词义的引申正反、反正表达法.ppt

第七章英汉翻译中词义的引申,翻译,引申的必要性,7.1逻辑引申几种情况,具体抽象,比喻词：avalancheflowering,抽象具体,entree,转变视角,remind,翻译,Itisallverywell,again,tohaveatigerinthetank,buttohaveoneinthedriversseatisanothermatteraltogether.,当然油箱里装满优质汽油倒是好事，但是驾驶室里要是坐着横冲直撞的司机就完全是另一回事了。,7.1逻辑引申,翻译,Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.生活有甜有苦。,wehaveprogressedalongwayfromtheearlydaysofelectricalengineering。,Shesailedintotheroom,抽象化引申,7.2语用引申,Thenewfatherworeaproudsmile.,刚做了父亲的那个人带着得意的笑容。,Hestartedtohisfeetwiththeintentionofawakingthesleepers,fortherewasnotimetolose.,他倏地一下站起来，打算把睡觉的人都叫醒，因为时间十分紧迫，必须马上赶路。,Clevererheadsthanminemighthaveseenhisdrift.,比我聪明的人，才弄得懂它葫芦里买的是什么药。,翻译,wore,withtheintention,notimetolose.,正说反译,drift.,翻译,Hehadlivedallhislifeindesertwhereeverycupfulofwatermightbeamatteroflifeanddeath.,1.Sea-sawingbetweenpartlygoodandfaintlyominous,thenewsforthenextfourweekswasneverdistinct.,7.3修辞引申增加修辞色彩,翻译,在接下来的四个星期里，消息时好时坏，两种情况不断交替出现，一直没有明朗化。,翻译,Lastnightanuninvitedguestturneduptomakefiveforbridge.Ihadthekindofpaperbookathandtomakebeingthefifthatbridgeajoy.,anuninvitedguest,makebeingthefifth,atbridgeajoy.,Hewouldnttellthem,butkepttheminsuspenseallday.,insuspense,翻译,7.4概念范围的调整外延的扩大或缩小,Ifyouwishtobethebestman,youmustsufferthebitterestofthebitter.,7.5词义引申的层次,EvenafterBlackFriday,mostbullsremained,well,bullish.,Largeandstronglikeabull.象牛般大的，强壮的abullmarket价格上涨的行情,翻译,Homework,1.Anumberofactivitieswillstillhavetooccurbeforethegoodsreachtheconsumer.,2.Theadministrationwasfreefromcorruption.,3.Wewaitedinsuspensetoheartheendoftheghoststory.,4.Itshardtobeginanyseriousadultprojectbecauseyouknowthekidsaregoingtointerruptyouinafewminutesyoucantevencountonnaptimetoreadabook.,翻译,5.Capitalpunishmentismorehumanebecausethecriminaldoesnotsufferthetortureoflifeimprisonment.,6.Iwasnotelectedtowatchmypeoplesufferanddiewhileyoudiscussthisinvasioninacommittee,翻译,ItisnotonlyJapanthathasexperiencedtheshockofthenew.,BlackFriday不幸的礼拜五，即有任何灾难发生的礼拜五；复活节前之礼拜五（神职人员于此日着黑装）。,Definition:ThedayafterThanksgivingintheUnitedStates,isfrequentlyreferredtoasBlackFriday.GeneralUse:OneofthemajorU.S.holidayshoppingdays.ThedaymanyU.S.consumersbeginChristmasshopping.Thedayisheavilypromotedbyretailers.Origin:TheoriginofBlackFridaycomesfromtheshifttoprofitabilityduringtheholidayseason.BlackFridaywaswhenretailerswentfrombeingunprofitable,orinthered,tobeingprofitable,orintheblack,atatimewhenaccountingrecordswerekeptbyhandandredindicatedlossandblackprofit.,形式肯定，意义否定的英语表达,英语的否定形式看起来似乎简单，但实际表达却很复杂。一般来说，其否定的构成通过两种手段进行词汇手段和语法手段。所谓词汇手段是运用构词法和相反的词汇及词组来表示一个否定的概念。所谓语法手段是指运用具有否定意义的语言结构和词语来表示否定的概念，其中包括形式否定，意义否定和形式肯定，意义否定两种情况。这种形式肯定，意义否定的形式在英语中的应用十分普遍。在这几年的教学中，我发现掌握这种表达方式是学生学习当中的一个难点。现将自己积累和总结的一些要点简单归纳如下：,形式肯定，意义否定的英语表达,由半否定词hardly（几乎不，简直不）,scarcely（几乎没有，简直不）,rarely（很少）,few,little（很少，有点儿）,barely（仅仅，几乎不）,seldom（不常，很少）等词构成的句子表示整个句子的意思接进于否定。如：Thisproblemhasbeenlittlestudied.对这个问题几乎还没有研究过。Scarcelyanybodybelievesthat几乎没有人相信这件事。由介词短语构成的否定，常见的有：outofhumor,outofplace,outofquestion,argueoutof,talkoutof等。如：Hisstatementwasentirelyoutofplaceonsuchanoccasion.在这样的场合中，他那样说是不恰当的。,形式肯定，意义否定的英语表达,由形容词短语构成的否定，常见的有：blindto;freefrom;ignorantof;absentfrom;farfrom;deadto等。如：Mr.WilliamsRobertwasblindtohissonsfaults.威廉斯罗伯特先生看不到自己儿子的过失。Lifeisfarfrombeingabedofroses生活远非尽乐事。在tooto,tooforsb.to结构中。如：Themanistooselfishtohelpothers.这个人太自私了，从不会帮助别人。Theriveristoobroadforustoswimacross.河太宽了我们游不过去。,形式肯定，意义否定的英语表达,thelast+名词+定语从句；thelast+不定式结构。如：Suitswasthelastthinghewouldliketowear.那时他最不愿意穿的就是西装。Ourmayoristhelastmantoacceptabribe.市长先生决不是那种收受贿赂之人。anythingbut意为“绝对不，根本不，一点也不”。如：Thewoodenbridgeisanythingbutsafe.这座木桥一点也不安全。Heisanythingbutascholar.他决不是个学者。,形式肯定，意义否定的英语表达,其他固定用法：beallGreekto,beallthumbs,leavemuchtobedesired,damnall等。如：HeisthemostungenerousIknow,youwillgetdamnalloutofhim.我从未见过他那样的人，对人真是一毛不拔。BionicsisallGreektome.我对生物学一点也不懂。Imallthumbsasfarasdrawingisconcerned.谈到绘画，我可是一窍不通。,以上这些句型结构和词汇都从不同程度上体现了将否定意义寓于肯定的句子形式中这一语法现象。很好地掌握这种否定意义的表达方式的话，将会有利于我们帮助学生提高对英语文章的阅读理解能力和丰富他们的英语表达。,学一学，练一练：两下列句子翻译成汉语，注意形式否定，意义肯定的现象。1.Thewoodenbridgeisanythingbutsafe.2.Heisanythingbutascholar.3.HowhemanagedtoliveismorethanIcantell.4.Donttellhimmorethanyoucanhelp.5.Imwisethantobelievewhatyoucallmoneytalks.6.Yououghttoknowbetterthantogoswimmingimmediatelyafterabigmeal.7.BionicsisallGreektome.8.Imallthumbsasfarasdrawingisconcerned.,