综合学术英语教程2Unit.ppt

Unit6 FraudandAcademicDishonesty Inthisunit youwilllearnabouttheconcepts academicintegrity and academicdishonesty research Dr HwangWooSuk ontheInternetandfindreliableinformation learnwords expressions andsentencepatternsrelatedtothethemeandusetheminwritingandspeech learnstrategiessuchaslisteningforemphasis listening guessingwordmeaningsfromlexicalclues reading givingevidenceforarguments discussing andachievingcoherence writing etc giveanoralpresentationonanassignedtopictotheclass BackgroundInformation ApproachingtheTopic ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercises BackgroundInformation aboutAcademicIntegrity theHealthpartnersResearchFoundation HwangWooSuk theCommitteeonPublicationEthics Science Nature aboutAcademicIntegrity Integritywithoutknowledgeisweakanduseless andknowledgewithoutintegrityisdangerousanddreadful SamuelJohnsonThefunctionofeducation therefore istoteachonetothinkintensivelyandtothinkcritically Buteducationwhichstopswithefficiencymayprovethegreatestmenacetosociety Themostdangerouscriminalmaybethemangiftedwithreason butwithnomorals Wemustrememberthatintelligenceisnotenough Intelligencepluscharacter thatisthegoaloftrueeducation MartinLutherKing Jr HwangWooSukisaSouthKoreanveterinarianandresearcher HewasaprofessoroftheriogenologyandbiotechnologyatSeoulNationalUniversity dismissedonMarch20 2006 whobecameinfamousforfabricatingaseriesofexperiments whichappearedinhigh profilejournals inthefieldofstemcellresearch UntilNovember2005 hewasconsideredoneofthepioneeringexpertsinthefield bestknownfortwoarticlespublishedinthejournalSciencein2004and2005wherehereportedtohavesucceededincreatinghumanembryonicstemcellsbycloning Hewascalledthe PrideofKorea inSouthKorea OnMay12 2006 Hwangwaschargedwithembezzlementandbioethicslawviolationsafteritemergedmuchofhisstemcellresearchhadbeenfaked TheKoreaTimesreportedonJune10 2007 thatSeoulNationalUniversityfiredhim andtheSouthKoreangovernmentcanceledhisfinancialsupportandbarredhimfromengaginginstemcellresearch HwangWooSuk HealthPartnersisanintegrated nonprofithealthcareproviderlocatedinBloomington Minnesotaofferingcare coverage researchandeducationtoitsmembers patientsandthecommunity HealthPartnerswasfoundedin1957asGroupHealth aconsumer governednonprofithealthplanwithaboardofdirectorsmadeupofitsownmembersandpatients In1992 GroupHealthmergedwithMedCentersHealthPlan andtogethertheyformedHealthPartners Inlate2012itwasannouncedthatHealthPartnerswouldmergewithParkNicolletHealthServicesofSt LouisParkonJanuary1 2013followingfederalapproval theHealthpartnersResearchFoundation Science alsowidelyreferredtoasScienceMagazine istheacademicjournaloftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience AAAS andisoneoftheworld stopscientificjournals Thepeer reviewedjournal firstpublishedin1880 iscirculatedweeklyandhasaprintsubscriberbaseofaround130 000 Becauseinstitutionalsubscriptionsandonlineaccessservealargeraudience itsestimatedreadershipis570 400people Themajorfocusofthejournalispublishingimportantoriginalscientificresearchandresearchreviews butSciencealsopublishesscience relatednews opinionsonsciencepolicyandothermattersofinteresttoscientistsandotherswhoareconcernedwiththewideimplicationsofscienceandtechnology Unlikemostscientificjournals whichfocusonaspecificfield ScienceanditsrivalNaturecoverthefullrangeofscientificdisciplines AccordingtotheJournalCitationReports Science s2012impactfactorwas31 027 Science Natureisaprominentinterdisciplinaryscientificjournal Itwasfirstpublishedon4November1869 Itwasrankedtheworld smostcitedbytheScienceEditionofthe2010JournalCitationReportsandiswidelyregardedasoneofthefewremainingacademicjournalsthatpublishoriginalresearchacrossawiderangeofscientificfields Natureclaimsareadershipofabout424 000totalreaders Thejournalhasacirculationofaround53 000butstudieshaveconcludedthatonaverageasinglecopyissharedbyasmanyas8people Nature Researchscientistsaretheprimaryaudienceforthejournal butsummariesandaccompanyingarticlesareintendedtomakemanyofthemostimportantpapersunderstandabletoscientistsinotherfieldsandtheeducatedgeneralpublic Towardsthefrontofeachissueareeditorials newsandfeaturearticlesonissuesofgeneralinteresttoscientists includingcurrentaffairs sciencefunding business scientificethicsandresearchbreakthroughs Therearealsosectionsonbooksandarts Theremainderofthejournalconsistsmostlyofresearchpapers articlesorletters whichareoftendenseandhighlytechnical Becauseofstrictlimitsonthelengthofpapers oftentheprintedtextisactuallyasummaryoftheworkinquestionwithmanydetailsrelegatedtoaccompanyingsupplementarymaterialonthejournal swebsite Nature TheCommitteeonPublicationEthics COPE isanonprofitorganizationwhosemissionistodefinebestpracticeintheethicsofscholarlypublishingandtoassisteditors publishers etc toachievethis COPEprovidesadvicetoeditorsandpublishersonallaspectsofpublicationethicsand inparticular howtohandlecasesofresearchandpublicationmisconduct Italsoprovidesaforumforitsmemberstodiscussindividualcases meetingfourtimesayearvirtuallyandatothermeetingsaroundtheworld COPEdoesnotinvestigateindividualcasesbutencourageseditorstoensurethatcasesareinvestigatedbytheappropriateauthorities usuallyaresearchinstitutionoremployer COPEalsooffersandeLearningcourse fundsresearchonpublicationethics publishesamonthlyeNewsletter COPEDigest PublicationEthicsinPractice andorganisesannualseminarsaroundtheworld theCommitteeonPublicationEthics retractv topull something backintosomethinglargerthatusuallycoversite g Thepilotretractedtheplane slandinggear n retractionimpactn theactorforceofonethinghittinganothere g Thesewarningshavebeenheardsooftenthattheyhavelosttheirimpact resignationn anactofgivingupajoborpositioninaformalorofficialwaye g Themanagerreceivedresignationsfromthreemembersofthestaff v resign ApproachingtheTopicReading1 LanguagePoints ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise detrimentaladj causingdamageorinjurye g Therewereseriousconcernsthatthefactory swastewasdetrimentaltothelocalenvironment taintv tomake something dangerousordirtyespeciallybyaddingsomethingharmfulorundesirabletoite g Criticismofhersister ssingingthatwastaintedbyenvy bottleneckn asectionofroadorhighwaywherethetrafficmovesveryslowlye g BridgeconstructionhascreatedabottleneckonthesouthernpartofMainStreet Reading1 LanguagePoints ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise fabricatev tocreateormakeup something suchasastory inordertotrickpeoplee g Theirplanistofabricatethehouseoutofsyntheticmaterials fraudn thecrimeofusingdishonestmethodstotakesomethingvaluablefromanotherpersone g Hewasfoundguiltyofbankfraud modifyv tochangesomepartsof something whilenotchangingotherpartse g Wecanhelpyoumodifyanexistinghomeorbuildanewone n modification Reading1 LanguagePoints ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise cherry pickingn topickoracceptthebestpeopleorthingsinagroupe g Hollywood sbiggeststarscancherry pickthebestprojectsanddirectors selectivelyadv carefullychooseonlythebestpeopleorthingse g Theadvertisementselectivelytargetsmenbetweentheagesof18and24 v selectacquisitionn somethingorsomeoneacquiredorgainede g Thebigcompany snewestacquisitionisasmallchainofclothingstores Reading1 LanguagePoints ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise admittedlyadv ashasbeenormustbeadmittede g Admittedly Ishouldnothavelostmytemperlikethat v admitconstraintn somethingthatlimitsorrestrictssomeoneorsomethinge g Lackoffundinghasbeenamajorconstraintonthebuilding sdesign v constrainmolecularadj oforrelatingtoindividualorsmallcomponentse g Shestudiedmolecularbiologyincollege Reading1 LanguagePoints ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise narrativen astorythatistoldorwrittene g Heiswritingadetailednarrativeofhislifeontheisland v narratestraddlev tositorridewithalegoneithersideof something e g Themoviestraddlestoomanygenres sloppyadj notcarefulorneat showingalackofcare attention orefforte g Yourworkhasbeenverysloppylately erroneousadj notcorrecte g Anewsarticleaboutthenewvirusthatwasfilledwithmucherroneousinformation Reading1 LanguagePoints ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise discernibleadj todetectwiththeeyese g Herfacewasbarelydiscernibleinthegloom v discernintentn thethingthatyouplantodoorachieve anaimorpurposee g ShethinksI mtryingtomakethingsdifficultforher butthat snotmyintent deficiencyn alackofsomethingthatisneeded thestateofnothavingenoughofsomethingnecessarye g Thebook smajordeficiencyisitspoorplot adj deficient Reading1 LanguagePoints ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 1 Whyhavesomanypapersbeenretractedfromhighimpactjournals Becausethepressureofanincreasinglycompetitiveresearchenvironmentcanleadtoscientificmisconduct 2 Whyshouldwecombatscientificmisconduct Becausemisconductisdetrimentaltoscientificprogressinmanyways ApproachingtheTopicTask1 ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 3 Whatdoesthemeta analysispublishedin2009covering18fraudsurveysimply Itsuggeststhatscientificmisconductmaybemorecommonthanwesuspect 4 Inwhatsituationaredeficienciesresultingfrompoorexperimentaldesignandinadequatelycontrolledorstatisticallyquestionableexperimentsconsideredmisconduct Ifthereisdiscernibleintenttodeceive ApproachingtheTopicTask1 ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 1 misconduct2 retract3 detrimental4 taint5 fraudulent6 fabricate7 cherry picking8 coverage ApproachingtheTopicTask2 e unacceptableorbadbehaviourbysomeoneinapositionofauthorityorresponsibility h takebackanofferorstatement etc oradmitthatastatementwasfalse m causingharmordamage k affectwithabadorundesirablequality n dishonestandillegal i inventorproducesomethingfalseinordertodeceive b selectivelychoosing themostbeneficialorprofitableitems opportunities etc fromwhatisavailable a thereportingofaparticularimportanteventorsubject ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 9 set up10 constraint11 massaging12 straddle13 sloppy14 discernible15 deficiency ApproachingtheTopicTask2 o thewayinwhichthingsareorganizedorarranged l stateofnothaving ornothavingenough ofsomethingthatisneeded c manipulating factsorfigures togiveamoreacceptableresult f tostretchacrosssomethingorexistonbothsidesofsomething d notdonecarefullyorthoroughly g perceptible j weaknessorimperfection ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 1 ThecloningresearcherWoo SukHwangwasaccusedofthreeoffencestoday 12May 2 TheSeoulCentralDistrictprosecutor sofficeinSouthKoreachargedWoo SukHwangwithsecretlytakingKRW2 8billionandusingthefundstopurchaseacarforhimselfandgiftsforfamilymembers 3 FiveotherresearchersonHwang steamwerealsochargedwithvariousoffences ApproachingtheTopicTask4 False False True ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise AGermanuniversityhaswithdrawnthedoctoraldegreeoftheformerBellLabsscientistwhoclaimedaseriesofresearchbreakthroughs thenwasfiredtwoyearsagowhenitwasdiscoveredthathehadmanipulateddataandfabricatedresults Thephysicist J HendrikSch n 33 didnotcommitanacademicoffenceinhisdoctoralresearchattheUniversityofKonstanz aninvestigationtherefoundlastyear ButonFriday theuniversitysaidithadalegalrighttowithdrawadegreewhentherecipientbehaved unworthily ofit Thatwasinterpretedhereinthecontextofscience saidDr WolfgangDieterich chairmanofthephysicsdepartmentatKonstanz ApproachingtheTopicTask5 1 2 3 4 ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise Mr Sch n aresearchscientistatBellLabs LucentTechnologies researcharminMurrayHill N J wasanauthororco authorofmorethan70scientificpapersonanarrayofsupposeddiscoveries likenewsuperconductorsandtiny molecular scaletransistors Thetransistorsappearedparticularlyexcitingbecausetheyseemedtoworkthesamewaycurrentsilicontransistorsdo suggestingthatthetechnologycouldbestraightforwardlytransferredtocomputerchips Otherswereunabletoreproduceanyofthefindings Then inMay2002 outsidescientistsdiscoverednearlyidenticalgraphsinseveralofMr Sch n spapers eventhoughtheysupposedlyrepresenteddifferentdatafromdifferentexperiments Fourmonthslater aninvestigatorypanelledbyDr MalcolmR Beasley aprofessorofappliedphysicsatStanford foundthatMr Sch nhadmanipulatedorfabricateddatain17papers BellLabsfiredMr Sch nandthepublishedpaperswerewithdrawn ApproachingtheTopicTask5 5 6 7 ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise Mr Sch napologizedformistakesbutinsistedthatthefindingswerereal Soonafterhewasfired KonstanzassembledacommitteetoexamineMr Sch n sthesisresearchonsolarcells Dr Dieterich whowasnotpartofthatinvestigation saidthecommitteefoundinstancesofmislabeledgraphsand somesmoothingofdata whichwasnotexplained ButDr Dieterichsaid Onecouldnotdrawtheconclusionthatintentionallythingshavebeenpresentedinawrongway andthecommitteedidnotaccuseMr Sch nofmisconduct TheKonstanzphysicsdepartmentthenbeganitsreview ItaskedMr Sch ntoparticipate buttheonlyreplywasaletterfromhislawyer Dr Dieterichsaid addingthathewouldnotsaywhatwasintheletter ApproachingtheTopicTask5 8 9 10 ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 1 Whatdothepassageandnewsshare Academicdishonesty 2 Dr Hwang steamclaimedtohavedoneresearchinthecontroversialfieldofcloning What syourviewonhumancloningresearch 3 What syouropinionontheinvestigatorypanelthatclearedMr Sch n 4 Whatcouldbethepotentialbenefitsofscientificmisconduct 5 Whatarethepotentialnegativeinfluencesofscientificmisconduct ApproachingtheTopicTask7 ReadingabouttheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise scandaln anoccurrenceinwhichpeopleareshockedandupsetbecauseofbehaviorthatismorallyorlegallywronge g Therewasamajorscandalinvolvingthemayor stieswiththeMob outstripv tobeorbecomebetter greater orlargerthan someoneorsomething e g Thenewhoteloutstripsallotherhotelsintheareainsizeandluxury peern apersonwhobelongstothesameagegrouporsocialgroupassomeoneelsee g Hewasrespectedandadmiredbyhispeers ReadingabouttheTopicReading2 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise replicationn ananswertoareplye g We llneedtodoareplicationofthatexperimentsowecancollectmoredata malfeasancen illegalordishonestactivityespeciallybyapublicofficialoracorporatione g Theinvestigationhasuncoveredevidenceofcorporatemalfeasance suspicionn afeelingthatsomeoneispossiblyguiltyofacrimeorofdoingsomethingwronge g Ithoughtthewatermightbemakingussick andmysuspicionswereconfirmedbythelabtests Reading2 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise swirlv tomoveincirclesortocause something tomoveincirclese g Thewaterswirledaroundthedrain outdov todobetterthan someoneorsomething tobemoresuccessfulthan someoneorsomething e g Smallercompaniesoftenoutdolargeronesincustomerservice rivaln apersonorthingthattriestodefeatorbemoresuccessfulthananothere g Theteamshavebeenlongtimerivals Reading2 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise embryon ahumanoranimalintheearlystagesofdevelopmentbeforeitisborn hatched etc e g Theunbornchildatthisjunctureisknownasanembryoandisextremelysmall hailn precipitationintheformofsmallballsorlumpsusuallyconsistingofconcentriclayersofcleariceandcompactsnowe g Hegavethemhailforrain andflamingfireintheirland lapsev anoccurrenceinwhichyoufailtothinkoractintheusualorproperwayforabrieftimeandmakeamistakee g Heblamedtheerroronaminormentallapse Reading2 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise accusev toblame someone forsomethingwrongorillegal tosaythatsomeoneisguiltyofafaultorcrimee g Shewasaccusedoflyingontheemploymentapplication impoundv touselegalpowerstogetandhold something e g Thepoliceimpoundedhercarbecauseitwasillegallyparked adherev tosticktosomething toattachfirmlytosomethinge g Tpleteandtotale g Iwassurprisedbytheiroutrightrejectionoftheidea Reading2 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise respondentn apersonwhogivesaresponseoranswertoaquestionthatisaskedespeciallyaspartofasurveye g Amajorityofrespondentssaidtheydisagreedwiththemayor splan engagev tohire someone toperformaparticularservice topayfor help services etc e g Hewasengagedasatutor burstintov tosuddenlybegintomakeasound especiallytostartsinging cryingorlaughinge g Theaudienceburstintoapplause Reading2 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise deliberateadj tothinkaboutordiscusssomethingverycarefullyinordertomakeadecisione g Thejurydeliberatedfortwodaysbeforereachingaverdict castoutv toforcesomeoneorsomethingtogoawaye g Theytriedtocastoutthespiritsfromthehauntedhouse cardiologyn thestudyoftheheartandofdiseasesthataffectthehearte g Heisadoctorwhospecializesincardiology credibilityn thequalityofbeingbelievedoracceptedastrue real orhoneste g Thenewevidencelendscredibilitytotheirtheory adj credible Reading2 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise bleakadj withoutanythingmakeyoufeelcheerfulorhopefule g Withnomoneyandnojob myprospectsseemedbleak prestigiousadj havingprestigee g Thereisanutritionalstudythathasbeenpublishedbyaprestigiousmedicaljournal n prestigeunderscorev toemphasize something orshowtheimportanceof something e g Thesefailuresunderscorethedifficultyofwhatwe reattemptingtodo Reading2 LanguagePoints ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise Reading2 TextAnalysis ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 1 What sthemainideaofthearticle Thecasesofscientificmisconducthaveincreased whichhighlightstheneedforbettersafeguardsagainstscientificmisconduct 2 Whatcomposethetriplesafetynettobaracademicdishonestyandbadresearch Peerreview therefereesystemandreplication 3 WhathastheUnitedStatesdoneoverthelasttwodecadestocombatscientificmisconduct Inadditiontothetriplesafetynet theUnitedStateshasaddedextraprotections includingnewlawsandgovernmentinvestigativebodies ReadingabouttheTopicTask3 ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise 4 WhatoncemadeDr Hwanganationalhero Histeamclaimedtohaveextractedstemcellsfromclonedhumanembryosandtohaveclonedadog 5 Whatisthemainfindingofthesurveyof3 427scientistsbytheUniversityofMinnesotaandtheHealthPartnersResearchFoundation Uptoathirdoftherespondentshadengagedinethicallyquestionablepractices fromignoringcontradictoryfactstofalsifyingdata 6 WhatistheCommitteeonPublicationEthicssupposedtofunction Toprovideasoundingboardforeditorswhoarestrugglingwithhowtobestdealwithpossiblebreachesinresearchandpublicationethics ReadingabouttheTopicTask3 ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise Set1 fromPara AtoE 1 outstrip A 2 bar C 3 referee C 4 merit C 5 replication C 6 malfeasance D 7 swirl E 8 dazzling E ReadingabouttheTopicTask4 d beorbecomegreaterinamount degreeorsuccessthansomethingorsomeone f preventsomethingorsomeonefromdoingsomething g apersonororganizationthathelpstofindafairanswertoadisagreement a deserveorbeworthyof reward punishment orattention h makingordoingsomethingagaininexactlythesameway b anexampleofdishonestandillegalbehaviour especiallybyapersoninauthority c moveinatwistingorspirallingpattern e extremelyimpressive beautiful orskillful ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise Set2 fromPara FtoS 1 feat F 2 lapse G 3 impound H 4 canon J 5 undercurrent J 6 outright J 7 augment O 8 breach P ReadingabouttheTopicTask4 e somethingdifficultneedingalotofskill strength bravery etc toachieveit c abriefortemporaryfailure a takelegalpossessionof sth becauseofaninfringementofalaw g agenerallaw rule principle orcriterionbywhichsomethingisjudged b anemotion belief orcharacteristicofasituationthatishiddenandusuallynegativeordangerousbutthathassomeeffect pleteandtotal h toincreasethevalue amount effectivenessetc ofsomething f anactofbreakingorfailingtoobservealaw agreement orcodeofconduct ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise Para A Para B Para C Para D Para E Para F Para G Para H Para I Para J Para K Para L Para M Para N Para O Para P Para Q Para R Para S ReadingabouttheTopicTask5 c c g i k a m d o e e b p f h j j n l ApproachingtheTopic ExploringtheTopic IntegratedExercise rootout tofindoutwhereaparticularki