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完形填空 说明文【2016上海高考真题】In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 1 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.In any case, despite so much evidence to the 2 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 3 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 4 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.Different cultures have different ways of 5 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-makingall members of the department or work group are asked to 6 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 7 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 8 managers cannot.A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 9 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 10 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 11 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 12 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 13 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.Another trend is off-site or 14 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 15 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.1. A. desireB. seekC. loseD. dislike 2. A. contraryB. expectationC. degreeD. extreme 3. A. vice versaB. for exampleC. howeverD. otherwise4. A. outsideB. insideC. belowD. above 5. A. replacingB. assessingC. managingD. encouraging 6. A. referB. contributeC. objectD. apply7. A. agreementB. practiceC. electionD. impression8. A. bossyB. experiencedC. westernD. male 9. A. askingB. trainingC. warningD. firing 10. A. doublingB. maintainingC. reducingD. estimating 11. A. honored B. leftC. crowdedD. compared12. A. economicallyB. traditionallyC. inadequatelyD. occasionally 13. A. denyB. admitC. assumeD. ensure14. A. virtualB. ineffectiveC. day-to-dayD. on-the-scene15. A. opinionB. riskC. performanceD. attractiveness【答案】1-15 D A B D C B A D A C B B D A C【解析】本文是说明文。作者在第一段中提出道格拉斯麦克雷戈所提出的人性假设理论中的X理论和Y理论，并介绍了现代社会中的一种新型管理理论：授权管理及其作用。1.考查动词。根据后半句“.will do anything to avoid it”可知，很多人为了避免工作而愿意做任何事情，说明那些人生性都不愿意工作。故D项正确。2.考查名词。短语to the contrary“相反地”；to the degree“在某种程度上”；to the extreme“走向极端”；在文章第一段中提到了X理论，大多数人都缺乏进取心和责任心，不愿对人和事负责，没有什么雄心壮志，不喜欢负责任。而Y理论认为大多数人愿意对工作、对他人负责，人们愿意实行自我管理和自我控制来完成应当完成的目标。这是两种完全相反的理论，尽管对于这两种完全相反的理论有很多的证据，很多管理人仍然同意X理论。故A正确。3.考查上下文串联。本句中for example表示“举例说明”；这些管理人仍然同意X理论，例如他们认为如果要员工效率高，就需要给与他们不断的监督。这属于X理论的举例说明。故B正确。4.考查副词。根据后句“.makes for authoritarian managers.”可知这属于专制的管理方法，他们的决定是来自上而下的，没有任何商量的余地。故D项“above上面的”正确。5.考查动词。根据前段可知本文讨论的管理学的理论，本句使用动词“manage 管理”，不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。而且和下文中亚洲、西方的管理方法形成呼应。故C正确。6.考查动词短语辨析。refer to“提到，谈到”；contribute to“做贡献，导致”；object to“反对”；apply to“适用于”。亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理办法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程做出自己的贡献。故B正确。7.考查名词。agreement“同意”；practice“练习，做法”；election“选举”；impression“印象”。亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同的协议基础之上的，西方人也想学习这样的管理方法。故A正确。8.考查形容词。根据前半句“.women will become more effective managers than men.”可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效。因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故D正确。9.考查动词。根据前句“. encourage employees to use their own initiative.（鼓励员工使用自己的首创精神）”，也就是说在做出决定的时候不要请示上级经理，自己做出决定即可。故A项正确。10.考查动词。根据前句“the trend towards downsizing（缩小规模的趋势）”，也就是要减少管理层的数量，可以直接做出决定而不需要请示上级。故动词“reduce减少”符合上下文串联。11.考查短语辨析辨析。be honored with“被授予”；be left with“留下，剩下”；be crowded with“挤满”；be compared with“与相比”；通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和前线的与公众直接联系的一线管理人。省略了很多中央环节，提高了管理的效益。故B正确。12.考查副词辨析。economically“经济地”；traditionally“传统地”；inadequately“不充分地”；occasionally“偶尔地”。根据后句“Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management.”可知授权管理是一个新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故B正确。13.考查动词辨析。deny“否认”；admit“承认”；assume“假定，设想”；ensure“保证，确保”。授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被采用。根据句意可知D正确。14.考查形容词。virtual“虚拟的”；ineffective“低效的”；day-to-day“日常的”；on-the-scene“现场的”。根据后句“where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses”可知，在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和网络联系，说明这种一种新型通过虚拟网络进行的管理方法。故A正确。15.考查名词辨析。opinion“观点”；risk“冒险”；performance“表现”；attractiveness“魅力”。根据后半句中“in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them”可知，“我们”评论员的表现是根据他们的产品而不是工作时间。故C项正确。模拟精做A【2018年四川省德阳市高三一诊英语试题】I live in a rural community,different from a city because there are 1 people.My home is deep in a valley 2 by mountains that are rocky.3 many farms are located in rural areas because they require large plots of land to grow food or 4 farm animals,in my community the mountains and 5 soil make it difficult to farm.This is one 6 why few people live in my area.Since we have a lot of 7,we get to have horses and chickens.My family 8 eggs from the chickens for breakfast.We also lose electricity a lot because the trees fall on power lines whenever theres a 9.In my community,people keep battery-powered flashlights and oil lamps stored in case the lights 10.Some people also use a machine to generates electricity from gasolinewhenever there are 11.Going to school in a rural area means having fewer classmates and 12 longer distances.To get to my high school,I must drive forty miles to the 13 city.This means I must get up much earlier than my14 classmates in order to be on time.The roads in my community arent paved with asphalt(沥青) either,so during storms they 15 become too muddy or snowy to pass.In cities a snowplow(扫雪机) 16 quickly,but areas where fewer people live arent the priority(优先),so days can pass before a snowplow 17 the road.Sometimes I must miss school because storms make it 18 to drive.I am not sure 19 if I want to live in the country or in the city when I grow up,where it can get 20,although I do love being around our animals.1. A.fewB. manyC.fewerD.more2. A.surroundedB. hidden C.shadowedD.enriched3. A.WhenB.While C.BecauseD.If4. A.feedB. grow C.train D.house5. A.richB. muddy C.rockyD.snowy6. A.explanationB.causeC.excuseD.reason7. A.spaceB.room C.placeD.land8. A.laysB.harvests C.buysD.picks9. A.stormB.thunder C.lightingD.shower10. A.put outB.wear out C.run outD.go out11. A.dangersB.risks C.emergenciesD.incidents12. A.walkingB.running C.drivingD.traveling13. A.nearbyB.distant C.nearestD.farthest14. A.ruralB.city C.oldD.new15. A.canB.may C.mustD.should16. A.comes byB.comes about C.comes toD.comes out17. A.cleansB.digs C.clearsD.covers18. A.likelyB.necessary C.improperD.impossible19. A.stillB.yet C.evenD.as20. A.quietB.lonely C.aloneD.busy【答案】1-20 CABDC DABAD CDCBA ACDBB【解析】本文是说明文。作者通过自己的亲身经历，和城市进行对比，分析了在农村居住的好处和不足。1.考查形容词及上下文语境。根据常识可知，农村地区和城市相比人口比较少，所以答案为C项。2.考查动词。A项“包围”；B项“隐藏”；C项“遮蔽”；D项“使丰富”。根据“deep in a valley”和“by mountains”可知，作者的家在被山包围的山谷深处，所以答案为A项。3.考查连词。上句说农村人少偏僻，下句说许多农场都在农村地区，前后句是转折关系，所以选择B项。4.考查动词。A项“喂养，饲养”；B项“种植”；C项“培养，训练”；D项“提供房子或住处”。此处指农场需要大块的土地来种粮食和给家畜提供场地，所以选择D项。5.考查形容词。根据上文“My home is deep in a valleyby mountains that are rocky”可知，此处指在作者的家乡，山脉和岩石土壤使农场难以耕种。形容词rocky在文中重复出现。答案为C项。6.考查名词。A项“解释”；B项“起因，原因”；C项“借口，理由”；D项“原因”。家乡的土壤不适合耕种，这是家乡人少的原因。reason后通常可以接why引导的定语从句，cause不能，所以答案为D项。7.考查名词。根据后文的“we get to have horses and chickens”可知，乡村需要很大的空间来饲养马和鸡。space和room均可表示“空间”，但room更强调供人使用的地方和空间，所以答案为A项。8.考查动词。A项“产卵,放置”；B项“收获”；C项“买”；D项“摘，取，挖，采”。作者家养着鸡，所以收获鸡蛋作为早餐。答案为B项。9.考查名词。A项“暴风雨”；B项“雷”；C项“闪电”；D项“阵雨”。家里经常停电，因为每当有暴风雨的时候，树会被刮到电线上造成停电。根据常识判断，只有storm伴随强风，所以答案为A项。10.考查动词词组。A项“扑灭，熄灭”；B项“磨损，穿破”；C项“用光，耗尽”；D项“熄灭”。此处指因为停电灯熄灭，所以答案为D项。11.考查名词。A项“危险”；B项“冒险”；C项“紧急或突发事件”；D项“事件”。有紧急事件时，会使用一种汽油发电机发电。答案为C项。12.考查动词。在农村上学意味着较少的同学和走较远的路程，因为人烟稀少，学校少，所以上学很远。此处并没有说上学的具体交通方式，只是总的说，所以答案为D项。13.考查形容词及上下文理解。即便是到最近的城市上高中作者也要开车40英里，这是为了突出农村人烟稀少，地广人稀。答案为C项。14.考查修饰词。为了按时上学，作者必须比城市里的同学更早起床。文章是把农村和城市进行比较，所以答案为B项。15.考查情态动词。农村的道路不是沥青路，所以雨雪天会变得非常泥泞。根据句意可知答案为A项。16.考查动词词组辨析。A项“路过，经过”；B项“发生”；C项“谈到，提到”；D项“出现，出版”。在城市里，下雪后扫雪机会很快经过，把雪扫干净。答案为A项。17.考查动词。A项“清扫”；B项“挖”；C项“清除，弄干净”；D项“覆盖，走完一段路程，足够支付”。此处指扫雪机清除积雪，使路面干净。动词clean和clear作为动词意思接近，但clean更强调动作，而clear则更强调结果。答案为C项。18.考查形容词。A项“很可能的”；B项“必要的”;C项“不适当的”；D项“不可能的”。因为农村道路雨雪后泥泞，不能开车，这使得作者不能去上学，所以答案为D项。19.考查副词。根据后文“if I want to live in the country or in the city when I grow up.”可知，作者现在仍然不确定将来长大后是生活在城市还是农村。选项中still和yet均可表示“仍然，依旧”，但still常用于肯定句中，表示“某事正在进行中”，一般与现在时态或进行时态连用。也可用在疑问句或否定句中，在否定句中须放在否定词not之前；yet表示“某事尚未发生”，多用于否定句或带否定词的陈述句中。此句为否定句，且not在前，所以答案为B项。20.考查形容词。A项“安静的”；B项“孤独寂寞的”；C项“独自地，单独地”；D项“忙碌的”。因为农村人少，所以尽管作者喜欢和动物在一起，但农村会让人寂寞。答案为B项。B【江西省2018届高三毕业班新课程教学质量监测】There are too many fat people in America, so many Americans are fighting against overweight. But the 21 thing is that the French,who consume rich food, 22_ to stay thin.Now a 23 by Cornell University suggests 24 life style and decisions about 25 may affect weight. Researchers concluded that the French tend to stop eating when they feel 26. However,Americans tend to stop when their 27 are empty or their favorite TV show is over.According to Dr.Joseph Mercola, a28expert, the French see eating 29an important part of their life style.They enjoy food and therefore spend a 30 time at the table, while Americans see eating as 31 to be squeezed between the other daily activities. Mercola believes Americans 32 the ability to sense when they are actually full. So they keep eating long after the French would have 33. In addition,he points out that Americans drive to huge supermarkets to buy canned and 34 foods for the week. The French,35 tend to shop daily, walking to small shops and farmers markets where they have a 36 of fresh fruits,vegetables, and eggs as well as high-quality meats for each meal.After a visit to the United States, MireilleGuiliano, author of FrenchWomenDontGetFat, decided to 37_ about the importance of knowing when to stop rather than suggesting how to avoid 38. Today she continues to stay slim and rarely goes to the gym.In spite of all these differences, evidence shows that recent life style 39 may be affecting French eating habits. Today the rate of obesity (肥胖) or extreme overweight among adults is only 6%. However, as American fast food gains 40 and the young reject older traditions, the obesity rate among French children has reached 17% and is growing.21. A. presentB. natural C.strangeD.modern22. A. continueB.move C.tryD.expand23. A. researchB.novel C.bookD.newspaper24. A. thatB.what C.howD.when25. A. workingB.living C.studyingD.eating26. A. sensitiveB.sad C.happyD.full27. A. pocketsB.refrigerators C.housesD.plates28. A. educationB.health C.literatureD.speech29. A. intoB.asC.insideD.to30. A. fairly longB.fairly short C.very excitingD.rather fast31. A. anythingB.something C.everythingD.nothing32. A. getB.bring C.loseD.receive33. A. keptB.enjoyed C.wentD.stopped34. A. hotB.cool C.warmD.frozen35. A. thereforeB.insteadC.howeverD.merely36. A. choiceB.messageC.orderD.number37. A. writeB.readC.speakD.think38. A. fruitB.foodC.oilD.egg39. A. examplesB.traditionsC.changesD.stories40. A. failureB.successC.acceptanceD.rejection【答案】21-25 CAACD 26-30 DDBBA 31-35 BCDDB 36-40 AABCC 【解析】本文是说明文。文章通过对比，介绍了法国人吃大量油腻食品，但仍然保持苗条身材的原因。21.考查形容词。A项“出席的，在场的”；B项“自然的，天然的”；C项“奇怪的”；D项“现代的”。很多美国人超重。但是，令人奇怪的是，法国人也吃大量的油腻食品，但却仍然保持很瘦的身材。答案为C项。22. 考查动词。A项“继续，维持原状”；B项“移动，搬家”；C项“努力，尝试”；D项“扩展，扩大，扩充”。根据上一题的分析可知答案为A项。23. 考查名词。根据下文中的“researchers”及该句句意可知，Cornell大学研究生活方式和对食物的选择是如何影响体重。答案为A项。24. 考查连词。根据上一题的分析可知答案为C项how，强调方式和程度。25. 考查动名词。根据全文内容可知，生活方式和关于吃的选择可能会影响体重，且动词eat在文中重复多次,所以答案为D项。26. 考查形容词。A项“敏感的”；B项“悲伤的”；C项“高兴的，幸福的，满意的”；D项“满的，充实的”。当法国人感到吃饱了的时候,他们就不再吃东西了。答案为D项。27. 考查名词。A项“口袋”；B项“冰箱”；C项“房子”；D项“盘子”。但是，美国人只有在盘子里空了(即没有东西可吃了)或者他们最喜欢的电视节目结束的时候他们才停止吃东西。答案为D项。28. 考查名词。A项“教育”；B项“健康”；C项“文学”；D项“演讲，讲话”。根据下文中Dr.Joseph Mercola的观点可知，他是一位健康专家，所以答案为B项。29. 考查介词。法国人将吃看作他们生活中非常重要的一部分。see.as.“将看作”，是固定搭配，且和下一句中的“Americans see eating asto be squeezed.”表达一致。答案为B项。30. 考查形容词短语。法国人喜欢食物，所以他们会花相当长的时间在餐桌旁。答案为A项。31.考查不定代词。句意：美国人将吃看作一件在其他日常活动中挤出时间来做的事情。根据句意可知答案为B项。32. 考查动词。根据下文中的“they keep eating long”可知，当美国人实际上已经饱了的时候，他们却感觉不到(自己已经吃饱了)，所以答案为C项。lose the ability to sense.“丧失感觉能力”。33. 考查动词。美国人感受不到自己已经吃饱了，所以他们会一直吃很长时间，这远远超过了法国人停止吃食物的时间。答案为D项。34. 考查形容词及常识。根据句中“for the week”可知，美国人往往会开车去大超市买足够一周吃的罐装和冷冻食品。常识判断只有罐装食品和冷冻食品才可以保存较长时间，所以答案为D项。35. 考查副词。和美国人相比,相反地,法国人却每天都去购物，步行到小商店或农贸市场去买新鲜的水果、蔬菜和鸡蛋等食物。此题容易误选however“然而，可是”，但instead更强调前后对比关系，所以答案为B项。36. 考查名词。A项“选择”；B项“信息”；C项“命令，订购，点菜”；D项“数目，数字”。法国人往往会选择新鲜水果、蔬菜和鸡蛋等食物。答案为A项。37. 考查动词。根据前文中的“author of French Women Dont Get fat”可知，MireilleGuiliano是一位作家，所以她决定写关于知道何时停止吃东西的重要性的文章。答案为A项。38. 考查名词。MireilleGuiliano决定写关于何时停止吃东西而不是建议人们如何避免吃某些食物。答案为B项。39. 考查名词。根据下文 “However,as American fast food gains and the young reject older traditions,the obesity rate among French children has reached 17%and is growing.”可知，随着美国快餐逐渐被法国人接受及法国年轻人拒绝传统饮食，生活方式的变化可能会影响法国人的饮食习惯。答案为C项。40. 考查名词。A项“失败”；B项“成功”；C项“接受”；D项“拒绝”。根据上一题的分析可知答案为C项。C【上海市建平中学2017届高三上学期期中考试】The Term “CYBERSPACE” was coined by William Gibson, a science-fiction writer. He first used it in a short story in 1982, and expanded on it a couple of years later in a novel Neuromancer. His 41 creation turned out to be remarkably prescient (有先见之明). Cyberspace has become shorthand for the computing devices, networks, fiber-optic cables, and wireless links that bring the internet to billions of people around the world. The 42 made by these technologies have brought tremendous benefits to everyone who uses the web to 43 humanitys collective store of knowledge every day.But there is a darker side to this extraordinary invention. Data 44 are becoming ever bigger and more common. Last year over 800m records were lost, mainly through attacks. Among the most prominent recent 45_ has been Target, whose chief executive stood down from his job in May, a few months after the giant retailer 46_ that online intruders had stolen millions of digital records about its customers, including credit-card and debit-card details.The potential damage, though, extends well beyond such 47 intrusion. Wider 48 have been raised by the realization of a growing numbers of cyber-warriors being recruited by countries that see cyberspace as a new territory of warfare. Americas president, Barack Obama, said in a White House press release that cyber-threats “ 49 one of the gravest national-security dangers” the country is facing.Securing cyberspace is hard because the architecture of the internet was designed to promote connectivity, not _50 . Its founders focused on getting it to work and did not 51 threats because the network was attached to Americas military. As hackers 52 , layers of security, from antivirus programs to firewalls, were added to try to keep them at bay. Gartner, a research firm, admits that last year organizations around the globe spent $67 billion on information security. 53 , these defenses have worked reasonably well. Despite the talk about the risk of a “cyber 9/11”, the internet has proved remarkably 54 . Hundreds of millions of people turn on their computers every day and bank online, shop at 55 stores, share gossip and photos with their friends on social networks and send all kinds of sensitive data over the web without ill effect. Companies and governments are shifting ever more services online.41. A. technicalB. literaryC. deliberateD. noble42. A. sensesB. restrictionsC. connectionsD. differences43. A. break throughB. keep backC. stand forD. tap into44. A. collectionsB. mistakesC. leaksD. sources45. A. hackersB. agenciesC. criticsD. victims46. A. assessedB. insistedC. revealedD. concluded47. A. socialB. culturalC. civilD. commercial48. A. gapsB. contactsC. effectsD. concerns49. A. poseB. solveC. maintainD. reduce50. A. availabilityB. securityC. temptationD. preservation51. A. worry aboutB. specialize inC. keep awayD. put off52. A. broke downB. turned upC. fell apartD. shut down53. A. Of courseB. In another wordC. On the wholeD. Above all54. A. calm and stableB. fun and fashionableC. profitable and productiveD. wild and well-received55. A. luxuriousB. favoriteC. virtualD. convenience【答案】41-45 BCDCD 46-50 CDDAB 51-55 ABCAC【解析】本文为说明文。主要说明“网络空间”在使人类联系在一起、共享知识的同时，也带来了数据泄露、黑客等问题。41. 考查形容词。根据上文“in a novel Neuromancer.”可知，他的文学创作最后证明是有先见之明的。literary“文学的”。故选B。42.考查名词。根据上文“wireless links that bring the internet to billions of people around the world.”可知，这些由科技产生的联系给人们带来很多好处。connections“联系”。故选C。43. 考查动词短语。句意：这些人使用网络来充分利用人类集体知识的集合。tap into“深入了解，（为了利益）充分利用或挖掘（资源）”。故选D。44. 考查名词。根据下文“online intruders had stolen millions of digital records”可知，这里介绍数据泄露的问题。leaks“泄露”。故选C。45.考查名词。根据下文“Last year over 800m records were lost, mainly through attacks.”可知，最近最著名的受害者是Target。victims“受害者”。故选D。46. 考查动词。句意：这个巨大的零售商揭示网络入侵者偷走成千上万关于顾客的数字记录。revealed“揭示”。故选C。47. 考查形容词。根据上文可知，介绍的是商业入侵。commercial“商业的”。故选D。48. 考查名词。根据上文“The potential damage, though, extends well beyond.”可知，更多的担心被引起。concerns“担心”。故选D。49. 考查动词。奥巴马曾经说过网络威胁引起了最严重的国家安全危险之一。pose“造成（威胁、问题等）”。故选A。50. 考查名词。句意：网络要做到绝对的安全很难，因为网络建设是为了提高联系效率而不是安全。security“安全”。故选B。51. 考查动词短语。句意：它的创立者专注于让它能运作，而不担心威胁。worry about“担心”。故选A。52. 考查动词短语。句意：直到黑客的出现，安全层面，从杀毒软件到防火墙，都被加入使它们无法靠近。turned up“出现”。故选B。53.考查词组辨析。句意：总的来说，这些防御已经很奏效了。On the whole“总的来说”。故选C。54. 考查形容词。根据上文“Despite the talk about the risk of a “cyber 9/11”,”可知，网络还是相当平静和稳定的（calm and stable）。故选A。55.考查形容词。根据上文 “turn on their computers”可知，人们上虚拟网店。virtual“虚拟的”。故选C。
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