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专题04 Astronomy【高频单词】1system (n.) 系统；体系；制度2theory (n.) 学说；理论theoretical (adj.) 理论上的3atmosphere (n.) 大气层；气氛4thus (adv.) 因此；于是5harmful (adj.) 有害的harm (n.) 害处(vt.) 对有害6puzzle (vt.&vi.)(使)迷惑； (使)为难 (n.) 谜；难题puzzled (adj.)迷惑不解的7pull (n.&vt.) 拉(力)；拖；牵引力8float (vi.&vt.) (使)浮动；(使)漂浮 (n.) 漂浮物9violent (adj.) 猛烈的violence (n.) 暴力violently (adv.) 猛烈地10globe (n.) 球体；地球仪global (adj.) 全球性的；全世界的11presence (n.)出席；到场；存在present (adj.) 出席的；到场的 (vt.) 呈递12reaction (n.) 反应；回应react (vi.) 反应；回应13unlike (prep.) 与不同；不像like (反义词) (prep.&v.) 像；喜欢dislike (v.&n.) 不喜欢14exist (vi.) 存在；生存existence (n.) 存在15gentle (adj.) 温和的；文雅的gently (adv.) 温和地；文雅地；温柔地16physicist (n.) 物理学家physical (adj.) 物理的；身体的physician (n.) 医师，(尤指)内科医生physics (n.) 物理学【重点短语】1in_time 及时；终于2in_ones_turn 轮到某人；接着3prevent._from 阻止；制止4cheer_up 感到高兴；感到振奋5break_out 突发；爆发6watch_out_for 密切注意；当心；提防7lay_eggs 下蛋8give_birth_to 产生；分娩9now_that 既然10block_out 挡住(光线)11as_well_as 和；以及12get_the_hang_of 熟悉；掌握；理解【热点句型】1whether.or not 是否The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or_not (是否). (教材P25)2make itadj./n. for sb./sth. to do sth.This produced a chain reaction, which made_it_possible_for_life_to_develop (使生命发展成为可能). (教材P26)3now that 引导的原因状语从句.walking does need a bit of practice now_that_ (既然) gravity has changed. (教材P31)4as.as 比较结构., but it will not be as_strong a pull as (像一样强) the earths. (教材P31)5“倍数asadj./adv.as”句型But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice_as_far_as_on_the_earth (是地球上的两倍远) and fell over. (教材P31)高频考点一 单词例1、harmfuladj.有害的What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. (P26)很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，使地球得以把有害气体和酸性物质溶解在海洋里。【归纳拓展】(1)be harmful to对有害(2)harm n&vt.伤害；损害Do harm to sb. /do sb. harm 对某人有害There is no harm in doing sth.做某事没有害处(3)harmless adj.无害的harmlessness n无害【语境助记】The drought was_harmful_to the crops.这场干旱对农作物有危害。Fruit juice can do_harm_to childrens teeth.果汁可能会损害儿童的牙齿。They may not be able to help but theres_no_harm in asking them.他们可能帮不上忙，但求他们一下倒也无妨。例2、existvi.存在；生存They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years.(P26)它们也下蛋并在地球上生存了一亿四千多万年。【归纳拓展】(1)exist on靠生存/生活exist by靠方式为生exist in存在于之中There exist(s).某地有；存在消极的一面(2)e into existence产生；成立；开始存在in existence现存的(3)existing adj.现存的；目前的【名师点睛】【语境助记】2016四川高考It exists in milk in great amount.牛奶中它(钙)的含量很大。They cant exist_on the money hes earning.他们靠他挣的那点钱无法维持生活。There_exists a generation gap between the young and the old.青年人和老年人之间存在着代沟。Pakistan came_into_existence as an independent country after the war.巴基斯坦在战后就以一个独立国家存在了。It can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in_existence,_such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.能看到仍然存在的传统的苹果品种，如曾由罗马人种植的Decio苹果，真是令人大开眼界。介词填空aEven though he is a little boy, strange ideas always exist in his mind.bThe old lady became seriously ill last week, and she has only existed on milk ever since.cThe Imperial Palace in Beijing has been in existence for more than 500 years. 例3、puzzlen谜；难题vt.& vi.(使)迷惑； (使)为难How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that scientists found hard to solve.(P27)地球上的生命是怎样开始的，这是科学家们发现难以解决的最大的谜团之一。【归纳拓展】(1)be in a puzzle 感到困惑；不知如何是好a puzzle to sb. 一件让人感到困惑的事情puzzle about/over 冥思苦想；苦苦思索puzzle sb. 迷惑某人；使某人困惑puzzle sth. out 琢磨出的答案(2)puzzling adj. 令人迷惑的puzzled adj. 感到迷惑的be puzzled about 对迷惑不解【名师点睛】puzzled意为“迷惑的；不解的”，往往用于指人或人的表情、脸色、声音等；puzzling意为“令人迷惑的；让人不解的”，往往指物。【语境助记】2016江苏高考Many people are somewhat puzzled at the negative side of the voting, although some are quite happy with it, and active in doing it.尽管有些人热衷于选举，并且积极参与，但是也有很多人对选举消极的一面有点儿困惑。People have long puzzled_over how the Egyptians moved such huge rocks.人们长期对埃及人如何搬动如此巨大的石头而感到困惑不解。牛津高阶He was trying to puzzle_out why he had been brought to the house.他想弄明白自己为何被带到这所房子。What_puzzled_the_doctors_most was that they could not find the cause of the disease.使医生最困惑的是他们找不到致病的原因。Im in_a_puzzle as to what to do next.对于下一步该做什么我不知道。Where the missing plane has gone still remains a_puzzle_to us.失联飞机去了哪儿对我们来说仍是个谜。The puzzled look on her face suggested she was puzzling over the puzzling maths problem.她脸上困惑的表情暗示了她正在思考令人困惑的数学问题。例4、pulln& vt.拉(力)；拖；牵引力As the rocket rose into the air, we were pushed back into our seats because we were trying to escape the pull of the earths gravity.(P30)随着火箭的升空，由于我们在努力挣脱地球的引力，我们被向后推在座位上。【归纳拓展】pull away (车辆等)驶离；开走pull in (车辆等)进站；靠停pull down 拆除；(把身体)拖垮pull off (匆忙地)脱下(衣物)；(成功地)完成pull on (匆忙地)穿上pull out 拔出；驶出；摆脱(困难)pull through 恢复健康；渡过难关pull up 停车pull together (使)齐心协力【语境助记】I felt a pull at my sleeve and turned round.我觉得有人扯我的袖子，便转过身来。2016全国卷Larry pulled_over,_set the brake and got hold of the fire extinguisher (灭火器)拉里停下车，将车设为制动状态并抓起灭火器开始灭火。2016江苏高考I now regularly pull_out my phone to check a fact, watch a video, read weibo.现在我会定期拿出手机核查事实，看录像及读微博。They are_pulling_down some houses to make room for a new hotel.他们正在拆除一些房子，目的是为了给新旅馆腾地。The train pulled_in and all the passengers got off.火车进站了，所有的乘客都下了车。So long as we pull_together theres no mountain top we cant conquer.只要我们齐心协力，就没有攀登不上的高峰。Everyone was very concerned whether he would pull_through or not.每个人都很关心他是否能痊愈。高频考点二 短语例1、in time 及时；终于；最终They were in time to produce carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, . (P25)它们最终产生了二氧化碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他气体，【归纳拓展】at a time 一次；每次at one time 曾经；一度at times 有时，间或at no time 决不；从不at the same time 与此同时；然而in no time 立刻；马上on time 按时；准时for the time being 暂时take ones time 别着急；慢慢来【名师点睛】(1)in time后可接for sth./to do sth.的形式，意为“做某事及时/来得及”。(2)at no time等含否定意义的词组位于句首，句子要部分倒装；in no time意为“立刻，马上”，无否定意义，置于句首，不引起倒装。【语境助记】We arrived in the summer, just in_time to enjoy the midnight sun.我们是夏季到的，正好赶上欣赏子夜的太阳。If you keep on, you will succeed in_time.如果坚持下去，总有一天你会成功的。Well do up your car in_no_time at all.我们很快就能把你的汽车修好。If you cant arrive there on_time,_you should inform them of it in advance.如果你不能按时到达，应该预先通知他们。2016全国卷At_one_time,_I even felt my parents couldnt understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them.我曾一度感觉父母不理解我，因此我希望能够摆脱他们的束缚。2016北京高考Anxious all_the_time,_I was unable to keep focused for more than an hour at a time.我一直都很焦虑，很难一次集中注意力一个多小时。例2、in ones turn 轮到某人；接着Thus they have, in their turn, bee the most important animals on the planet.(P26)于是，他们接着成为了这个行星上最重要的动物。【归纳拓展】in turn 依次；轮流；逐个；相应地；转而by turns轮流；依次take turns doing/to_do sth. 轮流做Its ones turn to_do sth. 轮到某人干某事It turns/turned out that. 结果【语境助记】All theories are from practice and in_turn serve practice.所有的理论都来源于实践，并转而为实践服务。When it_is_in_my_turn,_I am too excited to speak.当轮到我时，我激动地说不出话来。I think its_my_turn to drive the kids to school this week.我想这周该轮到我开车送孩子们上学了。The young parents had to take_turns to look after their sick baby.这对年轻的父母不得不轮流照看他们生病的孩子。It_turned_out_that this young man was none other than the old mans son.结果这位年轻人竟然正是这个老人的儿子。例3、cheer up (使)高兴；(使)振奋；感到高兴；感到振奋I cheered up immediately and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin watching the earth bee smaller and the moon larger.(P31)我立刻感到很高兴，由于失重我在太空舱里飘来飘去，我望着(身后的)地球越来越小，而(前方的)月球越来越大。【归纳拓展】(1)cheer sb. up使某人感到高兴/振奋cheer sb. on为鼓气；向喝彩(2)cheering adj.能鼓舞人的；使人振作/高兴的cheerful adj.快乐的；高兴的；兴高采烈的cheerless adj.阴冷的；阴暗的；阴郁的；不快乐的cheers (用于祝酒)干杯；再见【语境助记】2016天津高考Cathy didnt expect any award but was still there to cheer_up her friends and praise their acplishments.凯茜并未期待任何奖励，而是仍旧在那里鼓励她的朋友们，表扬他们的成绩。When Im feeling sad my mother tells me funny stories to_cheer_me_up.当我感到忧伤时，我的母亲就给我讲有趣的故事让我高兴起来。We did our best to cheer_him_on when he was about to give up.当他将要放弃时，我们尽力鼓励他。2016天津高考In the authors eyes, motorheads are cheerful_and_smart.在作者眼中，技校学生是快乐而且聪明的。Cheers! With our coffee cups for our future!以咖啡代酒，为我们的未来干杯吧！高频考点三 句型例3、This produced a chain reaction, which made_it_possible for life to_develop.(P26)这就产生了一个连锁反应，使生命的发展成为可能。【归纳拓展】这是“make it形容词/名词to do sth.”句型。该句型中it为形式宾语，指代后面的不定式结构，形容词或名词为宾语补足语。(1)makeit形容词/名词不定式/从句(2)make宾语宾语补足语(3)find,_feel,_think,_leave等动词也有这样的用法【语境助记】2016江苏高考Better sewers (下水道) make_it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach.更好的下水道使得人们在暴雨之后肠胃不适病的爆发就不太可能发生。They want to make_it_clear to the public that they do an important and necessary job.他们想让人们明白他们做的是重要和必要的工作。The fact that she was foreign made_it_difficult for her to get a job in that country.她是一个外国人的事实使得她在那个国家很难找到一份工作。例2、But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice_as_far_as on the earth and fell over.(P31)而当我试着向前迈步时，我发觉我被送出很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。【归纳拓展】twice as far as.是一种倍数的表示方法，意为“是的两倍远”。as far as.“远到”。英语里常见的倍数表达法有：A动词倍数asadj./adv.原级as BA动词倍数adj. /adv.比较级than BA动词倍数the名词(size/weight/length.)of BA动词倍数what从句，表示“A是的多少倍”A动词倍数thatof B【语境助记】The plane flew ten_times_as_high as the kite.那架飞机的飞行高度是那只风筝的十倍。It is reported that a new planet has been discovered recently, which is almost three_times_bigger than Earth.Hopefully it can support human life.据报道，最近发现了一颗新行星，几乎比地球大三倍。人类有望能在上面生活。Beijing is ten_times_the_size of my hometown.北京是我家乡的十倍大。The worlds population has grown to more than six_times_what it was in 1800.目前世界人口与1800年相比已经增长到当时的六倍多。Its said that the power plant is now twice_as_large_as what it was.Its said that the power plant is now twice_the_size_of what it was.据说该发电厂现在是过去的两倍大。In the workshop the output of July was 3.5 times that_of January.这个车间七月份的产量是元月份的3.5倍。高频考点四 语法主语从句1、主语从句在句中起主语作用的从句称为主语从句(Subject Clause)。引导主语从句的连接词主要有三类：连接词that, whether等；连接代词what, who, whose, whatever, whichever, whoever等；连接副词when, where, why, how等。That she could e to help us made us very happy.她能来帮我们使我们很高兴。Where the English evening will be held hasnt been decided.英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有决定下来。Whatever you do in your spare time should do no harm to others.无论你在业余时间做什么都不应伤害他人。2、主语从句能用it作形式上的主语由于主语从句太长，为了避免头重脚轻，常常用it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末。比较常见的句型有：Itbe形容词(important, likely, possible, clear等)主语从句；Itbe名词(fact/idea/mystery/pity/pleasure/wonder等)主语从句；Itbe过去分词(known/said/reported/suggested等)主语从句；It不及物动词(appear/seem/happen等)主语从句。It is obvious to the students that they should get well prepared for their future.很显然，学生们应该为自己的未来做好准备。It is suggested that the old man (should) go to the countryside to have a rest.建议这位老人到乡村去休息一下。It surprised him that they came to visit him suddenly.让他吃惊的是他们突然来看他。【2018全国II】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Diets have changed in China and so too has its top crop. Since 2011,the country _61_（grow）more corn than rice. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _62_ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.A taste for meat is _63_ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle. Another reason for corns rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice _64_ (improve) water quality. Corn uses less water _65_ rice and creates less fertilizer(化肥) runoff. This switch has decreased _66_ (pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total _67_ (globe)fertilizer consumption. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government _68_ (start) a soil-testing program _69_ gives specific fertilizer remendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. That prevented the emission(排放) of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide. Chinas approach to protecting its environment while _70_ (feed) its citizens offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide. says the banks Juergen Voegele.【答案】61. has grown 62. the 63. actually 64. to improve 65. than 66. pollution 67. global 68. started 69. that/which 70. feeding61. 考查时态。since加时间点，主句要用现在完成时。句意：2011年以来，中国种植的玉米比水稻多。故填has grown。62. 考查冠词。句意：玉米产量在过去25年里增长了近125%，而大米只增长了7%。故是特指在过去的25年里。故填the。63. 考查副词。句意：对肉的需求实际上是这种变化的背后原因。句子结构完整，用副词修饰句子。故填actually。64. 考查非谓语动词。句意：为了改善水质政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是大米。没有连词可以且谓语动词是encourages，故improve应该用非谓语动词。此处表示目的，故用不定式。故填to improve。 67. 考查词性转换。句意：中国约占全球化肥总消费量的30%。fertilizer consumption是名词短语，故应该用形容词修饰。故填global。68. 考查谓语动词。句意：在2005年政府开始了一项土壤测试项目。本句是when引导的定语从句，由于时间是2005年，故用过去时。故填started。69. 考查定语从句关系词。根据空后的谓语动词gives可知，该空缺少主语，指代program并且引导后面的句子。指物用that/which，故填that或者which。70. 考查省略句。句意：中国在养活了中国人民的同时又保护了环境。这一做法为全世界的农业和粮食政策制定人提供了很有用的经验。空格处表示正在进行的动作，while后面省略掉了China is，省略句的原则：在时间状语从句、条件状语从句、，让步状语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致且含有be动词时，那么可以把主语和be动词一块省略。故填feeding。点睛：学会分析句子成分。The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 - when the government started a soil-testing program which /that gives specific fertilizer remendations to farmers - and 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. 这句话中有两个定语从句。一个是关系副词when引导的定语从句，先行词是2005，the government是主语，a soil-testing program是宾语，故此空缺少谓语动词，我们可以看出时态是一般过去时。另一个是关系代词指代program引导的定语从句，先行词是program，gives是第三人称谓语动词，可以看出是考查关系词。代指物并作主语，关系词要用that/which。 【2018浙江卷】阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。We have all heard how time is more valuable than money, but is it _36_ to have too much?I_37_back in high school I spent most of my day at school since I also _38_a team sport. By the time I got home, I only had a few hours to do my homework, and I had to do it _39_When I got into college, things _40_ I suddenly found myself out of class before noon time. Because of all this _41_ there was no sense of _42_ to do my school work immediately. I was performing this action of waiting until it later became _43_. Once that happened, I just kept_44_my studying further and further back in my day. Then I got to the point where I was_45_really late at night to get my work alone.One day I _46_a former classmate of mine who was _47_ a lot of money running a sideline(副业).Since his regular job was _48_, I asked him why he just didnt do his sideline full-time. He said without the job, he would _49_ have too much time and would just do what I did back in_50_.He said that if he _51_the job, he would lose his _52_ to work and succeed.So, try _53_ your time with other work. This is why there is a _54_ that if you want something done, ask a _55_person to do it.36. A. true B. fairC. strangeD. possible37. A. remember B. admitC. understandD. expect38. A. watched B. loved.C. Coached D. played 39. A.al lastB. right away C. of course D. mattered40. A. happenedB. repeated C. changed D. mattered41. A. extra B .difficult.C. valuable D. limited42. A. duty B. achievementC .urgency D. direction 43. A. burden B. relief C. risk D. habit44. A. pushing B. taking C. setting D. calling45. A. hanging out B. staying upC. jogging roundD. showing off46. A. met B. helpedC. treatedD. hired47. A. raisingB. wastingC. demandingD. making48. A. safeB. important C. boring D. rewarding49. A. luckily B. hardlyC. hopefully D. simply50. A. childhoodB. collegeC. townD. business51. A. quitB. foundC. acceptedD. kept52. A. heartB. chanceC. driveD. way53. A. savingB. filling upC. giving upD. trading54. A. messageB. storyC. sayingD. fact55. A. careful B. busyC. reliableD. kind【答案】36. D 37. A 38. D 39. B 40. C 41. A 42. C 43. D 44. A 45. B 46. A 47. D 48. C 49. D 50. B 51. A 52. C 53. B 54. C 55. B【解析】作者通过亲身经历告诉我们：拥有太多时间就会拖延做事情，时间紧迫反而能合理安排时间把事情做好。36. 考查形容词。A. true真实的；B. fair公平的；C. strange奇怪的；D. possible可能的。句意：我们都听说过时间比金钱更有价值，但是拥有的时间太多可能会把事情做好吗?表示“可能的”，表示作者的疑问，故选D。39. 考查固定短语。A.at last最后；B. right away立刻，马上；C. of course当然；D. mattered因为在校时间多，在家做作业的时间就少了，所以在家时必须马上写作业。下文do my school work immediately给了提示，故选B。40. 考查动词。A. happened发生；B. repeated重复；C. changed改变；D. mattered要紧。大学生活和高中生活不一样，所以说发生了改变。根据常识选C。41. 考查形容词。A. extra额外的；B. difficult困难的；C. valuable有价值的；D. limited有限的。此处指大学里有许多额外的时间，故选A。42. 考查名词。A. duty责任；B. achievement成就；C. urgency紧急；D. direction方向。大学里没有马上做作业的紧迫感，与高中时抓紧时间做作业形成对比，故选C。43. 考查名词。A. burden负担；B. relief救济；C. risk冒险；D. habit习惯。由于不急着写作业，所以后来就形成了等的习惯。故选D。44. 考查动词。A. pushing推；B. taking拿；C. setting放置；D. calling呼唤。与上文的waiting呼应，指形成等的习惯后，我就不断地把学习往后推，越推越远。根据常识也可知答案，故选A。45. 考查动词短语。A. hanging out挂出，常去某处；B. staying up熬夜； C. jogging round慢跑；D. showing off炫耀。根据late at night可知是熬夜，此处指作业等到最后熬夜完成，故选B。46. 考查动词。A. met遇见；B. helped帮助；C. treated治疗；D. hired雇用。此处指遇到了以前的同学，根据句意选A。47. 考查动词。A. raising举起；B. wasting浪费； C. demanding要求；D. making获得。此处指经营副业挣了许多钱，“挣钱”是make money,故选D。48. 考查形容词。A. safe安全的；B. important重要的；C. boring无聊的；D. rewarding有益的。因为他的常规工作是无聊的，所以作者建议他把副业作为全职工作。故选C。51. 考查动词。A. quit放弃；B. found发现； C. accepted接受； D. kept保持。如果他放弃工作，就会失去工作和成功的动力。与作者的建议呼应，故选A。52. 考查名词。A. heart心脏；B. chance机会；C. drive驱动力；D. way方法。此处指如果他放弃工作，就失去了紧迫感，就会失去工作和成功的动力。表示“动力”，故选C。53. 考查动词。A. saving节约；B. filling up装满；C. giving up放弃；D. trading交易。句意：试着用其他工作装满你的时间，使自己忙起来。故选B。54. 考查名词。A. message消息；B. story故事；C. saying谚语；D. fact事实。此处指if you want something done, ask a 55 person to do it.这句谚语，故选C。55. 考查形容词。A. careful小心的；B. busy忙碌的；C. reliable可靠的； D. kind善良的。此处指如果你想做某事，请忙碌的人去做。忙碌的人会抓紧时间完成，不忙的人只会拖延时间。故选B。
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