计算机专业英语第4章.ppt

第4章SoftwareApplications(I),本章要点WhatareSoftwareApplications?WordsandExpressionsHowToDo：UsingWinZipHowToWork:TheVoiceRecognitionSystemGrammarFocus:非限定性动词TextinChinese：应用软件ReadingSelection:Programs科技英语的语言特点（）PracticalWriting：咨询信,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,Figure4-1*Softwareapplicationsorapplicationprogramscanbedescribedasusersoftwaredesignedtomeetgeneralpurposeandspecialpurposeapplications(SeeFigure4-1).Suchprogramsareownedbytheusersandstoredontheircomputersharddisks.General-purposesoftwareapplicationsarebasicapplicationsusedinnearlyallcareerareas.Suchgeneral-purposeapplicationsincludebrowsers,wordprocessors,spreadsheets,databasemanagementsystemsandpresentationgraphics.Specific-purposeapplicationsareadvancedapplicationsfocusedonspecificdisciplinesandoccupations.Someofthebest-knownadvancedapplicationsaremultimedia,webauthoring,graphics,virtualreality,andartificialintelligenceprograms.Applicationprogramsuse“windows”todisplayinformation,andusemenusandtoolbarstoinstructandedit.BrowsersenabletheuserstosearchanddisplaytheInternetresources.MicrosoftInternetExplorerisanInternetbrowserthatdisplaysWebpagesandassistsusersinnavigating,searchingandcommunicatingontheInternet.,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,Figure4-2Wordprocessingprogramscreatetexts,likereports,letters,memosandWebpages(SeeFigure4-2).ThemostpopularwordprocessorsareMicrosoftWord,CorelWordPerfect,andLotusWordPro.Mostwordprocessorshavefeaturestohelptheuserswritebetter:SpellingCheck,GrammarCheck,AutoCheck,Thesaurus,FontandFontSize,Graphics,Alignment,WordWrap,PageMargins,Indents,FindandReplace,MoveandCopy,BulletedandNumberedLists,Style,TextWrapping,FootnoteandEndnote,CaptionsandCrossReferences,Table,etc.Spreadsheetprogramsareusedtoorganize,analyze,andgraphnumericdatainelectronicspreadsheetsmadeofcells.ThemostwidelyusedspreadsheetprogramsareMicrosoftExcel,CorelQuatroPro,andLotus1-2-3.Informationentriescanbetext,numericandgraphic.Formulasinspreadsheetsareequationsperformingcalculationsondatacontainedinaspreadsheet;Functionsinspreadsheetsareprewrittenformulasperformingcalculationsautomatically.,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,Databaseisacollectionofrelateddata.Adatabasemanagementsystemisaprogramthatenablestheusertocreate,maintain,andreportdatarelationships.*Dataisorganizedintorelatedtables,updatedconstantlyandwhenneeded,itisjoinedtogetherfromdifferentfiles.Inthisway,otherapplicationscanuseaneededrangeofdatawithconvenienceandefficiency.ThreeofthemostwidelyuseddatabasemanagementsystemsareMicrosoftAccess,CorelParadox,andLotusApproach.Presentationgraphicsareusedtocombineavarietyofvisualobjectstocreateattractive,visuallyinterestingpresentationfiles.Suchpictorialelectronicpresentationsdelivermessagesinamuchmoreinterestingandprofessionalway.Mostpresentationprogramsincludefeaturesthathelptheusertocreatedesirablepresentationsinaneasyway:layoutfilesprovidesampletextsofdifferenttypesofpresentations,templatesaremodelpresentationsforreferences,andanimationsenablevisualandsoundclipstoplayautomatically.ThreeofthemostwidelyusedpresentationgraphicsprogramsareMicrosoftPowerPoint,CorelPresentations,andlandLotusFreelanceGraphics(SeeFigure4-3).,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,Figure4-3,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,Notes:1“Softwareapplicationsorapplicationprogramscanbedescribedasusersoftwaredesignedtomeetgeneralpurposeandspecialpurposeapplications.”本句中，softwareapplications中的applications指“应用程序”，applicationsoftware中的application作定语指“实际应用的”。designedtomeetgeneralpurposeandspecialpurposeapplications中的applications指“实际应用”。2“Dataisorganizedintorelatedtables,updatedconstantlyandwhenneededjoinedtogetherformdifferentfiles.”本句中，“updated”,“joined”分别是省略了is的被动语态形式，与“isorganized”一起构成并列谓语。意为：数据组织在相关的表格中，不断更新，并根据需要从不同的文件中调出、合并。,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,Matcheachnumbereditemwiththemostcloselyrelatedlettereditembydrawingalinebetweenmatchingitems.1utilitiesaOperatingsystemownedandoperatingbyacompany.2resourcesbOnepopular,andfree,versionoftheUNIXoperatingsystem.3multitaskingcUserinterfaceprovidedbyWindows.,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,Translatingthefollowingstatements.1存储器件的存储单位通常被称为字节。2存储设备包括硬（磁）盘驱动器、软盘以及光盘。3存储在RAM中的所有信息均是暂时的，因此，当机器关断电源时，该信息就丢失了。4微软“视窗”是当今世界上最为广泛使用的操作系统。5视窗具有同时运行多个应用程序的能力，而每个应用程序均在其自己的窗口中。6图形用户界面向用户展示计算机功能及数据的图形影像。HowToDo：UsingWinZip,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,GrammarFocus:非限定性动词动词不定式：它是一种非限定形式，通常前面带有小品词“to”，有时也可不带“to”。不定式在句子中不能作谓语，但它具有谓语动词的许多特点。可以有自己的宾语、状语等。动名词：动名词在句中起名词的作用，作主语、表语、宾语和定语。它的构成为动词原型词加-ing。分词：分词有两种形式：现在分词和过去分词。它在句子中起形容词和副词的作用。作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,PointouttheNon-FiniteFormsoftheVerbanditstypeinthefollowingstatements.1Iveoftenheardhimtellthetale.2Thepigeonswereperched,quitestill,ontheedgeofthedovecote.3Dr.Maephaillookedatthefallingrain.4Hewasunable,however,tokeepalongsilence.5Jolyonstoodforamomentwithoutspeaking.6Icanstillrememberrunningdownthesandhillinthemorning.7Iwanthimtocomeassoonaspossible.8Passingintotheante-room,hesatdownontheedgeofachair.9Iwashighlyamused.10Hereisaletterannouncinghisarrival.,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,TextinChinese：应用软件应用软件或应用程序可视为终端用户软件，目的是满足用户一般需要和特殊需要。这些程序为用户所有，安装在用户计算机的硬盘中。应用软件可分为一般目的应用程序和特殊目的应用程序。一般目的应用程序广泛用于各个职业领域，包括浏览器程序、文字处理程序、电子表格程序、数据库管理程序和演示文稿程序。特殊目的应用程序属于高级应用软件，用于特殊的学科和职业。一些多见的高级应用软件如多媒体、网页管理、图表、虚拟现实、人工智能等。应用程序利用视窗来显示信息，使用菜单、工具栏来下达指令和进行编辑。用户利用浏览器程序来浏览网络资源。微软公司的InternetExplorer是一种因特网浏览器程序，用来显示网页和帮助用户在因特网上导航、搜索和通信。文字处理程序能够建立文本，如报告、信件、备忘录和网页。最流行的文字处理程序有微软公司的Word,CorelWordPerfect,LotusWordPro.等。,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,电子表格程序在单元格组成的电子表格中组织、分析图表和分析数字数据。最广泛应用的表格程序有微软Excel,CorelQuatroPro.和Lotusl-2-3。电子表格接受文本、数字、图表式信息；电子表格中的方程式对表格中的数据进行计算；电子表格中的函数可自动执行计算。数据库是相关数据的集合。使用数据库管理系统程序，用户可以创建、维护和汇报数据关系。数据输入相关的表格中，可经常更新，可根据需要把不同文档中的数据提出来合并。其他的应用软件可以调用任一范围内的数据，方便而有效。最常用的几种数据库管理系统软件有微软Access,CorelParadox,LotusApproach。文稿演示程序于用建立各种视觉效果的演示文稿，这样的文稿有趣味，吸引人。演示文稿帮助用户以趣味而专业的形式传递信息。三种最广泛使用的文稿演示程序有：微软PowerPoint,CorelPresentations和LotusFreelanceGraphics.多数文稿演示程序拥有这样一些特色以协助用户很容易地创建理想的演示文稿：版面设计文件提供各种类型的演示文稿，模板提供文稿的参考格式，动画效果能自动播放插入的动画和声音剪辑。,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,ReadingSelection:ProgramsProgramsaretheinstructionsthattellthecomputerhowtoprocessdataintotheformyouwant.Software,aswementioned,isanothernameforprograms.Inmostcases,thewordssoftwareandprogramsareinterchangeable.Forexample,yourfavoritecomputergameisaprogram.Inorderforyourcomputertoknowhowtoplaythatgame,you(oryourparents)mustfirstinstalltheprogramfromthegamesoftware-usuallyaCD.InstallingtheprogrammeansthatyouarecopyingtheprogramorinstructionsthatarestoredontheCDontoyourcomputersharddrive.Programscanalsobedownloadedfromtheinternetdirectlytoyourharddrive.Manyprograms(especiallygames)areverylargeandwouldtakeuplotsofmemoryspaceonyourharddrive.Tokeepthatfromhappening,theseprogramsaredesignedtoonlycopypartoftheprogramontoyourcomputer.Therestoftheprogramstaysonthesoftware.TheprogramcannotberunfromyourcomputerunlessyouhavethediskinthediskdrivesothatRAMcanreadtherestoftheprogramfromit.,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,Otherprogramsinstallcompletelyonyourharddrive,sothattheycanbeusedwithoutrunningtheCD.Thisisveryhelpfulwithprogramsthataredesignedtohelptheuserperformaspecifictask,suchastypingaletterorcreatingabirthdaycard.HavingtheprogramrunwithouttheCD,freesuptheCD-ROMdriveincaseyoumightneedtorunaclipartCDtoaddsomepizzazztoyourcreation!Therearemanydifferenttypesofprogramsforthecomputer.Theyaregroupedaccordingtothetasksthattheyperform.Herearesomeverycommontypesofprogramsandsomeexamplesoftheiruses:Wordprocessingletterwriting,essays,writingstories;Databaseaddressbooks,mailinglists;Spreadsheetsstoringfinancialinformation;Researchencyclopedias,informationalprograms;Entertainmentgames,music/videoprograms;Educationskillpracticegames,tutorials,how-toprograms;DesktopPublishingcreatingbirthdaycards,newsletters,etc.,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,Programsdomuchoftheworkforus,whenweperformtasksonthecomputer.Theprograminstructsthecomputerinalanguagethatitunderstands.Thinkofhowharditwouldbetodictateastoryforsomeoneelsetotypeifthatotherpersonspokeaforeignlanguage!Youcouldlearnthatpersonslanguage,butthatcouldtakeyears.Theeasiestwaywouldbetohaveatranslator.Programsareliketranslatorsthatallowpeopletoworkwithcomputerswithoutlearningthecomputerslanguage.,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,科技英语的语言特点（）科学技术的研究对象、任务及方法决定了在科技领域中，表达思想要严谨，用词要准确，阐述问题要有逻辑性、科学性和系统性，说理要清晰、简洁、明快等。所以，科技文献资料的叙述以抽象性、概念性和高度的逻辑性为其主要特征，形成了科技语言所特有的语言表达方式。我们认为，从宏观上了解计算机科学及技术领域中文体的语言特征，掌握其遣词造句方面的基本语言风格和基本语言特点，对于我们阅读、理解和翻译不同类型的英语计算机科技文献资料，具有十分重要的意义。任何一种语言(language)均是由语音(pronunciation)、词汇(vocabulary)和语法(grammar)三大部分构成的。词汇是基础，句法是遣词造句的规则，而语音则是语言的外壳。因此，以下我们将从科技英语的“用词的特点”和“用句的特点”来解析科技英语的语言特点。,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,科技英语用词的特点1多用表示行为的动词代替存在的动词“Be”科技英语写作用词讲究规范，力求明白、简洁、精确，不允许有虚构，由此选择了动态的动词词组来实现其目的。例如：Harrieswasthefirsttoutilize1thereactivityofthedoublebonedinordertogain2aninsightintothenatureoftherubbermolecule,andtheevidenceisbased3almostentirelyonhisozonolysisexperiments.Bypassing4oxygencontaining56%ofozoneintoasolutionofrubberinchloroformorethylacetate,Harriesobtained6aglassyexplosivemassofthecomposition(C5HgO3).Decompositionoftheozonidewithwaterafforded7levulinicaldehyed.Theseexperimentswerelaterverified8andextended9byPurnmerer,whowasabletoaccount10forabout95%ofthecarbonskeletonintheformofdecompositionproducts,almost90%ofwhichconsisted11oflevuliniccompounds.Thismeans12thattheisopreneunitsmustbelinked13beadtotail.(TheChemist,1951)在这段中我们看到作者用了13个不同形态的行为动词，使整段叙述的行为过程给人以强烈的动感。由于科技英语在大多数情况下都是描述行为、过程、现象及发展等，因此多用表行为的动词。表行为的动词具有较鲜明的动态感，较生动，但表示存在的动词给人以静态感，比较凝滞。,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,2使用语义确切的强动词代替空泛的弱动词在英语中动词可以分为两类：强动词和弱动词。强动词有具体的行为，如weld,cut,break,inject等等；弱动词本身并无具体行动，如verbtobe,do,makeinclude等等。强动词常常可以给出明确的语义，使语句直截了当，一目了然，但弱动词可能带来较含糊的语句，这需读者去琢磨才能明白其中的含义。例如：1）Hehasmadeseveralkeysensorexploitationtechnologicaldevelopments.2）Hehasdevelopedseveralkeysensorexploitationtechnologies.例句1中，用了made这个无行动的弱动词，随后必有development；而在例句2中，直接用了develop这个强动词，使句子清新明朗。,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,3常用由动词派生的名词科技英语常用由动词派生的名词，这类名词的词根多出自属于及物动词的名词，具有“Transitivity”(他动性)。充分利用动词名词化手段，可以有效地简化叙事层次和结构，减少使用句子或从句的频率，使文章更加直接、紧凑、简洁明了。例如：thediscoveryofinterferon干扰素的发现thestandardizationoftheseries系列的标准化thegenerationofheatbyfriction磨擦生热,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,4多用名词群科技英语中名词修饰名词随处可见，有时是两个名词构成的名词词组来修饰另一个名词。这种名词词组做定语比介词短语显得更加简短快捷，是科技论文中常见的表达方式之一。例如：computersystemorganization计算机系统的组成datatransmissionsystem数据传输系统dotmatrixprinter点阵式打印机voicerecognitionequipment声音识别设备,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,5广用缩略词在科技英语文章中，常常看到缩略词，这些词已固化成为科技英语专业中的专业词。例如：LCS：LargeCapacityStorage大容量存储器LPL：ListProgrammingLanguage表格程序设计语言LSI：LargeScaleIntegration大规模集成电路MCP：MasterControlProgram主控程序ML：MachineLanguage机器语言MOS：MetalOxideSemiconductor金属氧化物半导体NC：NumericalControl数字控制OSI：OpenSystemInterconnection开放系统互连PCC：Program-ControlledComputer程序控制计算机PPI：ProgrammablePeripheralInterface并行传送接口RAM：RandomAccessMemory随机存取存储器RMOS：RefractoryMetal-Oxide-Semiconductor耐热的金属氧化物半导体RWM：ReadWriteMemory读写存储器,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,科技英语属于正式书面文体，在词汇方面，除了科技专门术语外，科技英语使用的所有词语，包括普通词汇和技术性词汇在内，大多数属于正式书面语体的范畴，尽管这些词语在普通英语和文学英语中也使用，但其出现的频率远不及科技英语。Writethewholenameofthefollowingwords.FIFOAGCCNCDOSSCCVGARMDIRPCCSTXMCPLCSECCPracticalWriting：咨询信咨询信主要包括下列内容：1）写信的目的；2）介绍背景；3）询问详情；4）表示感谢，期待回信，询问进一步的信息。,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,样张：DearSir/Madam,FromyouradvertisementintheNewYorkTimes,May5,Ihavelearnedthatyouneedaprogrammerinyourapplicationdepartment.Iwouldbeinterestedinexploringthepossibilityofobtainingsuchapositionwithinyourfirm.IreceivedBachelorofSciencedegreeincomputersciencefromBeijingUniversityinJune1997.SincethenIhavebeenworkingintheGreatITCompanyasaprogrammerforC/C+programmerwhomyouneed.AndIalsohavesomeexperienceindatabaseadministration.Detailsofmyeducationalbackgroundandworkingexperiencearecontainedintheenclosedresume.MayIscheduleanappointmentforaninterviewwithyoutodiscussmyqualificationsindetail?Imlookingforwardtoyourreply.Yourkindhelpwouldbegreatlyappreciated.Yourssincerely,Danny,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,常用咨询用语：1）Imwritingtoaskif2）Woulditbepossibleto3）Iwouldbegratefulifyouwould4）Wouldyouminddoingsth？5）Iwonderifyoucould6）Imwritingtoexplorethepossibilityofobtainingthepositioninyourfirm.7）Imwritingtoseekaccommodationinyourhotel.8）ImwritingbecauseIwishtopursuemymastersdegreeinyouruniversity.9）Pleasesendmealltherelevantinformationconcerningthecoursesyouoffer.10）Iwouldappreciateitverymuchifyoucouldconsidermysuggestions.11）Ishouldbemostobligedtoyouifyoucould.12）Imlookingforwardtohearingfromyou.13）Thankyouforyourtimeandattention.14）Imlookingforwardtoyourpromptresponse.,WhatareSoftwareApplications?,