Beorderly InstancesofCP 我不是说这个 我是说 您有必要这么上班下班地干么 唉 净说孩子话 你算算吧 妈妈的工资奖金补贴加上你爸爸的抚恤金一月才二百来块钱 可您老这么干下去 身体怎么受得了 您垮了 我怎么办 放心吧 蓓蓓 妈垮不了 刘立英微笑着 我女儿还没成人呢 我怎么能垮 苏蓓脸低得恨不得要埋进饭碗 片刻 站起身 我去厕所 苏蓓低头快步走进厕所 关上门 背倚门上 忍了半天的眼泪 刷 地流了下来 王海鸽 王朔 爱你没商量 我 吴士宏 被指定加考RPG 是比较新的计算机语言 准备了两个星期 觉得能考及格 考完后像盼亲人似的盼着助理来报分 终于姗姗地来了 见了我两手摊开说 真为你遗憾 皱着眉头满脸都是遗憾 大约是见我面无人色 她赶快又笑着解释 我的意思是你没有考到100分只考了89分 天啦 她幽的这一默可是能要人命的 季交恕 你知道这个消息吗 方维夏 什么消息 季交恕 蒋介石开刀了 方维夏 什么病开刀 季交恕 你还睡觉 杀人 李六如六十年的变迁 Whenweviolatethesemaxims insomesituations conversationalimplicaturewillarise A DoyouknowwhereMr Xlives B Somewhereinthesouthernsuburbsofthecity saidwhenitisknowntobothAandBthatBhasMr X saddress A Wouldyouliketocometoourpartytonight B I mafraidI mnotfeelingsowelltoday 安启森 许童童双双出现在客厅门口 周华笑笑 哟 童童 许童童脸红了 他说他有杰克 逊的激光唱片 周华 别解释 别解释 许童童 我们真的没什么 安启森一本正经 童童 在姐姐面前就不必隐瞒了吧 许童童着急地 我隐瞒了什么了 我有什么好隐瞒的 安启森你自己说 王海鸰 王朔 爱你没商量 A Thehostessisanawfulbore Don tyouthink B Therosesinthegardenarebeautiful aren tthey saidwhenitisknowntobothAandBthatitisentirelypossibleforBtomakeacommentonthehostess A Shallwegetsomethingforthekids B yes ButIvetoI C E C R E A M saidwhenitisknowntobothAandBthatBhasnodifficultyinpronouncingtheword ice cream Think 老汉只好站了起来 看看要断黑的天色 走到屋里磨磨蹭蹭地转了好半天才摸到一只手电筒 出门时 他极不放心地看了看留在屋里的两个年轻人 不叮嘱不安心 叮嘱又不知怎么说好 隔了一阵 被廖山田催不过了 才说了声 那灶里的火 封牢了 莫燃起来烧了屋 乡里 比不得城里 水运宪 雷暴 当代 1984年第2期 Situation Aboyandhisgirlfriendarepicnicking Girl Iwanttopicksomeflowers Boy Youneedanyhelp