英国政治英文介绍.ppt

1 Lecture6PoliticalSystemII JudicialSystem 2 TheConstitution Britainhasnowrittenconstitution Theonlytwocountrieswithoutwrittenconstitutions IsraelandtheU K Muchoftheconstitutionisbasedonunwrittencustomsandrulescalledconventions Anditisembodiedinanumberofseparatelaws 3 themainsourcesoflawinclude CommonLaw习惯法StatuteLaw ActsofParliament 成文法EuropeanCommunityLaw economicandsocialmatters 4 EnglishLawhasalonghistory muchofitbeingderivedfromwhatiscalled commonlaw Thisislawasdecidedbyjudges theirdecisionsincasesbeingarrivedatafterconsideringthecustomsandpracticesofthepeopleinvolved Theotherkindoflaw statutelaw islawmadebyParliament 5 CourtsysteminEnglandandWales HighCourt CrownCourts皇家 巡回 刑事法庭 CountyCourts郡法庭 Magistrates Courts治安法庭 6 CriminalCourts inEnglandandWales Magistrates Courts thelessseriousoffencesandthevastmajorityofcriminalcases theft thelessseriouscasesofburglaryandsomeassaults YouthCourts mostcasesinvolvingpeopleunder18TheCrowncourts triesthemostseriousoffences murder manslaughter rapeandrobbery 7 CivilCourts 1 Magistrates Courts2 CountyCourts contract mortgage raceandsexdiscrimination divorcecasesandotherfamilymatters3 HighCourt 8 InsidetheCourt NobodyisabovethelawThecriminallawpresumestheinnocenceoftheaccuseduntilhehasbeenprovedguiltybeyondreasonabledoubtAllcriminaltrialsareheldinopencourtIncriminalsbyjury thejudgepassessentencebutthejurydecidestheissueofguiltorinnocence 9 TheJury consistsof12laypeopleselectedatrandom Anybodywhoisahouseholderbetweentheageof18 70canbecalledtoserveatanytime Thejurydecideswhetheranaccusedpersonisguiltyinmostcriminaltrials Judges MostappointedbytheQueenontheadviceofthePM ExceptfortheLordChancelloralljudgesareindependentofthepoliticalsystem Magistrates治安官 Laypeoplewhoarerespectedandresponsiblemembersoftheirlocalcommunityareselectedtoserveasmagistrates Theyarenotpaidfortheworkandthenundergosomepart timetraining AMagistrates courtsitswithoutajury 10 Legalprofession BarristersSolicitors 11 Police bobby peeler ScotlandYard unarmedtradition 12 BritishForeignRelations DeclineoftheBritishEmpire declineoftheBritishinfluenceworldwidenolongeravastoverseasempire butanequalmemberintheEuropeanUnionindependentnucleardeterrentandtechnologicallyadvancedarmedforcesbankingcenter aboutsixthintheworldintermsofeconomy 13 FoundationsofBritain sCotemporaryforeignpolicy CotemporaryforeignpolicyofUKisinfluencedby itsimperialhistoryNotasinfluentialasbeforeretainveryconservativeandtraditionalviews Itsgeopoliticaltraitsitslong termphysicalseparationfromtheEuropeancontinentAsenseofpsychologicalisolationtoEurope 14 HowForeignPolicyisMade ThePMandCabinetdecideonthegeneraldirectionofBritain sforeignpolicy ThemaingovernmentdepartmentinvolvedisofcoursetheForeignandCommonwealthOffice FCO TheMinistryofDefenseisalsoanimportantplayerThedepartmentofTradeandIndustryisconcernedwithformulatinginternationaltradepolicyandmanagingBritishcommercialrelationswithothercountries HMTreasuryisanextremelyinfluentialplayer 15 OneofthefivepermanentmembersoftheUNSecurityCouncil thesixthlargestcontributortotheUN sbudget AfoundingmemberofNATO AfoundingmemberoftheCommonwealth AmemberoftheEU BritainandInternationalInstitutions 16 BritainandInternationalInstitutions MemberofNATO NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization headquartersinBrussels Belgium constitutesasystemofcollectivedefensewherebyitsmemberstatesagreetomutualdefenseinresponsetoanattackbyanyexternalparty 17 TheCommonwealthofNations usuallyknownastheCommonwealth intergovernmentalorganizationof54independentnations mostofthemareformerBritishcolonies ordependenciesofthesecolonies Itsmemberssharemanycustoms valuesandtraditions AllmembersaccepttheBritishmonarchasthesymbolicheadoftheCommonwealth ManyhaveparliamentarysystemsofgovernmentontheBritishmodel Englishisanofficiallanguage Flag 18 CommonwealthCountries 19 MemberoftheEuropeanUnion TheflagoftheEuropeanUnion EU iscomposedofacircleof12goldstarsonaroyalbluebackground TheflagismeanttorepresenttheunionofallthepeoplesofEurope 20 BritainandtheUnitedStates SpecialRelationship CloselyalliesduringWWIIandlater Thelevelofcooperationinmilitaryplannings executionofmilitaryoperations nuclearweaponstechnologyandintelligencesharingwitheachotherwasoftendescribedas unparalleled amongmajorpowers Nevertheless the specialrelationship withtheUnitedStateshasgonethroughmanyupsanddowns