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国家教育部于2000年提出了修改中学课程标准的意见，其指导思想是：一个宗旨（素质教育）、二个重点（创新精神和实践能力）、三个面向（面向未来、面向国际、面向竞争）。同时提出了英语素质教育的目的和内容：激发和培养学习兴趣，帮助学生树立自信心，形成有效的学习策略，养成良好的学习策略，养成良好的学习习惯、掌握一定的语言知识和基本技能，建立初步的语感，获得基本的语言运用能力，开发智力、培养观察、记忆、思维、想象、创造能力，了解文化差异，增强世界意识，为学生的发展和终身学习打下良好的基础。在如此背景下进行的本研究项目的意义在于既符合国家对中学外语教学所提的要求和目标，也将写的训练贯穿于日常教学活动的全过程，寓写于听说读等诸方面的训练中，从而使学生达到真正全面提高写的能力的目的。同时对中学外语教师指导学生如何写好英语作文也极具参考价值和帮助作用。,目前国内就中学生英语写作课题尚缺乏较完整、系统和科学的研究，更勿论提出有份量乃至权威的实验报告，用以指导我国学生的英语写作。而随着我国经济与国际接轨及加入世贸组织后，英文写作的重要性正在日益凸现，我们知道，语言交际，就是传递和接受信息。传递信息就是说和写，接受信息就是听和读。听和说是口头交际，读和写是书面交际，我们不仅要听懂别人说的、看懂别人写的，而且还要自己能说，且要说得地道，写得洋气，这样才算是真正实现了用英语进行交际的目的。英语的听说读写四者密不可分，相互渗透，互为基础，又呈螺旋式提高。写的能力要在听说读的基础上培养和提高，而写的训练又能进一步提高听说读的能力，因此，今后有关中学生英文写作的研究将会越来越引起重视，并将进一步深化、细化。中文和英文毕竟是两种不同的语言，差异很大。我们在写英文的时候经常会出一些错误，一部分是最基本的语法错误，这里我们把英文写作中常犯的错误列出一部分，以引起我们的注意。另一部分是由于东西方文化的差异所带来的不同思维方式所造成的。,写作研究的现状和发展趋势,第一章历年高考作文评析,一、1989年全国高校招生统一考试英语书面表达,（一）题目要求一个国际青年参观团正在访问我国某城市，你负责安排他们的参观活动。请起草一份通知，准备向参观团成员宣读。通知必须用一段话说明以下几点：1.参观日期：7月22日，星期六。时间：早餐后8点出发。午餐在参观地吃。下午回来。2.参观内容：分四组，每组参观一个地方：工厂、学校、农场或医院。3.欢迎每人参加一组活动。请选择好参观地点，并在今晚9点前到服务台(theServiceDesk)签名。,满分作文：Ladiesandgentlemen,MayIhaveyourattention,please?Welcometoourcity!Imverygladtotellyouourtripplans.Therearefourchoices,includingfactories,schools,farms,andhospitals.Itsuptoyoutodecidewhichgroupyouhaveinterest.Weresupposedtogetgoingat8oclocktomorrowmorningrightafterbreakfast,andyoudonthavetotakeanyfoodwithyousincelunchwillbeservedatthesite.Pleasemakesuretheplacethatyoufeellikegoingandsignupattheservicedeskbefore9p.m.!Thankyou!,其它可用于本篇作文的好句子：1.Youwillbeputintofourgroups.2.Wehavefourtripplansforyoutochoosefrom.3.Youaresupposedtobeinanyofthefourgroups.4.Therearefourchoices.Itsuptoyoutodecidewhichoneisyours.5.Chooseaplacewhichyoumayfeellikevisiting.6.Wellgetgoingat8oclocktomorrowmorningrightafterbreakfast.7.Thetripisscheduledforawholeday,soImafraidwellhavelunchonsite.8.Inaddition,youdonthavetotakeanyfoodwithyou,sincelunchwillbeservedattheplaceyouwillbevisiting.9.Alwaysstaywithyourguide,justtobeonthesafeside.10.Tomakesurethatthevisitsarewellplanned,weneedyoutosignupforyourtripby9:00P.M.11.Thankyouforlistening.,04年浙江省高考英语卷书面表达解析,一、题目假设你是李越,你的加拿大笔友Steve来信说,他和他的一些同学正在学中文,请你推荐两本学中文的词典，根据下表提供的信息,请你给他写一封回信.,不少教师认为本案起点比较低，尖子生发挥水平的空间比较少，连“初中毕业生”都可以“应付”。但是评卷结果却让人大跌眼镜：该题的全省平均得分只有12.58分，满分（25分）者更是凤毛麟角。,二、写作解析,、这种英汉、汉英的方式使得学生能更方便地查找参照词。、这本字典实际上是“双向”字典：一半是英汉，一半是汉英，分别拥有20,000个汉字和18,000英语单词。、这本字典大约有10,000字。、英汉部分的英语单词后面都有相对应的汉语。、所有的汉字都有英语翻译，这些翻译有助于更精确地理解汉字。、尽管没有小本的新华字典那样容易携带，英汉/汉英字典还是更受学生们的欢迎。、对于常见的单词来说，它还含有充足的例子。、它提供了大量的用法注解。,三、语句使用建议,9、它有相当多的例句和注解。10、由于其易用和全面，我也经常使用这本字典。11、我向所有中文学习者推荐这本字典。12、因为它拥有其他字典不曾拥有的东西，所以我说它很有用。13、平均三个中国人就有一个拥有这本字典。14、总体上说，它特别有用，是本很有价值的字典。15、与其他字典相比，这本字典十分有用。16、总而言之，要选汉语字典，这是最好的选择之一。,1、TheEnglish-Chinese,Chinese-Englishformatmakesitconvenientforstudentstocross-referencewords.2、Thisdictionaryisactuallyatwo-waydictionary:onehalfisEnglish/ChineseandtheotherhalfisChinese/English,containingsome20,000Chinesewordsand18,000Englishwords.3、Thisdictionaryhasroughly10,000words.4、TheE/CsectionhastheEnglishwordfollowedbytheChineseequivalent.5、AllChinesecharactersarefollowedbyEnglishtranslation,whichhelpsyouunderstandthecharactersmoreaccurately.6、WhilenotasportableasthesmallerXD,theE/CC/Ewasmorewarmlywelcomedbymystudents.7、Forcommonwordsitalsoincludesefficientexamples.8、Itprovideslotsofusagenotes.,9、Ithasagoodnumberofexamplesentenceswithnecessaryusagenotes.10、Iusethisdictionaryalotduetoitseaseofuseanditscompleteness.11、IhighlyrecommendthisdictionaryforalllearnersofmandarinChineselanguage.12、IhavefoundthisdictionarytobeveryhelpfulbecauseithaswhatmanyChinesedictionariesdonothave.13、Onaverage,oneinthreeChineseownacopyofthedictionary.14、Overall,itisextremelyusefulandagoodvalue.15、Thisdictionaryisincrediblyusefulcomparingtootherones.16、Inshort,itsoneofyourbestoptionsforaChinesedictionary.,1、高考范文DearSteve,ImsopleasedtolearnthatyouandyourclassmatesarelearningChinese.Idliketorecommendthefollowingtwodictionaries.TheEnglish-ChineseChinese-EnglishDictionaryisreallyagoodoneforbeginners.Ithas18,000Englishwordsand20,000Chinesewords.Besidesplentyofexamples,ithasmanynotestellingyoubowtouseaword.XinhuadictionaryisthemostpopularChinesedictionary,andithasavocabularyof10,000words.ItmayalsobeusefultosomeadvancedlearnersofChinese.Ofthetwo,ECCEDisthemoreexpensive,costing52yuan,andXDcosts11yuan.Pleaseletmeknowifyouwantmetobuythesedictionaries.(111words),四、范文欣赏,2、考场高分范文DearSteve,ThankyouverymuchforyourlastletterwhichaskedmesomethingabouthowtochooseadictionaryforlearningChinese.HereIstronglyrecommendyouthefollowingtwowhichmaybeusefultoyou.OneofthemistheEnglish-Chinese/Chinese-EnglishDictionary,whichwillcostyou52yuan.Itcontainssome18,000Englishwordsand20,000Chinesewords.Asithaslotsofexamplesshowinghowtousethewords,itwillbemuchvaluableforthebeginnerslikeyou.Theotherone,XinhuaDictionary,whichchargesyouonly11yuanandhasacollectionof10,000Chinesewords.ItisthemostcommonlyusedoneinChina.IfyouneedmyhelpwithyourChinesepleasewritetome.(120words),3、教师范文DearSteve,Verygladtohavereceivedyourletter,sayingthatyouandyourclassmatesarelearningEnglish.IwishyougoodluckwithyoureffortsinChineselearning.InyourletteryoualsoaskwhatChinesedictionariestouse.HerearethetwothatIhighlyrecommend.Anidealtoolforstudy,theEnglish-Chinese而在英文里，这些时间概念则可以由各种时态来表现出来。再者，英语中的时态很复杂，例如，现在时态不一定表示“现在”的时间概念，再加上被动语态和虚拟语气，问题可就更复杂了。,1.Ifthelibrarywillbebuiltbeforethestudentsgraduatefromtheschool,theycanalsobenefitfromit.,语法错误_第四节动词时态错误（41）,第四节动词时态错误,（提示：在条件式时间从句中，一般现在时态用来表示将来的动作，willbe应改为is。）,2.HowisyourtriptoNewYork?,3.Ifeltasleepwhileattendingtheconcert.,语法错误_第四节动词时态错误（42）,（提示：该问句所涉及到的时间是“过去时”，这一点中国的英语学习考往往出错，应把is改为was。另外：再看一句，“Oh,youarebackhome,Idontknowyouwerehere.同理，dont应为didnt，是“刚才”我还不知道你在这里。）,（提示：英语中有不少动词的过去式、过去名词易混肴的。如,fall/fell/fallen和feel/felt/felt便是一组。）,4.ItwasGrandmasbirthday.Father,MotherandIwenttovisither.Shelivedwithmyuncleinavillagenottoofaraway.Earlyinthemorningweboughtsomepresentsandtookthebustogetthere.,语法错误_第四节动词时态错误（43）,（提示：这是1999年高考题中书面表达题的一段。看上去每个句子的时态很一致，都用了过去时，然而lived是唯一可以从“过去现在，可能还会持续到将来”的一个动作，它必须是lives。）,5.HehadlivedinNewYorkforthreeyearswhenhewasachild.,语法错误_第四节动词时态错误（44）,（提示：在时态判别中，常常会有同学唯“时间短语”马首是瞻，而忽略了情景的分析。他们认为这里的forthreeyears就是跟完成时连用的。实际上，live的动作是在wasachild（过去时）中间发生的，而非在它之前发生，故也就不能用过去完成时。应把hadlived改为lived才对。）,非谓语动词是中文中所没有的。非谓语动词包括现在分词、过去分词、动名词和动词不定式。非谓语动词用法较为复杂，我们容易用错，其中常见错误是状语动作行为者与主句主语不一致。,1.Studyingalone,hisattentionisconcentratedonhislessons.,语法错误_第五节非谓语动词错误（31）,第五节非谓语动词错误,（提示：这句话译成中文似乎很通：一个人学习，注意力集中在功课上。但是，从英文角度来看，状语的动作行为者应该是he。我们可以把句子改动一下：Studyingalone,heconcentrateshisattentiononhislessons）,3.WheneverIgottothemarket,thefirstthingIdidwaslookforcartoons.,2.Inhisopinion,getfatisaterriblething.,语法错误_第五节非谓语动词错误（32）,（提示：get是谓语动词，而我们却需要做主语的动名词，我们可以这样说:Gettingfatisaterriblething.）,（提示：Idid是定语从句，显然与后面的was没有关系，但是，was后面竟再次出现谓语动词，我们可以将lookfor变为tolookfor，或lookingfor这两种非谓语动词。）,5.Thechildrenmadethebedswithoutasking.,语法错误_第五节非谓语动词错误（33）,（提示：是用现在名词还是过去分词，关键在于这个动作是谁发出的。句中出现了itself一词，这就说明call这个动作的发出应是team，故应改为calling。）,（提示：许多同学对谓语动词的“态”的熟悉远不如对“时”的熟悉那么强烈，更不要说是非谓语动词的态了。因此简易大家以后把“时态”叫做“态时”算了！根据逻辑意义，此处的asking应改为beingasked。）,不少学生分不清形容词和副词，形容词、副词间的同义、近义词分不清，所以有必要把它们作为一个项目提出来。,2.Becauseoftheraininthemorning,theroadsbecamesmooth.,语法错误_第六节形容词、副词错误（31）,第六节形容词、副词错误,（提示：应把smooth改为slippery。smooth是光滑的，而slippery则是difficulttohold、driveorwalk，有个例句可以说明这一点：Driveverycarefully,theroadsarewetandslippery.）,（提示：注意副词修饰动词，该用wonderfully。）,1.Youcantimaginehowwonderfulshesings.,3.Mary:JohnsaysImpretty.AndysaysImugly.Whatdoyouthink,Peter?Peter:Abitofboth.Ithinkyoureprettilyugly.,4.Iverymissher.,（提示：pretty可以用作形容词，也可以用作副词。类似词还有hard,straight等。这句话里的pretty就是副词，修饰good。）,（提示：very虽然是副词，但它不修饰动词，该句可以这样说：Imissherverymuch.类似的句子还有，IlikeEnglishverymuch.Itreasurethatverymuch等等。）,语法错误_第六节形容词、副词错误（32）,5.Lifetodayismorebetterthanitwas50yearsago.,（提示：比较级不可以修饰另一个比较级。对比较级的常见修饰词如even,much,still等应了然于心。此处宜将more改为much。）,6.Theriverisverywidetoswimacross.,（提示：副词very,quite,too等意义相近，用法却有所差别。只有“too”常用在“tootodosth”的结构中，表示“太而不能”之意。）,7.Helookedangryatthethecouplesittingbehind.,（提示：look可作系动词，后接形容词，意为“看上去”。但此处的look与at连用，是个实义动词，表达一个动作的概念。应将angry改为angrily。）,语法错误_第六节形容词、副词错误（33）,英语中有大量的介词与动词搭配式组合。例如：toputupwith表示“忍受”，只能用介词with，又如：英文“抢劫”是robsb.ofsth.，不是robsth.ofsb.。这就给我们写作带来不少困难。,1.Suddenly,afootballhitmyfaceandofcourseIfeltverypainful.,语法错误_第七节介词与固定搭配错误（31）,第七节介词与固定搭配错误,（提示：“打在某人脸上”就象robsb.ofsth.一样，是一种固定说法，应该说，hitsb.intheface.同类的还有:hitsb.ontheshoulder,pullsb.bythearm(sleeve)等。）,3.Sheisagoodexampleforme.,2.Byworkinghard,Icanmakeitreality.,（提示：“给树立了榜样”是beanexampletosb.，同类的说法还有，set/followanexampletosb.，如：Maryscourageisanexampletousall.。）,（提示：“将变成现实”是turnsth.intoreality,类似的说法，cometrue,而一般不能说becometrue。）,语法错误_第七节介词与固定搭配错误（32）,5.Hewenttovisitoneofhisfriendsduringhestayedinthecity.,4.IswearIwontcryevenastearsfallfrommyeyes.,语法错误_第七节介词与固定搭配错误（33）,（提示：此句从汉语意思上看并无不妥。但during乃典型介词，后不接从句。故句子应改为Hewenttovisitoneofhisfriendsduringhisstayinthecity.才妥当。）,（提示：from侧重于“来源”，宜改为outof为妥。当然我们也常说：evenastearscometomyeyes或evenastearspressbehindmyeyes。）,英语从句的种类很多，有主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句、同位语从句、状语从句等。,2.IalwaysthinkofwhatamIgoingtobein10years.,语法错误_第八节从句错误（31）,第八节从句错误,1.Ihopetherewillbemorepicturebooksthatourchildrenfinditinterestingtoreadthem.,（提示：注意定语从句中的that,which,who,when,where等在从句中起一定成分的作用。）,（提示：what所引导的宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。）,3.Itsasix-storeybuilding,thecolorofitislightyellow.,4.Icantfindhim.BecauseIhavelosthisaddress.,语法错误_第八节从句错误（32）,（提示：这个句子应该是个非限制性定语从句，it应改为which。）,（提示：“从句”就是“跟从别人的句子”。此处的Because显然已经独立于前一个句子了。宜将整个句子改为：Icantfindhim,becauseIhavelosthisaddress.）,语法错误_第八节从句错误（33）,5.WhowantstogopleasesignupattheServiceDeskby9:00AM.,（提示:who引导名词性从句，此从句可译为“谁想要去这事情”。许多同学只去关注“谁想要去”这一意义，而忽略了这一从句表达“的事情”的概念。宜将Who改为Anyonewho或Whoever.）,许多学生在写英文作文的时候，只考虑意思，对英语语言本身却是顾不过来，漏词可能会导致误解。同样累赘也可能会导致误解。,1.Thereasonwhysomanypeopleprefertoliveinthecountryisbecausetheairinthecityispolluted.,语法错误_第九节漏词与累赘（31）,第九节漏词与累赘,（提示：既然已经有了thereason，就不要再用because了，应改为that。）,3.Theworldpeopleliveinthefutureisdeterminedbywhatwedoittoday.,2.Iappreciatedetectivestoriesbetterthananystories.,（提示：中国学生写英文，由于中文说话习惯的影响，往往漏掉other这个词。）,（提示：注意peoplelivein是定语从句，修饰theworld,其中介词in不可省略。）,语法错误_第九节漏词与累赘（32）,4.TodayIvisitedtheSmiths-myfirsttimevisittoanAmericanfamily.,语法错误_第九节漏词与累赘（33）,（提示：虽然myfirsttime的表达是正确的，但first可以直接修饰一个名词，因此此处要将time删去。）,（提示：汉语中的连词常有“因为所以”“虽然但是”等表达方式。但英语中的连歌分句只能用一个连词连接。Although和but都是常见连词，因此去除but。）,5.AlthoughIfeltsorryforhim,butIwassecretlyhappy.,这一章节中所收集的只是很少一部分有关不同的思维方式所造成的语言运用失误，解决这些失误的根本方法是刻意了解东西方文化差异，模仿地道英语的表达方式，日积月累自然会成功的。我真诚地期待各位同仁能与我一道收集这类题材，因为这个过程本身就在polishingourEnglish。,语用失误_（101）,1.OnedayIvisitedtheInternetandIopenedQICQ.,2.Afterthetalktothestudents,Ilookedaroundtheschool.Ifoundgreatchangesinmyformerschool.,(explored),(toured),visited,3.WhenIarrivedatmyformerschool,Isawstudentsintheschoolcampus,shoutingWelcometoourschool.,5.Sometimestherewasalotofrubbishinhisdeskorthereareusedbowlsborrowedfromthecafeteriaonthebed.,4.Dontfight.Nowyouarerequiredgobacktotheclassroomandwashthewindows.,语用失误_（102）,(Welcomeback),(clean;windows后加asapunishment),(uncleaned),used,wash,Welcometoourschool.,6.ThemoviePearlHarboriswonderful.Itssenseofrealityisverygood.,语用失误_（103）,(Icansenseitsreality),7.Myfamilyisveryhappy.,8.JinYongsBooks.,(Ihaveahappyfamily.),(BooksbyJinYong),9.Theteacherswerebothkindandstrict.Theytaughtuscarefully.,(patiently),Itssenseofrealityisverygood.,carefully,语用失误_（104）,10.ButsometimesIfeelunhappybecausethestudyisverydifficult.,(Ihavegreatdifficultyinmystudies.),11.Tearssometimesfalldownmyface.,12.Imustgraspthetimewhichbelongstome.,(cheeks),(treasure),13.Idontthinkyourplanwillbeuseful.,(work),face,grasp,beuseful,thestudyisverydifficult,语用失误_（105）,14.Iwasverygladwhenwewenttothecountry,becauseoftheinterestingthingsthere.,15.Theseplacesgavememuchhappiness.,16.Wecouldnotboilthericeripe.,(IfeelreallyhappywhenIremembertheseplaces.),(Wehaddifficultyboilingtherice.),(Ialwaysenjoyedseeingthebeautifulthingsinthecountry.),17.ButifIwantedtogethome,Imustgoacrossasmallstream.,语用失误_（106）,18.Butmycuriositytellsmetogoonswimming.,19.Atlast,Iwasafraidthatmyparentswouldbeatme.Thatwasaproblem.,(However,everytimeIwantedtogethomeIneededtogoacrossasmallstream.),(However,Iwasverycurioustohaveaswimandtoseewhatitwaslike.),(OneoftheproblemswasthatIwasafraidthatmyparentswouldbeatme.),21.Mycompanywillbeabletoextendallovertheworld.,20.OntheeveningofOct.18,theChinesenationalfootballteamgotthetickettotheworldcup.,语用失误_（107）,(OntheeveningofOct.18,theChinesenationalfootballteamsecuredtheirplaceintheworldcup.),(Mycompanywillbeabletoexpandallovertheworld.),23.ItisfineSundayandmanypeoplearefree.TheslyJapaneselaunchasuddenattachonPearlHarbor.,22.Sometimesthereweretwoorthreetrainsstayinginthestation.,语用失误_（108）,(Sometimesthereweretwoorthreetrainswaitingatthestation.),(ItisafineSundayandmanypeopleareenjoyingthemselves.TheyslyJapaneseunexpectedlylaunchasuddenattackonPearlHarbor.),24.Theclassroomwasverynoisyyesterdayevening.,语用失误_（109）,(Itwasverynoisyintheclassroomyesterdayevening.),25.Hesenthissontoschoolonfooteverymorning.,26.Mybicyclelostairyesterdayonmywayhome.,(Hewalkedhissontoschooleverymorning.),(Igotaflattireyesterdayonmywayhome.),sent,27.Classisfinished.,语用失误_（1010）,28.Ithasnomeaningtogetupsoearly.,29.Ididnthearyourname.,30.Ithankedhimandstoppedthephone.,(Classisover.),(Itdoesntmakeanysensetogetupsoearly.),(Ididntquitecatchyourname.),(Ithankedhimandhungupthephone.),1.你走那条路的？Whichroaddidyouwalk?2.这本书写什么？Whatwasthebookwritten?3.我有一个意想不到的东西给你？Ihavesurpriseforyou.4.论文我还没打完。还有三页。Iamnotthroughtypingthepaper.Ihavethreepagestogo.5.学习语言很有意思。Learninglanguagesshouldbefunny.6.汤姆的生日就在这个星期。Tomsbirthdayisinthisweek.,以下10个句子的翻译可能存在不同问题。请根据本节课所学的知识对句子进行修改或润色。,1.Whichroaddidyoutake?2.Whatisthebookallabout?3.Ihaveasurpriseforyou.4.Iamnotthroughtypingthepaper.Ihavethreemorepagestogo.5.Learninglanguagesshouldbefun.6.Tomsbirthdayisthisweek.7.Ididntmeantohurtyou.8.Wastepaperwasalloverthefloor.9.Heknewwhatwashappeningallalong.10.Theteatastesabitstrange.,7.我不是故意要伤害你的。Idontmeantohurtyou.8.地上都是废纸。Thefloorwasfullofpaper.9.他自始至终都知道事情的发生。Heknewwhatwashappeningfrombeginningtoend.10.这茶喝起来有点怪。Theteatastesabitstrangely.,第四章模拟作文文句库（课内外句子的欣赏）,第一节：事件,开头:(1)、StrangethingswerehappeninginthecountrysideinnortheastHebei.(2)、Kuntawonderedwhythewhitepeoplehaddonethistohim.Bornafreeman,hewasnowinchains.(3)、Whydoearthquakeshappen?Scientistsexplainthattheoutsideoftheearthismadeofanumberofdifferentplates.(4)Morethan220peoplewerekilledinthefirewhichdestroyedtheCapitalBuildingonFebruary4th,1974.,故事的发展：（1）、ButthiswasbeforeAnnieSullivancametostay.Shewasalivelyyoungwomanwithpatienceandimagination.（2）、Fromthenon,MarieandPierreworkedtogetherontheirresearch.Theydevotedalltheirhourstoworkingintheirlaboratory.(3)、Amazingasitmayseem,Wednesdaynightwasaquietnight.,结尾：（1）、NeverinallSanFranciscoshistorywereherpeoplesokindasonthatterriblenight.（2）、Thatnecklaceyouborrowedfrommewasntarealdiamondnecklace.Itwasworthfivehundredfrancsatthemost.（3）、Holmessaidtoher,“youweresupposedtodielikethat.ImnotsorrythatIdrovethesnakebackintothisroomwhereitattackeditskeeper.”,课外欣赏：开头：(1).FromtodaysnewspaperIlearnthatyouneedaparttimesinger.Ihopetogetthejob.选自新思维(2).Theeast-MidlandcityofLeicester(莱斯特市)hashardlybeenknownasahotbed(温床)ofsports.选自莱斯特足球目标已定(3).OurcompanyrequiresaMarketAssistant(营销助理)toassistourforeignbasedsalesstaff（驻外销售人员）.选自营销管理,发展：(1)、Whetheryoureataparty,dinner,meetingyournewneighbors,inyourfirstdayonthejob,orinanyoneofamilliondifferentsettings(在任何一种背景下).Thesubjectsthatyoucanopenaconversationwitharealmostunlimited(无穷无尽的).选自如何在交谈中打破僵局(2)、Wearedifferent;Weweredifferentinwaysofthinkingandbehaving(思维方式和举止);ButIcanstillsaywearedifferent;IftherehadbeennodifferencesbetweenEastandWest;Imafraidiftherehadbeennodifferences.选自东方和西方-我们能否在两种文化中生活？,结尾：(1)、Cathypassesaway（死了）.However,peoplesometimesstillseeHeathcliff（人名：希斯克利夫）andCathywanderingalongthemoor（荒野）together.Theysaythatitistheirimmortallove（不死的爱）.选自呼啸山庄(2)、Pleasesendyourresume(简历)inEnglishBeforeApril8,2002toJingGuangCenter.选自营销管理,一、一般性介绍。1、人物生平的介绍(1)、AbrahamLincoln,thesonofapoorfamily,wasborninKentucky,USA,onFebruary12th,1809.Hespentverylittletimeatschool.(2)、WhentheQuaker,Elizabeth,marriedJosephFry,itseemedasifherlifewouldbecomfortableandpeaceful.ButElizabethwasnotcontentwithhereasylifeandhergrowingfamily.课外欣赏：(1)、Whenshewas16,livingintheBronx,MamieLevy(mymom)wasknownasoneofthebestballroomdancers（小舞星）intheneighborhood（街坊）.(2)、RiscawasbornandraisedinRomania.Sheemigrated（移居）totheUnitedStatesin1991.,第二节：人物,2对人物的赞美(1)、Hesverysuccessful.Whoshe?Haventyouheardofhim?Hesaveryfamoussinger.(2)、TherewasonceafamousdetectivenamedSherlockHolmes.Wellknownforhisexpertadvice,hewasabletohelpagreatnumberofpeoplewiththeirpersonalaffairs.(1)、IfeltadeepappreciationforSteveAllen.(2)、Tyronewasdifferent.Warmhearted;clever;workhard;devote-to;ironwill;belikedandadmired;besuccessful,3人物的健康状况(1)、Idontfeelwell.Ivegotahightemperatureandmybackaches.Ivegotapainhere.(2)、Aboysneezed,hesaidhehadaheadache,hewasinbedwithahightemperature.课外欣赏：（1）、ImbuiltlikeaClydesdale:thick,strong,goodtogo.（2）、Mamawithhealthproblemsmostofherlife,shetraveledlittleinher78years.我最难忘的人（3）、Inordertocarryoutthekeepfitprogramthroughoutthecountry,ourschoolhasdecidedtohold10,000metrerace.选自复习备考(4).Nowmoreandmorestudentsaregettingnearsightedinschools.选自复习备考,二、人物的心理描写喜：Tearsofjoyfilledhiseyes./IlefthimstandingbythecountersohappythatIalmostenviedhim.怒:Iwasextremelyangry./HehatedthecrueldeedsoftheFrenchnoblesandthewaytheytreatedthepeasants.哀：Lookingupatmewithaweaksmile,theboyleftthestore./FourtimesIsawtheboyseagerfaceturntodisappointment.乐：Hecriesout,fullofjoy./ItwasthefirstjoyIhadknowforyears.课外欣赏:(1)、Itisanindescribale（难以描述）momentwhenasonseeshismothergettingthegreatestthrill（快乐）ofherlife.Thetearswelledupinmyeyes.(2)、IwasntsurewhatIwasdoing.(我简直是气昏了头了。),三、人物的神态描写:(1)、外貌描写：Hishairhadturnedwhite./Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses./Shepretendedtobealawyer,andhermaid,Nerissa,dressedherselfasalawyersclerk.(2)、表情描写：Howeagerlyhelookedupatthesalesassistantforananswer,andhowdisappointedhelookedwhenthemanrefusedhisrequest./Thebooksellerwithacuriouslook.课外欣赏:(1)、Me,tall,blonde（白皙的肤色）andfair（金黄色的头发）withmyhandonUncleMelrosesbentback.Heisfair,too,butverysmall.(2)、Hewasverysmall,perhapsonlyabout165centimeterswithskinny（皮包骨的）armsandlegs,四、人物的品质描写Butsheisalsorememberedforherdeterminationandcourage,herwillingnesstoshareherknowledge,herinterestinwomansrights,andhermedicalserviceduringthewar.(高尚情操的描写)Thepeoplehadconsideredhimtobeagreatleader,andawise,kindandhonestman.SuchwasAlbertEinstein.(优秀品质的描写)Notonlydodisabledpeopleread,write,drawpictures,paintandcook,buttheyalsostudy,gotouniversity,andhavejobs.（自强不息的精神）Onceshehasmadeuphermind,nothingcanchangeit.（坚定的决心）在写作中下列词组会有所帮助：bealwaysreadytohelpsb.bestrictwithhimselflovedoingsthbepatientwithsb.liveasimplelifehaveawarmheartetc.,课外欣赏:(1).Hewasagreatentertainer(艺人),adeepthinker.Buthewasalsokind.Isuspectthatsaqualitythathisaudiencesweredrawnto(被吸引)throughtheyears.(2).Mamatooktimeforeveryone.Shewasreallysomebody.(妈妈总替别人分忧解愁，她是真正了不起的人。)选自我最难忘的人“一个伟大的艺人，一个深刻的思想家”，一个多么了不起的人。但笔锋一转，有良好品质的人才能真正吸引人。“总替别人分忧解愁”、“真正了不起”这样一些从字面翻译不能理解的词或句子需要我们多阅读才能掌握。,1.自然环境(1).Atmidnight,theskybecameclearandthestarswerebright.Itwassoquietinthemountainsthatnightthattherewasalmostnowind,onlythesoundofthefire.(2).Asthesunsinkslower,shadowsspreadacrossthecourtyard.Aftersunset,theskyturnspink.(1)、ThesceneryallthewayfromtheMiaoGaoMountainstothepavilionwasparticularlyfine,withlocusttrees（槐树）onbothsidesdancinginthewindlikefairymaidens（仙女）.选自黄昏(2)、Severalyearsago,thereusedtobeonlyafewsmallcottagesandourschoolwasnothingbutashabbylittlehouse.选自黄冈试题,第三节、环境,2人文环境(1).NewYorkneversleeps.Theundergroundrailwayruns24hoursaday,andthereareallnightcinemas,barsandrestaurants.(2).Thekillingofthebisonchangedthewholewildlifeoftheplains.Withfewerbison,grassshootswerenoteatensograssdidnotgrow
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