英语语言学-语言学知识点.ppt

语言学知识点 I语言学导论II语言学主要分支学科III语言学的流派和理论 I语言学导论 1 designfeatureoflanguage 语言的定义特征 2 LanguageFamilies 世界语言分类 3 importantdistinctionsinlinguistics 语言学研究中几对重要的概念 4 scopeoflinguistics 语言学的研究范围 1 designfeatureoflanguage 语言的定义特征 definingpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication 1 designfeatureoflanguage语言定义特征 1 Arbitrariness 任意性 2 Duality 二层性 3 Creativity Productivity 创造性 4 Displacement 移位性 5 CulturalTransmission 文化传递性 1 Arbitrariness 任意性 定义 theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning 举例 书 book livre喜欢 like aimer 2 Duality 二层性 定义 thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel 举例 Sounds syllables words phrases clauses sentences texts discourses 3 Creativity Productivity 创造性 定义 Languagecanbeusedtocreatenewmeaningsbecauseofitsduality举例1 k a p carporpark举例2 England defeated FranceEnglanddefeatedFrance FrancedefeatedEngland 4 Displacement 替代性 定义 Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizesomethingwhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication 5 CulturalTransmission 文化传递性 定义 languageispassedonfromgenerationtogenerationthroughteachingandlearningratherthaninstinct 反例 印度狼孩 3 Designfeature定义特征 1 Arbitrariness 任意性 2 Duality 二层性 3 Creativity Productivity 创造性 4 Displacement 移位性 5 CulturalTransmission 文化传递性 如何记忆 五性 创意遗传 4 ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics 语言学研究中几对重要的概念 1 descriptive prescriptive2 synchronic diachronic3 langue parole4 competence performance 1 Descriptive 描述性 vs Prescriptive 规定性 Descriptive describinghowthingsare prescriptive prescribinghowthingsoughttobe ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics 举例 Don tsayX Peopledon tsayX Thefirstisaprescriptivecommand whilethesecondisadescriptivestatement 2 Synchronic 共时性 vs Diachronic 历时性 synchronic takesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation diachronic thestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory 举例 研究1800年的英语发音Synchronicstudies 共时性研究 研究1800 1900的法语语法变化Diachronicstudies 历时研究 2 世界语言分类 2 世界语言分类 ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics 3 langue 语言 parole 言语 Theorist Saussure 索绪尔 fatherofmodernlinguisticslangue abstractlinguisticsystemparole actualrealizationoflangue ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics 举例 汉语系统langue每个中国人在不同具体场景中说出的具体话语parole ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics 4 Competence 语言能力 andperformance 语言运用 theorist Chomsky 乔姆斯基 competence user sknowledgeofrulesaboutthelinguisticsystem performance theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinconcretesituations 语言学分类 按研究内容分 语言学分类 按研究内容分 语言学分类 按研究导向分 语言学分类 按研究内容分 语言学分类 按研究内容分 考点 1 语音学 phonetics 和音系学 phonology 的定义和区别2 语音学重要概念 清音和浊音3 音系学重要概念 音子 音位 超音段特征 Phoneticsstudiesallspeechsoundsinhumanlanguages howtheyareproduced transmittedandhowtheyarereceived Phonology aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication 区别 meaning 是否研究和表达意义有关的语音 举例 too和tea中的 t 发too中的 t 时 舌位更靠近口腔前部发tea中的 t 时 舌位更靠近口腔后部语音学要研究这种 t 发音的不同之处 音系学不研究 Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced transmitted andperceived 语音学分类 articulatoryphonetics 发音语音学 speaker sproductionacousticphonetics 声学语音学 transmission smediumauditoryphonetics 听觉语音学 receiver sreception 如何记忆phonetics和phonolgy的区别 联想 mathematics physics mechanicsphonetics语言学 ics科学性更强geology sociology astrologyphonology音系学 ology人文性更强 Howspeechsoundsaremade Speechorgans Positionofthevocalfolds 声带 voicing 浊音 andvoiceless 清音 Voiceless 清音 vocalcordsaredrawnwideapart lettingtheairstreamgothroughwithoutcausingobstruction清音举例 p s t Voicing Voiced 浊音 vocalcordsheldtogether lettingtheairstreamvibrates浊音 b z d Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream Asthereisnoobstructionofairintheproductionofvowels thedescriptionoftheconsonantsandvowelscannotbedonealongthesamelines 音系学定义 studyofhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication 音系学重要概念 phone音子 phoneme音位 音系研究的基本单位 supra segmentalfeatures超音段特征 Phone 音子 aphoneticunit thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringcommunicationareallphones举例 too和tea中的 t 发too中的 t 时 舌位更靠近口腔前部发tea中的 t 时 舌位更靠近口腔后部所以too和tea中的 t 两个不同的音子 Phoneme 音位 phonologicalandabstractunit aunitofdistinctivevalue thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords 举例 tea和sea t 和 s 是两个不同的音位morpheme Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonology A phoneB soundC voiceD phoneme Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonology A phoneB soundC voiceD phoneme 音位 Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics A phoneB soundC voiceD phoneme Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics A phoneB soundC voiceD phoneme Suprasegmentalfeatures 超音段特征 Suprasegmentalfeatures phonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments Theprincipalsuprasegmentalsare Supra segmentalfeatures 超音段特征 stress 重音 举例 perfect adj 和perfect v tone 声调 pitch 音高 定义 soundfeaturewhicharecausedbythedifferingrateofvibrationofthevocalfolds 举例 m 妈 m 麻 m 马 m 骂比较 英语单词 如me intonation 语调 pitch stress andsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation 举例 Morphology形态学 1 学科定义2 语素的定义和分类3 词的分类 classificationofwords 形态学研究的基本单位 1 morpheme 语素 Themostbasicelementofmeaninginlanguage anelementthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutalteringitsmeaning 举例 ballfootballballs TypesofMorphemes Freemorphemesvs Boundmorphemes 自由语素和黏着语素 Freemorphemes thosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves egboy girl table nation Boundmorphemes thosethatcannotoccuralone eg s ed dis un TypesofBoundMorpheme Inflectionalmorpheme 屈折语素 inflectionalaffix 屈折词缀 changethegrammaticalmeaning number aspect case tense Derivationalmorpheme 派生语素 inflectionalaffix 派生词缀 changethelexicalmeaning dis like sderivationalfreeinflectionalmorpheme light en edfreederivationalinflectionalmorpheme Derivationalmorpheme 改变词义 改变词义 dis un multi micro 改变词性 en full mentInflectionalmorpheme 改变语法含义 改变名称的性 数 格 ess s 改变动词的时 态 体 ing ed 改变形容词的级 er est 词的分类 按构词法分 如何区分派生词 derivationalword 和合成词 compoundword 拆开后看各个组成的语素能否都单独成词 如果可以 就是合成词 如果不能就是派生词 Businessman business manPlayboy play boyMouthful mouth fulLighten light en 词的分类 按词义分 词的分类 按开放性分 词的分类 按在句子重要性分 Syntax句法 考点1 定义2 句法范畴3 句子类型 1 Syntax定义 studiesinternalstructureofsentenceandrulesofsentence formation Category 范畴 agroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchassentence anounphraseoraverb 起相同作用的一类语言单位 Syntacticalcategory 句法范畴 agroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinsentence formation 在句子构成中起相同作用的一类语言单位 Syntacticalcategory 句法范畴 Word lexicalcategoryPhrase phrasalcategoryClause clausalcategorySentence LexicalCategory词法范畴 PartsofSpeech词类 phrasespecifierheadcomplementacarfivemetersaway 72 SentenceTypes 句子类型 simpleSentencecomplexnon simplecompound 4 句子分类 Simplesentence简单句Coordinatesentence并列句Complexsentence复杂句 simplesentence简单句定义 alsocalledindependentclause containsasubjectandaverb anditexpressesacompletethought 练习 JimandMikeplayfootballeveryafternoon simplesentence Marygoestothelibraryandstudieseveryday coordinatesentence coordinatesentence并列句 containstwoindependentclausesjoinedbyacoordinator 并列连词 suchasand or butetc Coordinatorsareoftenprecededbyacomma 例句 ItriedtospeakSpanish andmyfriendtriedtospeakEnglish Lilywenttoplayfootball butMariawentshopping Youhavetodoitonewayortheother SimplesentenceTheworkerswerecheerful oratleasttheyappearedtobecheerful Coordinatesentence complexsentence定义 Acomplexsentencehasanindependentclausejoinedwithoneormoredependentclausesbyoneormoresubordinators 从属连词 suchasif when because althoug Asheisgrowingold heseldomgoesout Heisgrowingold whereashebecomeshealthier 如何区分并列和复杂句 看连词表示的关系并列 选择和转折关系 并列句时间 条件 原因和让步关系 复杂句 Semantics 考点 1 定义 studyofmeaning2 两种基本意义 reference指称和sense涵义3 五种词语语义关系 LudwigWittgenstein Themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguage Meaningisstudiedbymakingdetailedanalysesofthewaywordsandsentencesareusedinspecificcontexts Reference 指称 howlanguagereferstotherealphysicalworld 语言指代外部物质世界 Sense 涵义 inherentmeaningofthelinguisticform Itisabstractandthemeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin 语言形式的内在意义 conceptsymbolizesreferstosymbolreferent word standsfor object Synonymy同义 Synonymy同义 samenessorsimilarityofmeaning Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms 同义分类举例 dialecticalsynonym地域同义词 举例 fallandautumn flatandapartmentstylisticsynonym风格同义词 举例 copandpolice kidandoffspringcollocationalsynonym搭配同义词 举例 accuseof chargewith rebukeforSemanticallydifferentsynonym语义稍有不同的同义词 举例 surpriseandastound blameandrebuke Antonymy反义 Antonymy反义 oppositenessofmeaning Wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningarecalledantonyms Antonymy反义关系分类 gradableantonymy等级反义complementaryantonymy互补反义converseantonymy反向反义 Gradableantonymy等级反义 young middle aged oldbig middle sized smallgood average bad Complementaryantonymy互补反义 alive deadmale femalepresent absentinnocent guilty odd evenpass failboy girlhit miss Converseantonymy反向反义 buy selllend borrowgive receiveparent childhusband wife teacher studentabove belowbefore afterhost guestemployer employee Hyponymy上下义关系 Hyponymy上下义 referstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword Superordinate hypernym上义词 themoregeneraltermHyponym下义词 themorespecificterm 举例 hypernym上义词 animalHyponym下义词 bird fish tiger cat如何记忆 hyper 向上hype炒作hypo 向下hypothesis假设 Animalbirdfishinsectanimalhumananimaltigerlionelephant Polysemy一词多义 Polysemy thesameonewordhasmorethanonemeaning Suchawordiscalledpolysemicword 举例 Fish 1 鱼2 鱼肉3 水生动物4 捕鱼5 寻找 Homonymy同音 同形异义词 wordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling orinboth Identicalinsound homophones同音词Identicalinspelling homograph同形词Identicalinboth completehomonyms同音同形词 homophones同音词 举例 knightandnight pieceandpeacehomograph同形词举例 tear v andtear n lead v andlead n completehomonyms同音同形词 fast adj andfast n 如何区分同音同形和一词多义现象 beauty fish ball scalebeauty 美丽 美女fish 鱼 鱼肉 水生动物 捕鱼 寻找ball 球 舞会scale 规模 鱼鳞看其多个意义之间是否有关联 如果有就是一词多义 没有就是同音同形词 Pragmatics语用学 考点 定义和与语义学的区别 studyofmeaningincontextorinuse言语行为理论 两位理论家和三种行为 会话原则 2 SpeechActTheory JohnAustin 1911 1960 HowtoDoThingswithWords 1962 MainIdea thingscanbedonewithwords Constatives 叙事句 vs performatives 施为句 Constatives 叙事句 utteranceswhichroughlyservestostateafact reportthatsomethingisthecase ordescribewhatsomethingis eg IgototheparkeverySunday IteachEnglish Performatives 施为句 utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts donotdescribeorreportanythingatall theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse Performativeverbs name bet etc ThreeSpeechActs 三种言语行为 Alocutionaryact 言内行为 theactofutteringwords phrase sentences Itisanactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax lexiconandphonology Anillocutionaryact 言外行为 anactofexpressionspeaker sintention itisanactperformedinsayingsomething Aperlocutionaryact 言后行为 theactpreformedbyorasaresultofsaying theeffectsonthehearer 三种话语行为 举例 老师对学生说 Youhaveleftthedooropen Locutionaryact 言内行为 theactofutteringthewordsof you have left the door open Illocutinaryact 言外行为 theactofexpressingtheteacher sintentionofaskingthestudenttoclosethedoor Perlocutionaryact 言后行为 theeffectoftheutterance studentgoestoclosethedoor 103 IllocutionaryActTheory 美国哲学家JohnSearle 约翰 塞尔 1932 在Austin理论基础上把言外行为进一步分为5类 陈述 assertives 指示 directives 承诺 commissives 表达 expressives 宣告 declaratives ConversationalImplicature 会话含义理论 Theorist 英国语言学家HerbertPaulGrice 格莱斯 1913 1988 MainIdea Peopledonotusuallysaythingsdirectlybuttendtoimplythem TheCooperativePrinciple CP 合作原则 MaximofQuality 数量准则 MaximofQuantity 质量准则 MaximofRelation 关系准则 MaximofManner 方式准则 TheCooperativePrinciple CP 合作原则 MaximofQuality 数量准则 Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse Donotsaysomethingifyoulackadequateevidence MaximofQuantity 质量准则 MaximofRelation 关系准则 MaximofManner 方式准则 MaximofQuality 数量准则 MaximofQuantity 质量准则 Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanrequired MaximofRelation 关系准则 MaximofManner 方式准则 MaximofQuality 数量准则 MaximofQuantity 质量准则 MaximofRelation 关系准则 Berelative MaximofManner 方式准则 MaximofQuality 数量准则 MaximofQuantity 质量准则 MaximofRelation 关系准则 MaximofManner 方式准则 Beperspicuous Avoidobscurityofexpression Avoidambiguity Bebrief Beorderly Macro Linguistics宏观语言学 Sociolinguistics社会语言学1 定义2 语言变体languagevariety3 双语 Sociolinguistics社会语言学1定义 Thesub fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive Speech语言变体双语 Sociolinguistics社会语言学定义Speechvariety languagevariety语言变体 refertoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers 双语 Pidgin 洋泾浜语 皮钦语 aspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeaksdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading 上海洋泾浜 上海话中的洋泾浜英语 蹩脚 BILGE 船底污水 引申为肮脏的 下三滥的 劣质的 瘪三 BEGSIR 乞丐先生 用来形容叫花子 难民 逃荒者等各式穷人 后引申为最广泛的骂人用语之一 赤佬 是英语 CHEAT 欺骗 和中文 佬 的混生词语 一个鲁迅时代最流行的洋泾浜俚语 隐语 119 Frompidgintocreoles 克里奥语 Pidginhasbecometheprimarylanguageasaresultofintermarriage itisspokenathomeandlearnedbychildrenasamothertongue 举例 French basedHaitianCreole EnglishbasedjamaicaCreole Sociolinguistics社会语言学定义语言变体双语 Bilingualism 双语现象 Diglossia 高低双语现象 Multilingualism 多语现象 Bilingualism 双语现象 alinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers 举例 Canada FrenchandEnglish Wales WelshandEnglish Diglossia 高低双语现象 Multilingualism 多语现象 Bilingualism 双语现象 Diglossia 高低双语现象 alinguisticsituationinwhichtwovarietiesofalanguageexistsidebysidethroughoutthecommunity witheachhavingadefiniteroletoplay 举例 Switzerland HighGermanasthestandard public official SwissGermanasthevernacular informal daily Multilingualism 多语现象 Bilingualism 双语现象 Diglossia 高低双语现象 Multilingualism 多语现象 alinguisticsituationinwhichmorethantwolanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers 举例 Singapore English Chinese Malay Bilingualism 双语现象 alinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakersDiglossia 高低双语现象 alinguisticsituationinwhichtwovarietiesofalanguageexistsidebysidethroughoutthecommunity witheachhavingadefiniteroletoplayMultilingualism 多语现象 alinguisticsituationmorethantwovarietiesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers 人类语言学AnthropologicalLinguistics定义 studyoftherelationshipbetweencultureandlanguage假说 Sapir WhorfHypothesis 萨丕尔 沃尔夫假说 structureofthelanguagepeopleuseinfluencesthewaytheythinkandbehave 简言之 语言影响人的思想行为 127 Sapir WhorfHypothesisEdwardSapir 1884 1939 andBenjaminLeeWhorf 1897 1941 Ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand consequently differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressspeakers uniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld Linguisticdeterminism Lmaydetermineourthinkingpatterns Linguisticrelativity differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround 128 English horseshoeFrench feracheval ironforhorseGerman hufeisen hoofironTheEskimoshavecountlesswordsforsnow TheArabs forcamels 心理语言学Psycholinguistics thestudyofthementalprocessoflanguagecomprehensionandproduction 计算机语言学ComputationalLinguistics studyoftheuseofcomputerstoprocessandproducehumanlanguage 语言学理论流派 考点 四大学派的代表人物及其理论名称 1 FatherofModernLinguistics现代语言学之父2 PragueSchool布拉格学派3 LondonSchool伦敦学派4 AmericanStructuralism美国结构主义5 Transformative GenerativeGrammar转换生成语法 1 FatherofModernLinguistics现代语言学之父Saussure索绪尔 瑞士 代表作 Saussure snewconcepts LangueandParole 语言和言语 Signifierandsignified 能指和所指 2 PragueSchool布拉格学派 Stressedsynchroniclinguistics 强调共时语言学 N Trubetzkoy 1890 1938 特鲁别茨柯依J Firbas 1921 2000 费尔巴斯 136 PragueSchoolPhonology N Trubetzkoy 特鲁别茨柯依 contributions definedthesphereofphonologicalstudies andgaveanaccuratedefinitionofthephoneme 137 J Firbas 费尔巴斯 FSP functionalSentencePerspective 句子功能前景 distributionofinformationinsentenceCD Communicativedynamism 交际动力 isusedtomeasuretheinformationamountaparticularsentenceconstituentcontains 138 3 TheLondonSchool Malinowski 1884 1942 马林诺夫斯基Firth 1890 1960 弗斯Halliday 1925 韩礼德Allthreestressedtheimportanceofcontextofsituationandthesystemaspectoflanguage 马林诺夫斯基费孝通王铭铭 140 3 TheLondonSchool Malinowski 1884 1942 马林诺夫斯基Firth 1890 1960 弗斯Halliday 1925 韩礼德Allthreestressedtheimportanceofcontextofsituationandthesystemaspectoflanguage 141 Halliday 韩礼德 1925 Systematic FunctionalGrammar 系统功能语法 systemicgrammar internalrelationsinLasasystemnetwork meaningpotential functionalgrammar Lasameansofsocialinteraction usesorfunctionsoflanguageform 142 3 AmericanStructuralismMajorLinguists Boas 博厄斯 Sapir 萨丕尔 Bloomfield 布龙菲尔德 Sapir Whorfhypothesis thelanguageinfluencesthewayonethinksandbehave 语言影响人的思想行为 5 Transformative GenerativeGrammar转换生成语法 NOAMCHOMSKY乔姆斯基 1928 Transformative GenerativeGrammar转换生成语法Competenceandperformance语言能力和语言运用 145 Phrasestructurerules S NPVPVP VNPNP DetNV act beat catch dive N man boy book flower 146