英语合同的特点和翻译.doc

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.英语合同的特点与翻译一 用词特点与翻译要点合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性1.要求选词专业化(professional), 正式(formal). 准确(accurate). 具体体现在下列方面:1. may, shall, must, may not (或 shall not) 的使用may旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么), shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候),must 用于强制性义务(必须做什么), may not(或shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。May not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not, 但绝不能用can not do 或 must not,但 may do 不能。2. 用语正式(formal)合同英语有着严肃的风格,如“因为”的短语多用“by virtue of”, 远远多于”due to” 一般不用“because of”; ”财务年度末“一般用”at the close of the fiscal year”, 而不用” in the end of the fiscal year”; “在之前”一般用“prior to”, 而不用”before”; “关于“常用”as regards”, “concerning 或”relating to”, 而不会用”about”; “事实上”用”in effect”, 而不用”in fact”: “开始“ 用”commencement”, 而不用”start”或”begin”; “停止做”用”cease to do”, 而不用”stop to do”; 何时开会并由某某主持“ 的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb. 其中”召开“ 不用”hold 或call”, 而用”convene”; “主持 不用”chair” 或” be in charge of “ 而用” preside”; “其他事项” 用”miscellaneous”, 而不用” other matters/events”; “理解合同“ 用”construe a contract” 或” comprehend a contract” 或”comprehend a contract”, 而不用”understand a contract”; “认为”用“deem”, 用”consider” 少,不用”think” 或”believe”.3,用词专业(technical)合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的”瑕疵”,”救济“, “不可抗力”,“管辖”, “毁损”, “失业” 等就可能让非行业人士费解, 在英语以上表达分别为defect ,remedy, force马绝热, jurisdiction, damage and/or loss。 另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as, whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of, hereby, 用”compensation”; “不动产转让“ 用”conveyance”, 而不用”transfer of real estate”; “房屋出租”用”tendency”, 而“财产出租”用”lease of property”; “停止”用”wind up a business” 或”cease (名词是cessation)a business”, 而不用”end/stop a business”; “依照合同相关规定“ 或一般说” pursuant to provisions contained herein” 或” as provided herein” 等, 不说according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”。4, 同义词,近义词, 相关词的并列使用英文合同出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑, “made and entered into”, “by and between”, “for and in consideration of”, “covenants and agreements”, “on the terms and subject to the conditions” “terms and conditions” ”release and discharge”5, 古英语与外来词的应用(borrowing words)使用古英语最为突出的是较多使用here, there, where 加后缀in, by after, from等介词构成的词。 在法律文件中用这些词,可以避免重复, 避免歧义, 使行文准确,简洁。常用例词如下:hereafter, hereby, herein, hereof, hereto, hereunder, hereupon, herewith, hereinbefore, hereinafter, thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith, whereas, whereby, wherein, whereof, whereon, etc.合同中也会使用一些外来词汇,常用的有拉丁语和法语词汇。 如比例税率:用 pro rate tax rate 要比 proportional tax rate 多; 从事慈善性服务的律师: pro bono lawyer, 不经常用 lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance, 委托代理人多用 agent ad litem二, 句法特点与翻译要点商务合同的句法具有结构严谨、句式较长的特点。句子的状语(从句)和定语(从句)等附加成分很多,且往往位置明显,对主句意义进行解释、限制或补充。多用陈述句、多用现在时、多用被动语态、多用名词性结构等。1、 长句及其翻译分析合同长句的基本方法是:首先,找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语。其次,找出句子中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词,然后在分析从句和短句的功能,即:是否是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等,以及词、短语和从句之间的关系。最后,分析句子中是否有固定搭配、插入语等其他成分。(1)The Buyer may, within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination, lodge a claim against the seller for short-weight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.这是一个简单长句,其主干为The Buyer maylodge a claim。修饰谓语动词的状语有三个,分别表示时间(within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination)、方式(being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor)和原因(for short-weight)。 诸多状语尽管在原文中位置灵活,然而在译文里,需按照汉语的行文规范适当进行调整:方式状语一般应置于动词之前; 其他状语可以灵活处理,如本句中的时间状语可以提前至句首。译:货物抵达目的港15天内, 买方可以凭有信誉的公共检验员出示的检验证明向卖方提出短重索赔。(2) If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws, it shall be indemnify and keep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.本句的主干是it shall be indemnify and keep indemnifiedagainstthe other Party and the company。 If引导的是条件从句,条件句的宾语部分跟随后置定语(given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2)。in addition to 引导的是增补成分, 其核心词remedies也跟了后置定语(available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws)。 That引导的则是后置定语修饰紧邻的五个名词。基于以上分析,再结合汉语的行文习惯(条件在前,结构在后以及定语在所修饰的核心词之前)译:如果一方违反任何其根据第18.1条或18.2条所作的陈述及担保或重述, 则另一方除根据本合同或相关法律寻求任何可能的救济之外, 违约方应当赔偿另一方或合营公司因此种违反而招致的任何损伤、损坏、费用、开支、责任或赔偿。(3)The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the cause of loading or transit.上句中信息的重心在句首,先表明卖方的免费事项,接着再规定由于什么原因引起的不能交货或延迟交货才会免责,后对不可抗力又做了限定。按照汉语的思维习惯,往往先谈原因,再谈结论,因此采用颠倒顺序的译法更合理。译:凡在制造或装船运输过程中,因不可抗力致使卖方不能或推迟交货时,卖方不付责任。2、条件句及翻译商务合同主要约定合同各方应享有的权利和应履行的义务,但由于这种权力的行使和义务的履行均赋有各种条件,所以条件句的大量使用成为商务合同的一个特点。合同的作用在于明确陈述和规定不同当事人在有关活动中的权利和义务,合同一般采用陈述句、而不使用疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。商务合同具有句式讲究、用词严谨、条理清晰、长而不乱、逻辑性强的特点。商务合同翻译中的主要要求是:第一,忠实于原文的内容,将原文的内容充分表达出来,无任意增减删略或歪曲背离。第二,使用规范的译文语言形式,力求简明易懂、文理正确、严谨通顺、无生硬晦涩之处。商务英语合同的语言特色1、 用词方面1.1商务专业术语在合同翻译中使用可简化文字、避免误解,如涉及到价格条款、保险条款、支付方式、运输方式等环节内容时,FAS Free Alongside Ship 装运港船边交货。FOB Free on Board 装运港船上交货 CFR Cost Insurance and Freight 成本加运费。 CIF Cost Insurance and Freight 成本、保险费加运费。 A/W All Water 全水路。 T/T Telegraphic Transfer 电汇。 L/C Letter of Credit 信用社。 D/P Documents against Payment 付款交单 collection 托收 B/L 提单 consigner 发货人 irrevocable sight L/C 不可撤销的即期付款信用证 term of payment 支付条款 down payment 首期付款,定金 due diligence 克尽职责,应有的注意1.2外来词商务合同中存在的外来词大多源于拉丁语或法语,有些则是由其词根派生或合成,它们的意义比较稳定,利于精确表达概念,但使用范围有局限。Pro rata tax rate 拉比例税率, pro forma 拉 估算表, addiem 拉 在指定日期, null and void 拉无效, vice versa 拉 反之亦然, adhoc 拉特别, 临时, as per 拉 按照, de facto 拉事实上的, force majeure 法 不可抗力 acceptance 承1.3古体词商务合同英语中最常使用的古体词多为一些复合副词,最突出的特点是here, there 以及where 加上其它介词构成的复合副词,这些词一般在句中作定语或状语。这类词中的here可理解为this, there可理解为that, where可理解为which。Hereafter=following this, hereby=by this means or by reason of this, 兹,之,特此,在此hereof= of this, hereinafter= later in this contract, herein before= in a proceeding part of this contract . 本协议中,以there为词根的古体词,汉语翻译时一般都带有“那.该。其。之。Thereafter=after that, thereinafter= in that patr of a contraact, thereupon= as a resulr of that, thereof =of that. 以where为词根的古体词,一般为关系副词,whereof=of whichWhereas 鉴于1.4选用正式词语商务合同习惯上采用书面形式,通常使用正式的书面语言,以显示合同正规与庄重特色。例,应执行本合同所发生的与本合同有关的一切争议,双方应通过友好协商解决。Liquidation 清算instead of cancel, termination instead of end, execute instead of sign, by virtue of instead of according to, liability责任 instead of responsibility译;All disputes arising from the execution of or in connection with the contract shall be through amicable negotiation between both parties.此例句中协商一词用negotiation 比consultation更为正式,因为negotiation在起草合同前译为”谈判“, 而履行合同中所产生的争议也是谈判。友好一词用amicable比friendly更为正式。例,如乙方在技术资料的交付方面违约,不因要求甲方立即支付任何专利权使用费。原译,Party A shall not be asked to pay at once any royalties in default on the part of Party B to the delivery of Technical Documentation.改译,Party A shall not be required to forthwith any royalties in default on the part of Party B to the delivery of Technical Documentation.此句中要求一词用require比ask正式,forthwith 是公文体, 较at once 和immediately正式严谨,符合挈约文体。If any contract party is prevented from performing all or part of its obligations owing to Force Majeure, it shall be relieved all of or part of its obligations.译文,合同当事人因不可抗力事故不能执行合同的全部或者部分义务的,解除其全部或部分责任。改译,合同当事人因不可抗力事件不能履行合同的全部或部分义务的,免除其全部或部分责任。因为事件,履行及免除责任都属于正式用语,合乎规范,符合商务合同语言要求。1.5同义词和固定表达方式或习语合同中同义词的使用使得合同具有严谨、周密特色,以便减少漏洞与争议。Perform and fulfill 履行 terms and conditions 条款 null and void 无效 secret and confidential 保密 “made and entered into”、“amendments to and alteration of ”provisions and stipulations规定”、“force and effect”是几组同义词。根据动态对等的译法,它们的译文分别是“签订”、“修改”、“各项规定”和“生效”,any and all(全部)、any duties, obligations and liabilities义务和责任)、applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules(适用法律法规)、charges, fees, costs and expenses(各种费用)、covenants and agreements(合同,协议)、customs and usages(惯例)、free and clear of(无)、import duty and tax(进口税捐)、keep secret and confidential(保密)、licenses and permits(许可)、null and void(无效)、packing and wrapping expenses(包装费)、rights and interests(权益)、settle claims and debts(清理债务)、ships and vessels(船只)、sign and issue(签发)、support and maintenance(维护)、use and wont(习惯,惯例),等等。 Modification and alternation 修改和变更, interpretation and construction 理解和解释Except as herein provided除本合同规定的外, in witness whereof 特此为证, the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands and seals 双方当事人已在合同上签字盖章, including, without limiting the generality of the foregoing 含,但不限于, no waiver of these provisions 本合同之规定不予放弃1.6大量使用Shall+Verb的结构Shall+Verb不但可指人,还可以用于指物。英文商务合同中较多使用shall来强调买卖双方所必须承担的责任和义务,体现了合同是一种约束力很强的法律文书, 它表明了合同的威严和对买卖双方的约束力。The termination of this contract shall not affect in any way the outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the two parties upon the expiry of the validity.本合同期满时,双方发生的未了债权和债务将不受合同期满的影响。The documents of the company shall be signed jointly by the general manager and secretary, and then they shall come into force.公司的文件须经总经理和秘书会签之后方为有效。2. 用语方面3. 1 力求严谨,明确无误本合同只能按照双方的授权代表签名盖章的文件进行修改或者增补。This contract can only be altered, amended or supplemented in accordance with documents signed and sealed by authorized representatives of both parties.3.2多用主动语态,少用被动语态甲方委托乙方为在新加坡的独家销售代理商Party A hereby appoints Party B as its executive sales agent in Singapore.乙方被甲方委托为在新加坡的独家销售代理商Party B is hereby appointed by Party A as its executive sales agent in Singapore. 不宜3.3多用现在时,少用将来时当有下列事件之一发生,被许多人提前90天向许多人发送书面通知后,可以终止合同。Licensee may terminate this contract 90 days after a written notice thereof is sent to licensor upon the happening of one of the following events.3.4直接表达方式多,间接表达方式少本条款不适用于尚未全部偿付的债券持有者。This article does not apply to bondholders who have not been aid in full. 不常用本条款只适用于已全部偿付的债券持有者。This article applies only to bondholders who have been aid in full. 不常用3,合同英语的句法特点及翻译技巧3.1 时间状语在通常情况下,汉语经贸合同中的时间状语通常位于他所修饰的动词之前,在翻译含有时间状语的经贸合同条款时,应该首先考虑其位置的调整,这样可以避免译文显得结构松散,时间界定不明,产生语义含混。Within 30days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, the buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD30000 in favor of the seller through a bank at export point so that the seller may draw the sum in due time.句中的时间状语Within 30days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, 规定了买方付款的时间,整个句子的重心不是句子的动作而是发生动作的时间,翻译时因采用汉语中主语-时间状语-谓语-宾语的结构,使时间状语尽量靠近表示义务责任的关键词”须“,突出行为的时效性。译,卖方须于本合同鉴定并生效后三十天内通过出口地银行开立以卖方为收益人的不可撤销信用证支付全部货款计30000美元,以便卖方及时提取款项。Buyers or their chartering agent shall advise the sellers by fax 10days prior to the arrival of the carrying vessel at the port of shipment of the contract number, name of the carrying vessel, approximately loading capacity, lay days and port of loading.句子中时间状语10days prior to the arrival of the carrying vessel at the port of shipment位于他所修饰的动词之后,而且中间插入了间接宾语the sellers和方式状语by fax, 译成中文时要将时间状语提前,位于主语和动词之间。买方或其租船代理人须于载货轮抵达装运港10天前以传真方式通知卖方合同号、船名、大约受载重量、预计抵达日期及装运港名。条件状语1. 表示假设条件的状语从句,由等连接词引导的表示假设条件的状语,此类状语从语用的角度来看,通常表示的是在某一假设条件下合同的某一方需承担的义务和责任,或享有的权益,因此句子的语义重心在主句部分。Should for certain reasons the buyers not be able to inform the seller of the foregoing details 10days prior to the arrival of the vessel at the port of loading or should the carrying vessel be advanced or delayed, the buyer or their chartering agent shall advise the sellers immediately and make necessary arrangement.本句包含有两个并立的由should引导的表示假设条件的状语从句,第一个条件状语中又包含了一个原因状语和一个时间状语,译成中文时保持原文的顺序。原因状语和时间状语位于所修饰的动词之前,通常的顺序是原因在前,时间在后。译文,若买方由于某种原因不能于装运轮抵达装运港十天前将上述详细情况通知买方,或装运轮提前或推迟抵达,买方或其运输代理人须立即通知卖方并做出必要的安排。2. 表示先决条件的状语从句由provided所引导的表示某种先决条件的状语,表示的是只有在出现或具备了某种条件的情况下合约的某一方才有义务承担某一责任或享有某一权益,或者才有可能采取某一行动,译成中文时通常就不宜位于句首。因此,句子的语义重心在从句上,或者说状语从句表示的信息为相对而言比较重要的新信息。此类状语在译文中可以转换位为并列句置于主句之后,并用”条件是。“”.。必须“等词语将它们同主句连贯起来,或者译成汉语条件复句中的条件分句,如”在.条件下“等。In case one or both parties are not in a position to fulfill the relevant provisions mutually agreed upon due to force majeure, it should be made known to the other in time. In such cases, it is permitted to postpone the implementation of the agreement, or to implement it at all, or to exempt the party or parties involved partially or entirely from the liability for an agreement breach, provided a valid certificate is obtained as an evidence issued by some competent authorities.此条款中provided引导的条件状语表示的是规定性的必要条件,在深层结构上具有转折关系,译成中文时可以采用并列句置于全句之后。若由于人力不可抗拒的原因,本协议的一方或双方不能履行合同的有关条款,需及时向对方通报有关情况。在此情况下,本协议可以延期履行、部分履行或不履行,或部分或全部免除有关协议方的违约责任,但须以有关合法权威部门签发的有效证明为依据。3、 表示例外情况的状语从句此类状语从句通常由except, with the exception that, in the absence of, 和unless等词语引导,表示免除合约某一方或双方承担某一合约条款所规定的义务或责任的特殊条件,它们经常和规定需承担义务的条件的条件状语配合使用,通常是对条款的补充或修正,在意义上一般都隐含有转折,译成中文时通常可以把它们作为并列句处理而放置在句子的最后。With the exception of late delivery or non-delivery due to force majeure causes, in case the sellers fail to make delivery within the time as stipulated in the contract, the sellers should indemnify the buyers for all losses and expenses incurred to the latter directly attributable to late delivery or failure to make delivery of the goods in accordance with the terms of this contract.词句的特殊之处在于表示责任免除条件的状语位于句首,且与表示假设条件的状语相连,从英文的行文规范来看,将表示责任免除条件的状语放在句首是为了加强其语势。汉语的复句以偏正结构为主,句子的语义重心一般在后半部,译成中文时不宜按照英文的原有顺序,将它转化成并列句置于句末为佳。若卖方不能按合同规定的期限装运,须赔偿买房因拖延交货或不能按合同条件交货所直接遭受的一切损失和因此而产生的费用,有不可抗力所导致的延期交货或不能交货除外。3、 目的状语英文经贸合同中的目的状语通常由in order to 和so as to 或so that引导。汉语复合句中的目的状语通常由”为了。“以便。”引导,英文经贸合同中的目的通常是次要信息,行文时以位于句末为主,在通常情况下,目的状语译成中文时可以用以便。“译出,保持英文原文的顺序。Notice of particulars of shipment shall be sent to buyer at such time and by such means that the said notice shall be received by buyer within7 days after shipment.句中at such time and by such means 为非具体化的时间状语和方式状语,译成中文时相应地采用比较含糊的词语,目的状语保留原文的顺序放在句末。卖方须及时以适当的方式将装运详情通知买方,以便买方在装运后7天内收到该装船通知。4、 方式状语方式状语有时尽管结构简单,按照汉语的行文规范,方式状语一般应位于动词之前,若动词同时带有时间状语和方式状语时,英文的通常顺序是方式在后,时间在前,而汉语却正好与之相反,为方式在后,时间在前。If the supplier, having notified, fails to remedy the defects within a reasonable period, the purchaser may proceed to take such remedial action as may be necessary, at the supplier s risk and expense and without prejudice to any other rights which the purchaser may have against the supplier under the contract.此句中的方式状语比较冗长复杂,包含了两层含义,且含有一个定语从句在其中,需要进行调整并转换成汉语的并列句来处理,这样同时可以保持原文中方式状语带有较强的语势。without prejudice to有”不使等受损害“不违背,不影响。情况下之意。若卖方在收到通知后未能在合理的时间内消除缺陷,买方可自行采取必要的修复措施,其风险和费用由买方承担,且不影响根据本合同买方对卖方所享有的任何其它权利。合同翻译常见错误评析1,忠实原文问题The engineer shall be at liberty to object to and require the contractor to remove forthwith from the works any person employed by the contractor in or about the execution or maintenance of the works who, in the opinion of the engineer, misconducts himself, or is incompetent or negligent in the proper performance of his duties, or whose employment is otherwise considered by the engineer to be undesirable and such person shall not be again employed upon the works without the written permission of the engineer.原译文:工程师有权要求承包商立即解雇其雇佣来执行合同的人员,这些人员在工程师看来未履行职责或不称职。被雇佣的人员未经工程师的书面同意,不得再被雇用。执行合同的人员内涵很广,甚至可能包括与施工无直接关系,且不受工程师干预的公司行政管理人员或法律顾问等,因而与文本原界定含义”施工或工程维护人员“差异较大。whose employment is otherwise considered by the engineer to be undesirable 漏译。改译,工程师有权反对,并要求承包商立即从工程中解雇由承包商雇用的参加或有关工程施工或维护的任何人员,只要工程师认为其行为不轨,或不能或疏于准确履行其职责,或因其它原因被工程实施为雇佣不当,未经工程师书面同意,这种人员不得再受雇于工程。2、 语法结构The excepted risks are war, hostilities, .civil war, or unless solely restricted to employees of contractor or of his subcontractors and arising from the conduct of the works , riot, commotion or disorder, or.原译文,”意外风险“包括战争,敌对.内战,或在工程进行中,由承包商的雇员、分包商制造的动乱混乱,.unless solely restricted to.of the works 的本意是”只要不是纯粹由.所制造的以及不是因.而产生的“,由于没弄清结构,译文正好与原文背道而驰。改译,”除外风险“包括战争,敌对状态.内战,或不纯粹是由总包商的或其分包商的雇员制造的和因施工而引起的暴动,骚乱或混乱.3. 专业知识,词义选择“Where by virtue of this article, the subcontractor is required to effect and maintain insurances and/or to allow the contractor shall produce to the contractors satisfactory evidences thereof in the form required by the contractor, including evidences that payment of the corresponding premiums have been made, and in the event of his failing to do so, the contractor may himself effect such insurance and recover the cost of so doing from the subcontractor”原译,”,根据本条款规定,要求分包商去实现和维持保险和/或以分包商的名义使承包商取得保险,其后一直到该责任已被充分履行之任何时候,分包商应以承包商要求的格式例如保证金票据支付呈出使承包商满意的凭证包括已支付的相应的保险费凭证,在分包商未能如此办理之情况下,承包商可能会自己实现该保险并要从分包商那弥补办理该保险的费用。,条款原文中的such as copy of cover notes是用来解释说明evidence凭证的,而不是说明form格式的,cover notes本身指”“保险证明书”, 而不是指保证金票据支付。改译,在根据本条款规定,要求分包商取得保险并保持其有效和/或允许承包商以分包商的名义取得保险时,分包商应在完全履行该职责前的任何时间内按承包商要求的格式呈出使承包商满意的凭证诸如保险证明书复印件.,包括已支付相应保险费的凭证,在分包商未能如此办理之情况下,承包商可自行办理该保险并从分包商收回办理该保险的费用。,合同范本整理编辑版
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