降落伞的大小如何影响其下降速度.ppt

Formulation TestingofHypothesisinScientificInvestigations Whatisahypothesis Posingaquestion ProposingahypothesisAtentativeexplanation Whyneedahypothesis Ifthehypothesisiscorrect whatpredictionscanbemade Designexperimentsorplanobservations Ifthehypothesisiscorrect weshouldobservexxxwhenacertaintestisconducted predictions Thisguidesustoplanobservationsordesignexperiments Aquestionthatasks why usuallyrequiresahypothesis Aquestionthatasks whatistherelationship howtobeaffected usuallyrequiresmakingobjectiveobservations Nohypothesisisneeded Whathypothesisshouldbeputforwardforthefollowinginvestigations 降落傘的大小如何影響其下降速度 降落傘的形狀如何影響其下降速度 水的溫度與受熱時間的關係 水的溫度與受熱時間的關係 Doweneedtosuggestahypothesisforthefollowingquestions WhatistheW P ofpotatocells Whydoesapotatobecomemoresoftafterstoringforalongtime Doweneedtosuggestahypothesisforthefollowingquestions Whatistheoptimumtemperatureforsalivaryamylase Whyissalivaryamylasestillveryactiveat70oC Doweneedtosuggestahypothesisforthefollowingquestions Whatistheeffectoflightintensityontherateofphotosynthesis Whydoestherateofphotosynthesisbecomesconstantwithincreaseinlightintensitywhenthelightintensityishigh Whatfoodconstituentsarepresentinpeanut banana grape potatoandbiscuit Hypothesis Ithinkthatpeanut banana grape potatoandbiscuitallhaveproteinsandlipids Whatistherespirationrateofmealworms Hypothesis Ithinkthattherespirationrate oxygenuptake isconstant Whatisthetranspirationrateofaplantoutsideandinsidethelaboratory Hypothesis Theplantoutsidethelabshouldhaveahighertranspirationratethantheplantinsidethelab Whatistheeffectoflightintensityontherateofphotosynthesis Hypothesis Thephotosyntheticrateriseswithincreaseinlightintensity Whatistheosmoticpotentialofthecellsapinredonionepidermalcells Hypothesis When50 oftheobservedcellsisplasmolysed theO P ofthecellsisthesameasthatofthesurroundingsucrosesolution IntheColeusleaf morestomataarepresentonthelowerepidermisthanontheupperepidermis Whatisthesignificanceofthisunevendistributionofstomata Hypothesis Toreducetherateofwaterlossduetotranspirationwhensunlightshinesdirectlyfromabove Toallowafasterrateofphotosynthesisasmorecarbondioxidecanbetakenin Ifapottedplantisplacedoutsidethelaboratoryfortwodayswithoutanywatersupply itbecomeswilted Asimilarplantinsidethelaboratorywillnotshowwilting Howwouldyouexplaintheseobservations Hypothesis Theplantoutsidethelaboratorybecomeswiltedbecauseithasahighertranspirationrateduetothewindyconditionsoutside Theplantoutsidethelaboratorybecomeswiltedbecauseitishotteroutside Potatoesstoredforalongtimebecomessofttothetouch Whydoesthisoccur Hypothesis Thelongerthetimeofstorage themorewaterislostthroughtranspiration Thecellmembraneisdamagedduringstorage Sothecellslosetheirturgidity Posingaquestion Why ProposingahypothesisAtentativeexplanation Atentativeideathatgeneratespredictions fortestingtheidea Posinganinvestigatablequestion Isitnecessarytoputforwardahypothesis Designingexperiment observation Designingexperiment observation Biologicalprinciple Designingmethodofinvestigation Whatistheindependentvariable Howtochangeit Whatisthedependentvariable Howtomeasureit Whataretheassumptionsmade Designingexperiment observation Whatarethecontrolledvariables Anyassumptionsmade Isitnecessarytosetupacontrolexperiment Ifyes howtodoit Whataretheassumptionsthatyouneedtomakeinordertodrawavalidconclusionfromyourresults Tomeasuretranspirationrateusingabubblepotometer rateofwaterabsorption rateoftranspiration TofindtheW P usingthe changeinmassmethod changeinmassofpotatocylinder amountofwateruptake lossbyosmosis Tofindthegrowthrateofaplantbymeasuringthechangeindrymass changeindrymass amountofcytoplasmformed Tocomparethesugarcontentofgreen redanddarkgrapesusingBenedict stest amountofreducingsugar totalamountofsugar Assumptionsmadeinthecontrolledvariables Effectoflightintensityonphotosynthesis rateofrespirationremainsconstantindifferentlightintensity gasbubblesareidenticalinsize TocomparethevitaminCcontentofdifferentfoodsamplesusingDCPIP Eachdropofsolutionhasthesamevolume theendpointsarethesame Tocomparetherateofanaerobicrespirationofyeastusingdifferentsubstrates airtemperaturetheyeastsamplesareidentical