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三角韧带解剖学、影像学及生物力学 The Anatomy, Radiology and biomechanics of Deltoid Ligament,三角韧带的解剖 The Anatomy of deltoid ligament,三角韧带分为两层6束，浅层4束，深层2束 浅层:胫舟韧带、胫跳跃韧带、胫跟韧带及胫距后韧带浅层Tibionavicular ligament, Tibiospring ligament, Tibiocalcaneal ligament, Superficial posterior tibiotalar ligament. 深层:胫距前韧带深层及胫距后韧带深层Deep anterior tibiotalar ligament, Deep posterior tibiotalar ligament.,三角韧带的解剖 The Anatomy of deltoid ligament,三角韧带的解剖 The Anatomy of deltoid ligament,图1. A.胎儿踝部冠状面（Mallory三色法染色），1.内踝，2.三角韧带深层，3.三角韧带浅层，4.胫后肌腱，5.趾长屈肌腱，6.载距突，7.踇长屈肌腱，8.纤维鞘隔膜。B.三角韧带浅层示意图，1.胫舟韧带，2.胫弹性韧带，3.胫跟韧带，4.胫距后韧带浅层，5.跟舟上韧带（弹性韧带组成部分）6.胫后肌腱，7.跖侧跟舟韧带（弹性韧带组成部分）C.三角韧带深层，1.胫距前韧带深层，2.胫距后韧带深层。,Fig. 1. Tibionavicular ligament. 2. Deep anterior tibiotalar ligament (deep layer). 3. Tibiospring ligament. 4. Tibiocalcaneal ligament. 5. Deep posterior tibiotalar ligament (deep layer). 6. Superomedial calcaneonavicular ligament (component of spring ligament). 7. Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (component of spring ligament). 8. Navicular tuberosity. 9. Medial talar process.10. Sustentaculum tali. 11. Posterior tibial tendon (cut at the level of the insertion). 12. Flexor hallucis longus (cut proximal and distal). 13.Tibialis anterior tendon (cut at the level of insertion). 14. Long plantar ligament. 15. Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament. 16. Calcaneal tendon (cut at the level of insertion),三角韧带的解剖 The Anatomy of deltoid ligament,三角韧带的解剖 The Anatomy of deltoid ligament,Fig. 3 Medial view of the anatomical dissection of the deep layer of the deltoid ligament. The superficial layer of the deltoid ligament has been resected. Its distal insertion is maintained (arrowheads). a Plantar flexion. b Dorsiflexion. 1. Deep anterior tibiotalar ligament. 2. Deep posterior tibiotalar ligament. 3. Talar head. 4. Medial talar process. 5. Sustentaculum tali. 6. Anterior subtalar joint. 7. Posterior tibialtendon (cut at the level of insertion),三角韧带影像学（附着点） The Attachments of deltoid ligament,Figure 4. Representative lateral radiographic images of a right ankle demonstrating the sites of attachment and courses of the individual bands of the (A) superficial and (B) deep deltoid: DATT, deep anterior tibiotalar ligament; DPTT, deep posterior tibiotalar ligament; SL, spring ligament; SPTT, superficial posterior tibiotalar ligament; TC, tibiocalcaneal ligament; TN, tibionavicular ligament; TS, tibiospring ligament.,三角韧带的附着点 The Attachments of deltoid ligament,DATT, deep anterior tibiotalar ligament; DPTT, deep posterior tibiotalar ligament; SL, spring ligament; SPTT, superficial posterior tibiotalar ligament; TC, tibiocalcaneal ligament; TN, tibionavicular ligament; TS, tibiospring ligament.,三角韧带的MRI The MRI of deltoid ligament,三角韧带的MRI The MRI of deltoid ligament,MR images in 56 asymptomatic subjects,Figure 2: Anterior TTL (anterior portion of the deep layer of the MCL complex) and TSL (middle portion of the superficial layer of the MCL complex) in asymptomatic 25-year-old man.,三角韧带的MRI The MRI of deltoid ligament,MR images in 56 asymptomatic subjects,三角韧带的MRI The Attachments of deltoid ligament,三角韧带的MRI The Attachments of deltoid ligament,三角韧带的功能 The function of deltoid ligament,踝关节是人体中最为脆弱的负重关节，其稳定性至关重要。研究发现，踝关节最主要的稳定结构为内侧三角韧带而非外侧结构1-3。Close JR等4研究发现当切断所有踝关节外侧韧带而保留三角韧带时，距骨移位不超过2mm；而当踝关节外侧韧带完整而深层三角前带断裂时，距骨平均移位将达到3.7mm。Boden等在切断下胫腓前、后韧带后，由远端向近端逐渐切断骨间膜至踝上15cm，结果发现在三角韧带完整时,下胫腓最大分离距离为1.4mm，而当三角韧带断裂时,下胫腓分离达到4.5mm，Boden等认为三角韧带是维持踝关节稳定性的首要因素5。,三角韧带对踝关节的稳定作用越来越受到国内外学者的重视。Rasmussen等6发现三角韧带浅层主要限制距骨外移及外翻，三角韧带深层主要限制距骨的外旋。Ziai P等7通过体外生物力学研究发现在外侧副韧带损伤的情况下，三角韧带浅层阻止了踝关节继续外旋或外翻，而深层结构在稳定距下关节所起的作用较小，因此三角韧带浅层在踝关节外侧稳定中起到了重要的作用。Earll等8报道切断浅层三角韧带后，胫距关节接触面积下降43%，压力峰值增加30%，距骨外移4mm。复旦大学上海医学院马昕教授及其研究生根据尸体解剖结果提出胫舟韧带可能只是踝关节囊加强组织，三角韧带在踝关节屈伸运动过程中存在韧带束间交替工作机制。同济大学附属同济医院俞光荣教授认为三角韧带对踝关节的稳定作用非常重要9。,三角韧带的功能 The function of deltoid ligament,三角韧带的功能 （选择其中一篇文献复习） The function of deltoid ligament,三角韧带的功能 The function of deltoid ligament,The preset torsion between tibia and calcaneus was primarily set at 30 of internal rotation on specimen in plantar flexion and hind foot inversion. The first series of measurements were performed on healthy specimens and the following after transecting structures in following order: anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) in combination with calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), followed by anterior tibiotalar ligament and posterior tibiotalar ligament and finally tibiocalcaneal ligament (TCL).,三角韧带的功能 The function of deltoid ligament,The combined lateral ATFL and CFL instability showed a decrease in the resisting torque, which ensures stability in ankle sprain trauma. Only a transection of TCL (superficial layer of deltoid ligament complex) with existing lateral dual-ligament instability results in a significant decrease in torque (p 0.0001).,Take home messages,三角韧带2层6束，浅4深2 X线韧带束起止点定位重要，临床使用价值大 踝关节最主要的稳定结构为内侧三角韧带,References,1 Schuberth JM, Collman DR, Rush SM, Ford LA. Deltoid ligament integrity in lateral malleolar fractures: a comparative analysis of arthroscopic and radiographic assessments. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2004;43:20-9.2 Michelson JD, Clarke HJ, Jinnah RH. The effect of loading on tibiotalar alignment in cadaver ankles. Foot Ankle. 1990;10:280-4.3 Michelson JD, Waldman B. An axially loaded model of the ankle after pronation external rotation injury. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996:285-93.4 Close JR. Some applications of the functional anatomy of the ankle joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1956;38-A:761-81.5 Boden SD, Labropoulos PA, McCowin P, Lestini WF, Hurwitz SR. Mechanical considerations for the syndesmosis screw. A cadaver study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989;71:1548-55.6 Rasmussen O. Stability of the ankle joint. Analysis of the function and traumatology of the ankle ligaments. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1985;211:1-75.7 Ziai P, Benca E, Skrbensky GV, Wenzel F, Auffarth A, Krpo S, et al. The role of the medial ligaments in lateral stabilization of the ankle joint: an in vitro study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23:1900-6.8 Earll M, Wayne J, Brodrick C, Vokshoor A, Adelaar R. Contribution of the deltoid ligament to ankle joint contact characteristics: a cadaver study. Foot Ankle Int. 1996;17:317-24.9 Yu GR, Zhang MZ, Aiyer A, Tang X, Xie M, Zeng LR, et al. Repair of the acute deltoid ligament complex rupture associated with ankle fractures: a multicenter clinical study. The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 2015;54:198-202.,守 破 离,
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