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UnitOne,HistoryoftheComputer,PassageOneTheIntroductionofENIAC,Trainingtarget:Inthispart,ourtargetistotrainyourreadingcomprehension.Wehavemadetheflexiblesentencesstrongblackandmarkedthesubject,predicateandhaveobjectofthem.Trytograspthemainideaofthesesentences.,主语、谓语、宾语,PassageOneTheIntroductionofENIAC,Electroniccomputerwasoneofthegreatestinventionsinthe20thcentury.Oncetalkingaboutcomputer,wehavetothinkofthebirthofENIAC(ElectricNumericalIntegratorAndCalculator)(Pic1.1).,electronicadj.电子的,电子学的numericaladj.数字的,数值的integratorn.积分器calculatorn.计数器,PassageOneTheIntroductionofENIAC,ThestartofWorldWarIIproducedalargeneedforcomputercapacity,especiallyforthemilitary.Newweaponsweremadeforwhichtrajectorytablesandotheressentialdatawereneeded.In1946,JohnP.Eckert,JohnW.Mauchly,andtheirassociatesattheMooreSchoolofElectricalEngineeringatUniversityofPennsylvaniadecidedtobuildahigh-speedelectroniccomputertodothejob.ThismachinebecameknownasENIAC.ThesizeofENIACsnumerical“word”was10decimaldigits,anditcouldmultiplytwoofthesenumbersatarateof300persecond,byfindingthevalueofeachproductfromamultiplicationtablestoredinitsmemory.ENIACwasthereforeabout1,000timesfasterthenthepreviousgenerationofrelaycomputers.,trajectorytable弹道表,PassageOneTheIntroductionofENIAC,ENIACused18,000vacuumtubes,about1,800squarefeetoffloorspace,weighed30tonsandconsumedabout180,000wattsofelectricalpower.IthadpunchedcardI/O,1multiplier,1divider/squarerooter,and20addersusingdecimalringcounters,whichservedasaddersandalsoasquick-access(0.0002seconds)read-writeregisterstorage.Theexecutableinstructionsmakingupaprogramwereembodiedintheseparate“units”ofENIAC,whichwerepluggedtogethertoforma“route”fortheflowofinformation.ENIACwascommonlyacceptedasthefirstsuccessfulhigh-speedelectronicdigitalcomputer(EDC)andhadbeenusedfrom1946to1955,vacuumtuben.电子管punchedcardn.穿孔卡片countern.计数器,PassageOneTheIntroductionofENIAC,butithadanumberofshortcomingswhichwerenotsolved,notablytheinabilitytostoreaprogram.AnumberofimprovementswerealsomadetoENIACfrom1948,basedontheideasoftheHungarian-American,mathematicianJohnVonNeumann(Pic1.2)whowascalledthefatherofcomputer.,shortcomingn.缺点Hungarianadj.匈牙利的,PassageOneTheIntroductionofENIAC,VonNeumanncontributedanewawarenessofhowpractical,yetfastcomputersshouldbeorganizedandbuilt.Theseideas,usuallyreferredtoasthestored-programtechnique,becameessentialforfuturegenerationsofhigh-speeddigitalcomputersandwereuniversallyadopted.ElectronicDiscreteVariableAutomaticComputer(EDVAC)designedbyVonNeumannwasbuiltin1952.Thiscomputerused2,300vacuumtubes,butitsspeedwas10timesfasterthanENIACwhichused18,000vacuumtubes.Andthemostimportant,RandomAccessMemory(RAM)wasused.,universallyadv.普遍地randomadj.随机的accessn.存取,访问,PassageOneTheIntroductionofENIAC,electronicadj.电子的，电子学的numericaladj.数字的,数值的integratorn.积分器calculatorn.计数器vacuumtuben.电子管multipliern.乘法器dividern.除法器decimaln.十进制的punchedcardn.穿孔卡片countern.计数器,KeyWords,PassageTwoTheAdvancementoftheComputer,Trainingtarget:Inthispartourtargetistotrainyourreadingspeed.Youshouldpaymoreattentionto“keywords”.Wehavemarkedkeywordsinsomeparagraphs.Youcanquicklygraspthemainideaofthesentencesandparagraphsbythesekeywords,therestcanbepracticedbyyourself.Itwillraiseyourreadingspeed.,关键词,PassageTwoTheAdvancementoftheComputer,Theuseofthetransistorincomputersinthelate1950smarkedthecomingofthesecond-generationcomputers.Themostnotablechangewasthattransistorsreplacedvacuumtubes.Thismeantthattheadventofsmaller,faster,morereliableandlessexpensivecomputersthanthatwerepossiblewithvacuum-tubemachines.Inaddition,thesecond-generationcomputersweregivenauxiliarystorage,sometimescalledexternalorsecondarystorage.Datawerestoredoutsidethecomputeroneithermagnetictapesormagneticdisks.Usingmagnetictapesormagneticdisksforinputandoutputoperationsincreasedthespeedofthecomputer.,transistorn.晶体管auxiliaryadj.辅助的magneticadj.磁的,磁性的,PassageTwoTheAdvancementoftheComputer,RAMcapacitiesincreasedfrom8,000to64,000wordsincommerciallyavailablemachinesbythe1960s,withaccesstimesof2to3ms(milliseconds).Thesemachineswereveryexpensivetopurchaseoreventorentandwereparticularlyexpensivetooperatebecauseofthecostofexpandingprogramming.Suchcomputersweremostlyfoundinlargecomputercentersoperatedbyindustry,government,andprivatelaboratoriesstaffedwithmanyprogrammersandsupportpersonnel.Lateinthe1960stheintegratedcircuit,orIC,wasintroduced,makingitpossibleformanytransistorstobeincludedononesiliconchip.Therefore,thecomputersbecameevensmallerandcheaperwhiletheirmemorycapacitiesbecamelarger.,millisecondn.毫秒staffv.为配备人员integratev.集合,集成Circuitn.电路siliconchipn.硅片,PassageTwoTheAdvancementoftheComputer,Themicroprocessorbecamearealityinthemid-1970swiththelarge-scaleintegrated(LSI)circuit.Theearliestmicrocomputer,theAltair8800,wasdevelopedin1975byEdRoberts;thismachineusedtheIntelmicroprocessorandhadlessthan1kilobyteofmemory.Inthe1980s,verylarge-scaleintegrated(VLSI)circuit,inwhichhundredsofthousandsofelectroniccomponentswereetchedintoasinglesiliconchip,becamemoreandmorecommon.Manycompanies,somenewtothecomputerfield,introducedinthe1970sprogrammableminicomputerssuppliedwithsoftwarepackages.The“shrinking”trendcontinuedwiththeintroductionofpersonalcomputers(PCs),whichareprogrammablemachinessmallenoughandinexpensiveenoughtobepurchasedandusedbyindividuals.,microprocessorn.微处理器etchv.蚀刻,PassageTwoTheAdvancementoftheComputer,Bythelate1980s,somepersonalcomputerswererunbymicroprocessorsthat,handling32bitsofdataatatime,couldprocessabout4,000,000instructionspersecond.Microprocessorsequippedwithread-onlymemory(ROM),whichstorageconstantlyused,unchangingprograms,nowperformedanincreasednumberofprocess-control,testing,monitoring,anddiagnosingfunctions,likeautomobileignitionsystems,automobile-enginediagnosis,andproduction-lineinspectionduties.Fromtheintegratedcircuittolarge-scaleintegrationandtovery-large-scaleintegration,thiswasthestartofthemicroprocessorage.Themicroprocessorcontinuedtoimprovefromthe80286,80386tothe80486,thenPentium,Pentiumandsoon.,Monitorv.监视Diagnosev.诊断,识别automobileignition汽车点火,PassageTwoTheAdvancementoftheComputer,Moderndigitalcomputersareallconceptuallysimilar,regardlessofthesize.Theycanbedividedintoseveralcategoriesonthebasisofcostandperformance:thepersonalcomputerormicrocomputer,arelativelylow-costmachine,usuallyofdesktopsize.Italsoincludeslaptopswhicharesmallenoughtofitinabriefcaseandpalmtopswhichcanfitintoapocket;theworkstation,amicrocomputerwithenhancedgraphicsandcommunicationscapabilitiesthatmakeitespeciallyusefulforofficework;theminicomputer,generallytooexpensiveforpersonaluse,issuitableforabusiness,school,orlaboratory;themainframecomputer,alarge,expensivemachinewhichmeetstheneedsofmajorbusinessenterprises,governmentdepartments,scientificresearchestablishments;thesupercomputer,thelargestandfastestcomputer.,microcomputern.微型计算机Desktopadj.桌面的,台式的Workstationn.工作站minicomputern.小型计算机mainframen.主机,大型机supercomputern.巨型计算机,PassageTwoTheAdvancementoftheComputer,The“fifth-generation”computerisusingnewtechnologiesinverylargeintegration,alongwithnewprogramminglanguage,andwillbecapableofamazingfeatsintheareaofartificialintelligence,voicerecognition.Oneimportantparallel-processingapproachisneuralnetwork,whichmimicsthearchitectureofthenervoussystem.Thispicture(Pic1.3)showsChinasfirstpetaflop/sscalesupercomputerTianhe-1.TheChineseNationalUniversityofDefenseTechnology(NUDT)recentlyunveiledChinasfastestsupercomputer,alsotheworldfifthfastestcomputer,whichisabletodomorethanonepetaflopcalcula-tionspersecondtheoreticallyatitspeakspeed.TheTH-1ismadeupof80computecabinetsincluding2560computenodesand512operationnodes.,artificialadj.人工的Intelligencen.智能recognitionn.识别neuraladj.神经的mimicv.模仿petaflopn.千万亿次unveilv.展出peakadj.最高的,PassageTwoTheAdvancementoftheComputer,TheTH-1systemwillbeusedtoprovidehighperformancecomputingservicefortheTianjinareaandthenortheastofChina.NSCC（NationalSupercomputerComputerCenter）-TJplanstousethissystemtosolvethecomputingproblemsindataprocessingforpetroleumexplorationandthesimulationoflargeaircraftdesigns.OtherusesfortheTH-1supercomputerincludethesciences,financial,automotiveandshippingindustries.Onecontinuingtrendincomputerdevelopmentismicro-miniaturization,theefforttocompressmorecircuitelementsintosmallerandsmallerchipspace.,petroleumn.石油simulationn.模拟financialadj.金融的microminiaturizationn.微小型化,PassageTwoTheAdvancementoftheComputer,transistorn.晶体管auxiliarystorage辅助存储器magnetictape磁带magneticdisk磁盘integratedcircuit（IC）集成电路LSI大规模集成电路kilobyten.千字节VLSI超大规模集成电路siliconchipn.硅片microcomputern.微型计算机microprocessorn.微处理器palmtopn.掌上型计算机laptopn.便携式计算机minicomputern.小型计算机workstationn.工作站supercomputern.超级计算机mainframen.主机,大型机artificialintelligence人工智能voicerecognition语音识别neuralnetwork神经网络,KeyWords,ReadingComputerOngoing,Trainingtarget:Readthefollowingreadingmaterialsandusethereadingskillsmentionedinthepassageabove.Theremaybesomenewwordsinthereadingmaterials,justtrytoguessthemeaningandputyourdictionaryaside.,ReadingComputerOngoing,WhatsaWearable?Wearablecomputersarethenextwaveofportablecomputingandtheywillgowaybeyondlaptops.Imaginewatchingamovieprojectedthroughyoureyeglassesontoavirtualscreenthatseemstofloatinyourfieldofvision.Orimagineworkingonanautomobile,anairplane,oranunderwatermissionandreadinganinstructionmanual,communicatingwithco-workers,orinputtingdataviacomputerallwithoutliftingafingerfromthetaskathand.Todate,personalcomputershavenotliveduptotheirname.Mostmachinessitonthedeskandinteractwiththeirownersforonlyasmallfractionoftheday.Smallerandfasternotebookcomputershavemademobilitylessofanissue,butthesamestaiduserparadigmpersists.,ReadingComputerOngoing,Wearablecomputer(Pic1.4)hopestoshatterthismythofhowacomputershouldbeused.Awearablecomputerisaverypersonalcomputer.Apersonscomputershouldbeworn,suchaseyeglassesorclothingareworn,andinteractwiththeuserbasedonthecontextofthesituation.Withheads-updisplays,unobtrusiveinputdevices,personalwirelesslocalareanetworks,andahostofothercontextsensingandcommunicationtools,thewearablecomputercanactasanintelligentassistant.,ReadingComputerOngoing,MicroOpticalCorp.,basedinWestwood,Mass.,hasdesignedtwomodelsofaneyeglassdisplayonethatclipsontothesideoftheusersglasses,andoneintegrateddirectlyintotheeyewear.ThoughtheuserstillneedsaCPUalaptop,awearablecomputer,orevenaDVDplayerorcellphonethemonitororscreenisactuallyprojectedthroughtheuserseyeglasses.GergJenkins,salesmanageratMicroOptical,saystheLCDispositionedneartheuserstemple.Aprojectedimagepassesthroughthelensesofregulareyeglasses,bouncesoffamirror,anddisplaystheillusionofafull-sizemonitorfloatinginfrontoftheusersface.Thedisplayweighslessthananounce,soitsmuchmorecomfortablethansomeoftheearlierhead-mounteddisplays.,ReadingComputerOngoing,WetPCCalledtheWetPC(Pic1.5),itcomprisedaminiaturepersonalcomputerwithamask-mountedvirtualdisplayandanovelone-handedcontrollercalledaKordPad.Thecomputerwasmountedinawaterproofhousingonthediversairtank.Acablefromitwasconnectedtothewaterproofvirtualdisplaywhichpresentedthediverwithahighcontrastdisplay“floating”inthefieldofview.AsecondcablewasconnectedtotheKordPad,a5-keydevicewhichthedivercouldholdineitherhandandwhichwasusedtocontrolthecomputerbypressingsingleormultiplekeys.AGraphicalUserInterface(GUI)showstheuserwhichkey(orkeys)topress.,ReadingComputerOngoing,TheGUIfacilitatesthewearabilityandusabilityoftheWetPCunderwatercomputer.Itwastheresultofseveralyearsofresearchintointerfacedesignandfunctionality.Ratherlikeplayingthepiano,theusercaninteractwiththecomputerinaverynaturalwaythedivercanaccessandrecordinformationwithonehand,evenwhileswimming.TheWetPCcanhelpsalvage-divers,maritimearcheologists,andpolicediversfindobjects,recordorlookupinformation,orsimplymonitortheirlocationatalltimes.Scientistscouldusetheunitformappingandmonitoringcoralreefs.NavydiverscouldusetheWetPCtosearchforminesandotherunexplodeddevices.TheWetPChasapplicationsineducation,recreation,andtourismaswell.DiverscanusetheWetPCtonavigatereefsandcreateadigitalguidedtourforunderwatertourists.,ReadingComputerOngoing,TheChallengesofWearableComputingThecreationofwearablecomputersisnotwithoutchallengeprimarily,howtoproduceanaffordableproduct.Mostunitsarentpricedfortheaverageconsumer.Onthedevelopmentside,designersandengineerscontinuallystrivetoincreasethefunctionalityandcomfortofwearablecomputers.“Oneofthebigchallengesforusistocontinuetomakethemuser-friendlytomaintainusabilityasthefunctionalitygoesupandthesizegoesdown,”saysDannyCunagin,presidentofLogic.AndwhilemostwearablecomputersusestandarddesktopcomputerspecificationsPentiumprocessors,Windowsoperatingsystemscreatingauserinterfacethatiseasy,unobtrusive,andcomfortabletouse.,ReadingComputerOngoing,laptopn.膝上型计算机,笔记本计算机fractionn.部分mobilityn.流动性,移动性staidadj.不变的,固定的paradigmn.样式shatterv.粉碎,破坏unobtrusiveadj.不引人注目的clipv.夹住,扣住cellphone蜂窝电话,移动电话LCD液晶显示器templen.太阳穴illusionn.错觉,幻觉salvagen.海上救助maritimeadj.海上的archeologistn.考古学家navigatev.航行miniatureadj.小型的,微小的noveladj.独特的waterproofadj.防水的facilitatev.使容易,使便利GUI（GraphicalUserInterface）图形用户界面strivev.努力,奋斗user-friendlyadj.用户友好的specificationn.规格,规范,KeyWords,
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