英语议论文写作汇总.ppt

writing,Writing:,应用文,议论文,短文,Writing:,通知,感谢信,祝贺信,邀请信,道歉信,投诉信,慰问信,求职信,推荐信,询问信,应用文,议论文,议论文就是要求大家就某一方面对问题通过摆事实，讲道理的方式来表达自己的看法。一般说来，议论文由论点、论据、论证三个部分构成。一般按提出问题，分析问题，解决问题的逻辑顺序来安排。,议论文写作方法,提出议题，辨明自己的态度，观点鲜明，开门见山。提出正反两方面的观点，形成对照的对比法。列出错误的观点，逐条批驳的驳论法。用推理法、归纳法得出结论。,写作类型及写作模板,现象阐释型,问题解决型,对比选择型,观点论证型,利弊评述型,.现象阐述型,对某一现象进行解释说明，分析其原因并加以评论基本结构：1.描述现象并说明其现状；2.分析这种现象的原因或相关因素；3.最后提出建议或总结观点。e.g.WhyCollegeStudentsHaveDifficultyFindingJobs?ChattingonLine,.现象阐述型,一描述现象1）开门见山，总述现象Nowadays,thereexistsasocial/economic/environmentalphenomenon,whichhasarousedgreatconcernamongpeoplearoundus./总体现象hasincreasinglybecomeacommonconcernofthepublic./总体现象iscommonlyacceptedbythepeoplefromallwalksoflife.Accordingtoasurvey,调查内容说明这种现象的情况（或是一个例子）。,.现象阐述型,二阐述原因Thereareacoupleofreasonsboomingthisproblems/phenomenon./Thisproblems/phenomenonhasagreateffecton(影响的主要对象).Firstly，/Aboveall/Firstofall(原因一/影响一).Secondly/Whatsmore/Furthermore,(原因二/影响二).Besides/Finally(原因三/影响三).Astheresult/Therefore/Consequently,(结果).,.现象阐述型,三表明观点AsfarasIamconcerned/Astome/Inmyopinion,“我”的观点态度做法.Furthermore,进一步说明.Therefore/Basedontheabovediscussions,Icanconclude/itcanbeconcludedthat(总结全文).,.现象阐述型,模板一：hasbecomeacommonpartofpeopleslife.Andhasalwaysarousedthegreatestconcern.whatimpressesusmostis.Thereasonsarevaried.5.Amongthevariousreasons,playsanimportantrole.6.Thatistosay,7.Whatismore,8.Forexample,9Whentalkingabout，10Ontheonehand11Ontheotherhand,12Inbrief,.现象阐述型,模板二：1.Wehavewitnessed2.Accordingto，3.And4.Manyreasonscontributeto5.Tobeginwith,.6.Moreover,7.Inaddition,8.Asaresult,9.Astome,，10.Firstofall,11.Besides,12.Toconclude,.现象阐述型,模板三：1.hasbeenbroughtintofocus.2.Nowadays,.3.Inaddition,.4.Manyreasonscontributeto5.Generallyspeaking,.6.Firstofall,7.Moreover,8.Therefore,9.AsfarasIamconcerned,，10.Asweknown,11.Furthermore,12.Inaword,.现象阐述型,CardsOutline:1.现代城市中持卡的人愈来愈多；2.原因在于3.我的看法。,.现象阐述型,Nowadays,holdingcadshasbecomeacommonphenomenon.Accordingtoasurvey,over80%ofpeopleinbigcitiesholdvariouskindsofcardsissuedbybanks,restaurants,supermarkets,etc.Thereareanumberofreasonsforit.Firstofall,itisconvenienttoconsumebycards.Whatsmore,Itissafertocarrycardsthancash.Forexample,ifonescardsarelost,theownerneedntworrytoomuchbecausenooneelse,SAMPLE,.现象阐述型,cangetthemoneyoutwithoutthepassword.Inaddition,cardscangivecardholderscertainprivilegeordiscountinservice.Therefore,holdingcards,especiallyamongtheyouth,becomesfashionablerecently.Asforme,cardshaveabrightfuture.Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,cardswillbecomemuchsaferandeasiertouse.Therefore,itcanbeconcludedthatmorepeoplewillusecards.,SAMPLE,问题解决型,描述反映出的问题，提出解决方案或应对措施基本结构：引出要解决的问题及其严重性或必要性，并简要分析其产生的原因或带来的危害和影响；提出解决问题的办法或措施；表明自己的态度，提出建议并展望前景。e.g.HowtoSolvetheProblemofHeavyTrafficHowtoSucceedinaJobInterviewStayingHealthy,问题解决型,一描述问题Inrecentyears,increasingnumbersofpeople关注/牵涉/参与不良现象或某一问题.Itisobviousthat危害一/作用一.Additionally,危害二/作用二.Therefore,special/considerableattentionshouldbepaidto该问题.二说明方法/因素Ontheonehand/Firstly,方法一.Ontheotherhand/Secondly,方法二.Inaddition/Thirdly,方法三.,问题解决型,三议论Ofcourse,followingthesesuggestions/methodsmaynotsurelysolvetheproblem,butitisworthoftrying.Asforme/inmyopinion,“我”的思考或看法.Onlyinthisway倒装句总结全文/Undoubtedly,itisnecessary/essential根本途径.,问题解决型,模板一1.Withthedevelopment/improvementof.2.Itisnecessarythat.3.Ontheonehand,.4.Ontheotherhand,5.Therefore,howtoisworthpayingattention.6.Firstly7.Secondly8.Forexample,9.Thirdly,.10.Inotherwords,11.Infact,waystoarecountless.12.Itstimethat,问题解决型,模板二1.Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyabout.2.Itisobviousthat.3.Additionally,.4.Soitishightime,5.Firstofall,6.Thereasonis7.Secondly8.Thatistosay,9.Thirdly,.10.Infact,morethanthreewayscanbeadopted,11.Asforme,12.Allinall,问题解决型,模板三1.Itiscertainthat.2.Foronereason,.3.Foranother,.4.However,somestillpuzzleonhowto.5.Herecomesomesuggestions.6.Tobeginwith,7.Secondly8.Forinstance,9.Thirdly,.10.Thatisbecause11.Thesolutionvaryaccordingtodifferentsituations.12.Therefore,问题解决型,GettingtoKnowtheSocietyOutline:1.大学生了解社会的必要性；2.了解社会的途径（大众媒体、社会实践活动等）；3.我在这方面是怎么做的。Itisnecessaryforcollegestudentstoknowthesociety.Inschool,weonlyobtainknowledgefrombooks,which,sometimes,is,SAMPLE,问题解决型,Differentfromreallifeexperience.Onlythroughpractice,canwemodifyourwaysinstudyinordertoservesocietybetteraftergraduation.Whatsmore,wecangainabilitiesinorganizationandmanagementinpractice.Therearemanywaysforustoknowthesociety.Forexample,wecanlearnalotthroughwatchingTV,listeningtotheradio,readingnewspapersandsoon,SAMPLE,问题解决型,Alsowecanknowthesocietythroughservingit,suchasbeingasocialvolunteertoofferhelptothedisabled.Besidesthewaysmentionedabove,Itakeanactivepartinsomesocialactivities.Forexample,Ihavebeenaprivateteacherinmysparetimeandtakenapart-timejobintheholiday.Inthisway,IthinkIcanbetterfitsocietyinfuture,SAMPLE,对比选择型,比较两种观点或两种做法，进而表明自己对问题或事物的态度或观点。基本结构：1.对要评价的事物或现象进行整体介绍；2.陈述两种不同的观点或做法及其理由；3.表明自己的观点或态度。e.g.MoneyItPaystoBeHonestChoseaFamousUniversityoraFavoriteMajor,对比选择型,一提出观点Whenaskedabout/Whenitcomesto事物/问题，differentpeoplewillofferdifferentopinions.Somepeopletakeitgrantedthat观点一.Intheiropinion,选择观点一的理由一.Besides,选择观点一的理由二.二对比论证However,othersholdthat观点二.Theymaintainthat观点二/选择观点二的理由一.And观点二/选择观点二的理由二.三总结观点Weighingupthesetwoarguments,Iamfortheformer/latterviewpoint/choice.“我”的理由.Therefore,asstatedabove,重申观点/选择.,对比选择型,模板一：1.Differentpeoplehavedifferentviewson2.Somepeopleprefer,.3.Otherstendto,.4.Astome,Iagreewith/to5.Ofcourse,.6.Forexample,7.But,8.Thefollowingreasonscanaccountformypreference9.Themainreasonis.10.Agoodexampletoillustrateis11.Foranother,12.Fromtheforegoing,对比选择型,模板二：1.Thereisnocompleteagreementamongpeopleasto2.Somepeopleconsider,.3.However,othersthink,.4.Somepeoplemaysay5.Theyholdthisopinionbecause.6.However,othersbelieve,7.Theyarguethat,8.Personally,Iaminfavorofthe9.Firstly,.10.Secondly,11.Mostimportantofall12.Takingabove-mentionedfactorsintoconsideration,we/Imayreasonablyconcludethat,对比选择型,模板三：1.Whenaskedabout,differentpeoplewillofferdifferentopinions.2.Somepeopletakeitforgrantedthat.3.Intheiropinion,.4.Besides5.However,othershold.6.Theymaintain7.And8.Weighingupthesearguments,Iamfor9.Foronething.10.Foranother,11.Forinstance,12.Therefore,asstatedabove,对比选择型,Moneyoutline:1.有人认为金钱是万能的；2.有人认为金钱是万恶之源（thesourceofallcrimes）；3.我对金钱的看法。Somepeopleclaimthatmoneyistheonlyrulethatmeasuresaperson.Theywouldregardyouasasuccessfulmanifyouhavealargesumofmoney.Andtheywouldevenconsideryouafoolifyouarepenniless,SAMPLE,对比选择型,orifyouareagainstthem.Otherstrytoprovethatmoneyisthesourceofallcrimes.Toillustrate,theysaythatacertainpersonneedsmoneyandhegoestostealorrob.Andtheywouldoftentellthestorythatamillionairepaysoffsomepoliticianssothathecandowhateverhelikes.Myattitudetowardsmoneyisthatweearnmoneytolive,butnotlivetoearnmoney.Nomatterhowmuchmoneywehave,weshouldbealwaysthemasterofit,butnottheslaveofit.,SAMPLE,观点论证型,要求根据题目所给的论点，按照题目要求通过摆事实、讲道理的方式对该论点进行论证或反驳。基本结构：1.提出要论证或反驳的论点；2.提出论据对其进行论证或反驳；3.表明自己的立场和看法。,观点论证型,e.g.WhyIAttendedCollege?HarmfulnessofFakeCommoditiesTheJobIlikeBestTheBenefitsofMakingFriendsofDifferentKinds,观点论证型,驳论：Uptonow,manypeopleholdittruethat某观点.Theybelieve进一步说明此观点.However,recentsurvey/researchshowsthat与上述观点相反的论点.Theargumentsforthispointofviewcanbelistedasfollows.Aboveall,论据一.Forexample,（支持论据一的事例）.Furthermore,论据二及支持论据二的事例.Mostimportantly,论据三.Allthathasbeendiscussedabovepointstothefactthat重申本文论点.Therefore,与该观点相符合的做法和态度.,观点论证型,立论:Peoplearefamiliarwith/itiswidelyacceptedthat某观点.Asweknow,观点正确性的表现.Therefore,小结观点.Therearenumerousexamplessupportingthisargument.Acaseinpointis例一.Foranotherexample,引出并说明例二.Moreover,阐述第三个例子.Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,weshouldunderstandthat重申观点.But(onethingwehavetonoticeisthat)提出个人建议.Therefore,总结全文.,观点论证型,模板一1.Itistruethat.2.However,.3.Ithink.4.canbelistedasfollow.5.Firstofall,6.Secondly7.Forexample8.Thirdly,9.Acaseinpointis.10.Itgoeswithoutsayingthat11.Thereisnodoubtthat12.Inconclusion,观点论证型,模板二1.Somepeoplebelievethat.2.Thetruthisdeepandprofound.3.Asweknow,.4.Inaddition,.5.Therearenumerousexamples6.Acaseinpointis7.Thereisclosetosuggest8.Foranotherexample9.Moreover,.10.Allmentionedabovetellus11.Butonethingwehavetonoticeisthat12.Inaword,观点论证型,WhyIattendedCollege?Outline:1.你为什么会选择上大学；2.你认为上大学是否值得？,SAMPLE,观点论证型,WhydidIchoosetoattendcollege?Isthefour-yearacademiclifeworthwhile?Ihaveputthesequestionstomyselfmanytimes,andnowIhavereachedtheconclusionthatcollegeeducationiswhatItrulywantanditisworthwhile.IchosetoattendcollegebecauseIenjoylearning.IfeltthatIwantedtocontinuetostudy.Isimplydidntwanttoentertheworkingworldsosoon.IchosetoattendcollegealsobecauseIfeelcollegeismorethanaplacewhichoffersknowledge.Italsoexposesonetoarichvarietyofideas.Finally,Ifeelthat,SAMPLE,观点论证型,intodaysworldcollegeeducationhasbecomealmostessentialinthecompetitivejobmarket.AttendingcollegeisapracticalandnecessarysteptoensureasecurefutureformyselfSo,Ineverconsidermyselfunhappyormiserable,andIneverthinkattendingcollegeisawasteoftimeandmoney.,SAMPLE,观点论证型,WealthandHappinessOutline:1.每个人都想获得财富，财富似乎就是幸福，其实不然；2.世界上有许多东西是财富换不来的。Uptonow,manypeoplestillholdthatwealthcanbringhappiness.Theybelievethatwithagreatamountofmoney,theymustliveahappierlife.However,recentsurveyshowsthatwealthisnotnecessarilyassociatedwithhappiness.Theargumentsforthispointofviewcanbelistedasfollows.,SAMPLE,观点论证型,Aboveall,goodhealthplaysanimportantroleabovewealthinahappylife.Forexample,peoplecanbuymedicinewithmoney,butcannotbuyhealth.Furthermore,wealthmayencouragethoseharmfulhabitswhichmayruinthewealthowner,suchasaddictiontodrugsandgambling.Mostimportantly,thereisonethingessentialtohappinesswhichcannotbeboughtwithwealth-love.Allthathasbeendiscussedaboveshowsthatwealthisnotequaltohappiness.Therefore,weshouldnotbecrazyaboutmoneyandearnitwithhonestwork,SAMPLE,.利弊评述型,要求客观地分析和评论某一事物的正反两方面，或在某一问题上反映出的两种不同看法,采用平衡利弊的态度，提出某种希望和设想。基本结构：1.分析某事物的现状及优点；2.说明事物缺点；3.对事物现状和前景的看法。e.g.ThePositiveandNegativeAspectsofSkyscrapersTheDevelopmentofaPrivateCarMyViewonExamination,.利弊评述型,Forthepastfewyears,某事物hasbeenwidelyacceptedbypeople/hascomeintopeoplesdailylife.Noonedenythat某事物的好处.Foronething,好处一.Foranother好处二.However,justasallcoinshavetwosides,therearealsodisadvantagesabout某事物的弊端.Forexample,弊端一.Moreover,弊端二.Finally,弊端三.Inmyopinion,“我”的建议.Onlyinthisway,canwe总结全文.,.利弊评述型,Nowadays,thereisawidespreadconcernover(theissuethat)作文题目.Infact,therearebothadvantagesanddisadvantagesin题目议题.Generallyspeaking,itiswidelybelievedthereareseveralpositiveaspectsasfollows.Firstly,优点一.Andsecondly优点二.Justasapopularsayinggoes,everycoinhastwosides,讨论议题isnoexception,andinanotherword,itstillhasnegativeaspects.Tobeginwith,缺点一.Inaddition,缺点二.Tosumup,weshouldtrytobringtheadvantagesof讨论议题intofullplay,andreducethedisadvantagestotheminimumatthesametime.Inthatcase,wewilldefinitelymakeabetteruseofthe讨论议题.,.利弊评述型,ThePositiveandNegativeAspectsofHomeComputersOutline:1.家用电脑的普及；2.家用电脑的好处；3.家用电脑带来的问题。Nowadays,computershavecomeintopeopleshomeasoneofcommonhouseholdappliances.ThereisnodoubtthatlikeTV,homecomputersbenefitpeoplegreatly.Withthecomputer,thehomebecomesalibrary,aschool,SAMPLE,.利弊评述型,anofficeandanentertainmentcenter.Allkindsofinformationcanbecloseatonesfingertips.Inaddition,homecomputersbringpeoplefarawayclosertous.Despitetheconveniencethathomecomputersbringabout,theyhavedisadvantages.Forexample,people,especiallytheyouth,mayeasilygetaddictedtocomputergames.Besides,sincenearlyeverythingcanbedoneinfrontofthecomputer,wemaybecomemoreisolatedfrompeoplearoundus.Inmyopinion,weallshouldconsiderhowtocontrolhomecomputers,sothattheywontcontrolus.Onlyinthisway,canwemakefulluseofthem,whileavoidingofthesideeffects.,SAMPLE,