2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDnecclious:Read thc following textChoose the bcsl word(s) for each numbcred blank and markA ，B ，CorDon ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawhtore Plant nearChicago It hoped they would learn how stop-floor Egnting _1_ workors productivity Instead，the studies ended_2_ giving their name to the“Hawhthomeeffect”the extremely inflentlcel ldea the veey_3_to bemg expenmented upon changed subjectsbehaviorThe idea arose because of the_4_behavior of the women in the platoAccordmg to _5_of the cxpetmemstheirhouriy output rose when hghtmg WaSincreasedbut also when it was dimmed. It did not _6_what was done in the expenment. _7_sometmg was changedproduchnty rose A(n) _8_ that theywere bemg experimented upon seemed to be _9_t0 alterworkers bchamor _10_ uselfAfter several decades，the salile data were _11_to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store j2 一 the descnpuons on record，nosystematic _13_was foundthat lcvcls of produchxnty wererelated to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the cenments may be have let to _14_interpretation of what happed_15_，tighring was always changed ona Sunday When work started again on Monday, output _16_ rose compared with the previous Saturday and _17_ to rise for the next couple of days _18_ , ，a comparison with data for weeks whenthere was no expenmentation showed that output always went up On Monday, workers _19_to be duigent for the first fewdays of the week in any case， before _21_a plateau and then slackening off This suggests that the alleged” Hawthorne effect“is hard to ptn down1.A affected Bachieved Cexlracted Drestored2Aat Bup Cwith DOff3AWuth Bsight Cact Dproof4AconVoversial Bperplexing cmischieous Dambiguous5Areqtttrents Bcxplanalions Caccounts Dassements6Aconclude Bmatter Cindicate Dwork7Aas faras Bfor fearthat Cin casethat Dso long as8Aawarerress Bexpectation Csentiment Dillusion9Asuitale Bexcessive Cenough Dabundant10Aabout Bfor Con Dby11Acompared Bshown Csubjected Dconveyed12.Acontrary to Bconsistent with Cparallel with Dpealliar to13.Aevidence Bguidance Cimplication Dsource14.Adisputable Benlightening Cretiable Dwasleadmg15.AIn contast BFor example CIn consequence DAs usual16Aduly Baccidentally Cunpredictably Dsuddenly17Afailed Bceased Cstarted Dcontinued20.Abreaking Bchrnbing Csurpassmg DhitingSection Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosingA，B，CorD Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1(40 points)Text 2Over the past decade,thousands of patents have seen granled for what are called business methodsAmazon com received one for its“one-click”online paymentsystern Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategyOne invenlor patented a tochnique for lying a boxNow the nations top patent court appears completely ready to scale hack on business-method patents, which have been controversial e,ver since they were firstauthorized 10 years ago In a movethat has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S court of Appeals for the federal ctrcuit sald it would usea particular case tOconduct a broad review of business-method patents. Inre Bijskl, as the case is known, is“a very big deal”, says DermisD Crouch of the University of MissounSchool of law It “has the potential to elinate an entire class of patmts”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite tha fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluste is wether it should “reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuits action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme. Count that has nurrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reaction to the anti_patent trend at the supreme court” says Harole C wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because ofA their limited value to businessB their connection with asset allocationC the possible restriction on their grantingD the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?A Its rulling complies with the court decisionsB It involves a very big business transactionC It has been dismissed by the Federal CircuitD It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word “about-face”(Line 1, Paro 3)most probably meansA loss of good willBincrease of hostilityCchange of attitudeD change of auiuled29We learn from the last two pamgraphs that business-meihod PateatsA are immune to legal challengesB are of ten unnecessarily issuedC lower the esteem for pateat holdersD increase the incidence of risks30Which of the following would bethe subject ofthe text?AA looming threat to bvamess-melhcd patentsBProtection for business-method patent holdersCA legal case regarding business-methodpatentsD A prevailing tread against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Poinl Malcohn aladuell aloues that social epidemics are dliven in largepart by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals,often calledin flu entials who are unusuall informed, persuasive, or we connect The idea is intuit ively compelling but it doesnt explain howideas actually spread.The supposed importance of inftuentials derives from a plansible sounding but largely untested theory untested thelry called the “tow-step flow of communication“ Informationllows from the mediato the inftuentials and from then to ereryone else. Marke ters have embraced the two-step flow became it suggests that if they can just find andinfluence the in fluent ials, those select people will do most of the work for them Thetheory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people waswearing promoting or developing whaterver it is before anyone else paid attention Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain specialpeople call drivetrendsIn their recent work howeyer some researchers have come up with the finding that in fluentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is genetally supposed Infact they dont seem to be required of allThe researchers argument stems from a simple obserrating about social influence with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primanrilly a function of media not interpersonal influence-enen the most influential members of a population simply dont interact with that many others Yet it is precisely these non-celebring influentials who according to the two-step-flow theoryare supposed to drive social enidemics by influcenciny their friends and colleagues directly .For a social epidemic to occur however each person so sffected must then influcence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs and so on and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the casecade of change wont propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations manipulating a number of variables relating to peoples abilify to influence others and their tendence to be31. By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends toA analyze the consequences of social epid emicsB discuss influentials funcition in spreading ideasC exemplify peoples intuitive response to social epidemicsD describe the essential characteristics of influentials32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”A serves as a solution to marketing problemsB has helped explain certain prevalent trendsC has won support from influentialsD requires solid evidence for its validity33. what the researchers have observed recenty shows thatA the power of influence goes with social interactionsB interpersonal links can be enhanced through the mediaC influentials have more channels to reach the publicDmost celebritiea enjoy wide media attention34.the underlined phrase “these people”in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who Astay outside the network of social influenceBhave little contact with the source of influenceCare influenced and then influence othersD are influenced by the initial influential34.what is the essential slement in the dynamics of social influence?AThe eageiness to be acceptedBThe impulse to influence othersCThe resdiness to be influencedDThe inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public .Behind eht scenes,they have been taking aim at someone else the accounting standard-setters.Their rules,moan the banks,have forced them to report enormous losses,and its just not fair.These rules say they must value some assets at the price atheird party would pay,not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately,bankslobbying now seems to be working.The details may be unknowable,but the independence of standard-setters,essential to the proper functioning of capital marksts,is being compromised.And,unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers,reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Xongress.America;s Financial Accounting Standards Board(FASB)rushed through rule changse.These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long0term assets in their income statement.Bob Herz,the FASBs chairman,cried out against ehose who ”question our motives.”Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls”the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board(IASB)do likewise.The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning,but the pressure to fold when it comletes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong Charlie McCreevy,a European commissioner,warned the IASB that is did”not live in a political vacuum”but”in the real word” and the Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet,with accouts htat wastly overvalued assets.today they argue htat market prices overstate loeees,because hteyLargerly reflect the temporary illiquldity of markets,not the likely entent of bad debts.The truth will not be known for years.But banks shares trade below their book value,suggeting that investors are akeptical.And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses,yet are relucaant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the sysytem working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with.Americas new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that,cleaning up rules on stock options ang pensions,for example,against hostility interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced toAfollow anfavorable asset evaluation rulesBcollect payments from third partiesCcooperate with the price managersDreevaluate some of their assets37.According to the author,the rule changes of the FASB may result in Athe dimingishing role of managementB the revival of the banking syestemCthe banks long-term asset lossersDthe weakening og its indepentdence38. According to Paragarph 4,McCreevy objects to the IASBs attempt to A keep away from political influencesB evade the pressure from their peersC act on their own in ruli-settingDtake gradual measures in reform39、The author thinks the banks were“on the wrong planet”in that theyAmis interpreted market price indicatorsBexaggerated the real value of their assetsCneglected the likely existence of bad debtsDdenied booking losses in their sale of assets40、The authors attitude towards standard-setters is one ofAsatisfactionBskepticismCobjectivenessDsympathyPart B Directions:For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable paragraphs from the first A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to from a coherent text Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)AThe first and more important is the consumers growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year Europe compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.BRetail sales of food and drink in Europes largest markets are at a standstill,lesving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow.Most leading retailers have alteady tried e-commerce,with limit success,and expansion abroad.But almost all have ignored the big.profitable opportunity in their own backyard the wholesale food and drink trade,whoch appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.CWill such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drinkmarket?Definitely not.The functioning of the market is basrd on flexibleTrends dominated by potential buyers.In other words it is up to the buyer tather than the seller to decide what to buy.At any rate this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers regardless of how long the current consumer pattem will take hold.D All in all,this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits there by.At least,that is how it looks as a whole.Closer inspection reveals import differences among the biggest national markets,especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures,as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories.Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which particular abilities might unseat smaller but enerenched competitors.New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.E Despite variations in detail,wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examinedFrance,Germany,Italy,and Spainare made out of same building blocks.Demand comes mainly from two sources:independent morn-and-pop grocery stores which,unlike large retail chains,are two small to buy straight from producers,and food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures,but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”:hotels,restaurants,and cafes.Overall, Europes retail wholesale market, but the figures,when added together,mask two opposing trends.F For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom in 2000-more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often;and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to considerate.G However, none of these requirements should deter large retails and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers from trying their hand,for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41 42 43 44 E 45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carfully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10Points)One basic weakness in a comservation system based wholly one economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value Yet these ereatures are members of the biotic community and ,if its stability depends on its inteynity,they are entitled to continuanceWhen one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and if we happen to love it.We incert excuses to give it economic importance At the beginning pf century songbiras were supppsed to be disappearing.(46)Scinentists jumped to the resure with some distimctly shaky evidence to the effect the insecets would est us up of brids failed to control them the ecideuce had to be conbmic in order to be walid.It is pamful to read these round about accounts today.We have no land ehtic yet.(47)but we have at least drawn near the point pf admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinisic right reardless of the presence pf absence of economic adcantage to us.A panallel situation exists in respect of predatory mamals and fish-eating birds(48)Time was when biologosts somewhat over worded evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak or that they prey only on “worthless species”.Some species pf tree have been read out of the party by economici minded fpresters they grow too slowty or have a sale vate to pay as imeber crops (49)In europe,where forestry is ecologically more advanced ,the ncommercial tree species are recognized ad members of native forest community,to be preserved as such,within reason.To sum up;a system of conservation based solely on econominc self-interest is hopelesstly lopsided(50)It tends to ignore,and thus eventually to eliminate,many elements in the land community that lack commercial value,but that are essential to its healthy functioning.Without the uneconomic pats.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to re