英语四级阅读快速提升.ppt

英语阅读,阅读理解考试介绍,四级阅读主要测试掌握主旨大意正确理解事实和细节既理解字面意思，又能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论既理解个别句子的意义，又理解上下文的逻辑关系理解作者的态度推测词义,题目特点,题材：科技方面：如有关动植物，医学，海洋，地质，语言，空间技术等。社科方面：如历史，家庭，婚姻，教育，伦理，犯罪，娱乐，交通，住房，环境，能源等。科技：25，社科人文：75,体裁：说明文，议论文为主1）对社会、自然、思维等现象进行解释、阐述和论证2)信息量大且比较复杂3)逻辑性强4）以抽象思维如概括、判断、推理为主,结构：演绎：主旨句实例结论；归纳：事实分析主旨语言：长句难句较多,常见题型,1.主旨题2.推理题(包括作者的观点，态度，语气题）3.细节题4.语义题,1主旨题（“mainidea”questions),Themainideaofthispassageisthat_Thepassageismainlyabout_Themajorpointdiscussedinthepassageis_Whathasbeendiscussedinthepassage?Whichofthefollowingcanbestsumupthepassage?Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe_Whatisthemaintopicofthispassage?Thepassagemainlytellsus_,一、四级阅读理解题型分类-主旨题,如2005年考题，Whatistheauthorspurposeinwritingthisarticle?A)TojustifythestudyoftheBostonUniversityMedicalCenter.B)Tostresstheimportanceofmaintainingproperweight.C)TosupportthestatementmadebyYorkOnnen.D)Toshowthemosteffectivewaytoloseweight一看这四个选项，就可以发现A和C里面包含十分具体信息“theBostonUniversityMedicalCenter”和“YorkOnnen”，是利用原文中的具体话题，某个细节内容而设计的干扰选项。,Exercise(OverviewQuestions),Everyscientificdisciplinetendstodevelopitsownspeciallanguagebecauseitfindsordinarywordsinadequate,andpsychologyisnodifferent.Thepurposeofthisspecialjargon(行话）isnottomystifynon-psychologists;rather,itallowspsychologiststoaccuratelydescribethephenomenatheyarediscussingandtocommunicatewitheachothereffectively.Ofcourse,psychologicalterminologyconsistsinpartofeverydaywordssuchasemotion,intelligence,andmotivation,butpsychologistsusethesewordssomewhatdifferently.Forexample,laymenusethetermanxietytomeannervousnessorfear,butmostpsychologistsusethetermtodescribeaconditionproducedwhenonefearseventsoverwhichonehasnocontrol.,Themaintopicofthispassageis_.A.effectivecommunicationB.thespeciallanguageofpsychologyC.twodefinitionsofthewordanxietyD.thejargonofscience,B,2推理判断题,Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat_Fromthepassagewecaninfer(drawtheconclusion)that_Theauthorwritesthispassagemainlyto_Thepassageimplies(suggests)that_Theauthorsattitudetowards.is_Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablybefound?Theparagraphfollowingthispassagemostprobablydiscusses_,推理题分类,1综合推理判断题：归纳分析能力推断作者态度与观点：文章主题句和段落主题句，字里行间，上下文，措词褒贬。推断语篇与段落主旨：基本原则以文章主旨或TS为基础，不能无原则的任意猜测2细节推理判断题：即某一细节的言外之意。原则-身在其外，意在其中。不能脱离该细节上下文来想象、推理。,从原则上来讲，态度题可以考查作者对一个中心话题的看法，也可以考查作者对某一具体细节的态度，但是从历年考法来看，四级阅读更加注重考查文章中心话题。所以，态度题经常可以通过文章主题来判断作者的态度。如2003年6月考题，原文首句：Itsnosecretthatmanychildrenwouldbehealthierandhappierwithadoptiveparentsthanwiththeparentsthatnaturedealtthem.题目：Theauthorsattitudetowardsthejudgesrulingcouldbedescribedas_.A)doubtfulB)criticalC)cautiousD)supportive全文首句可以体现文章讨论的中心话题，它明确道出了作者的观点：有时小孩与养父母在一起比与亲生父母在一起更好。而原文中judgesruling的结果就是把小孩判给了养父，所以作者一定会持支持态度，故选D。,一、四级阅读理解题型分类-态度题,一、四级阅读理解题型分类-态度题,Whenapplegrowerstalkaboutnewvarietiesofapples,theydontmeansomethingdevelopedlastmonth,lastyear,oreveninthelastdecade.A.Applegrowershaventdevelopedanynewvarietiesinrecentdecades.B.Somevarietiesofapplescanbedevelopedinashorttime,butotherstakealongtime.C.Newvarietiesofapplestakemanyyearstodevelop.,(1)判断推测句中omnivorous一词的大意Shehasawideinterestandisanomnivorousreader.根据句中她“兴趣广”这一上文和被修饰的reader一词，可大概判断omnivorous具有“兴趣广、什么书都喜欢读”等含义。(2)根据前文，判断下文Lazinessisasin,everyoneknowsthat.NeverthelessA)lazinesscanactuallybehelpfulB)lazinessisasignofmentalillnessC)lazinessisimmoralandwastefulD)youmustbecarefulwhenyouseesomeonelazy根据第一分句的语义倾向和Nevertheless一词，我们可得出这样的判断，即下文要谈的内容必然与之相反，即谈论Laziness也有其有利、肯定的一面，故A最有可能。,3细节掌握题（detailquestions),WhichofthefollowingisTRUE(orNOTTRUE)?WhichofthefollowingisNOTMENTIONEDinparagraphX?Accordingtothepassage,alloffollowingaretrueEXCEPTthat_Whichofthefollowingmayleadto(cause)_Theauthorstronglyarguesfor(oragainst)because_Themainreasonfor(orwhy.)isthat_Theauthorgivesanexampleinpara.Xmainlytoshowthat_,先看题干，再看原文，带着题干个别的特有信息或者带着题干的中心话题在原文定位。如“Whatdidthehandballplayerdowhenhewasnotallowedatimeouttochangehisgloves?”就可以结合handballplayer这个中心话题在原文找答案。四级细节题干有时会有比较明显的信息，如时间数字，专有名词，中心名词。如2005年1月考题：WhatwasconfirmedbytheBostonUniversityMedicalCentersstudy?题干中BostonUniversityMedicalCenter这个专有名词可以让考生迅速找到考到的原文内容。如果用题干信息在原文找答案没有结果，可以根据题目的先后顺序来确定大概范围(除个别例外，四级细节题大体上还是按照出题的先后顺序找答案的)。,四级阅读理解题型分类-细节题,三个建议,一、四级阅读理解题型分类-细节题,Initstypicalfeedingposition,aseaotter(水獭）swimsalongonitsbackasitusesarocktocracktheshellfishonwhichitfeeds.Then,tuckingtherockintoapocket-likefoldofskinunderitsarm(inwhichitalsooftenkeepsasupplyofextrafood),itwillturnanddivetothebottomformoreshellfish.Ottershavebeenplayingwithrocksandshells,throwingthemfromonepawtoanotherforhoursatatime.Motherottersusuallysheltertheiryoungontheirchests.Iftheyhavetoleavethepupsforanylengthoftime,motherottersmaywraptheminthestandofakelpplanttokeepthemfromdriftingaway.Althoughanotterislargeatbirth-fivetosixpounds-itreceivesmaternalcareuntilitisthreeorfouryearsold,bywhichtime,likeitsparents,itcandivetodepthsof100feetormore.,1.Whatdoseaottersdowithshellfish?A.Eatthem.B.Burythem.C.Feedthem.D.Protectthem.2.Wheredoseaottersstorefood?A.Intheirpaws.B.Undertheirtongues.C.Inlittlepocketsintheircheeks.D.Inpouchesontheirbodies.3.Whendoyoungseaottersusuallybecomeindependentoftheirmothers?Soonafterbirth.B.Afterabout100days.C.Afterfiveorsixmonths.D.Afterthreeorfouryears.,4词汇意义题（语义题）,Theword“”inline(para.)Xmostprobablymeans_InparagraphX,theword“”refersto(standsfor).Bysaying“”(inlineX,para.X),theauthorisreferringto_Theword“”inparaXcanbebestreplacedby_“it”(they)inlineXmostprobablyrefersto_Whichofthefollowingstatementsisclosestinmeaningtothesentence“”inpara.X?,一、四级阅读理解题型分类-词汇题,Vocabularyincontextquestions,TheplanetMercuryisvisibletothenakedeyebutisnottheeasiestplanettospot.UnclothedUnaidedunarmed,语义题分类,1）同义判别题：生词辨义上下文暗示或上下文logic关系来推测2）语义转述题：重新paraphrase解释文章中的句子或短语语句特点：a.与themeorTS有关；b.形式结构上有一定难度；c.在特定的context中有特定含义(e.g.ThebusinessofAmericanisbusiness.)3）语义指代题：this可指前或后；that指前,解题技巧,主旨题解题策略找主题句（TS）概括段落大意确定文章主题对比答案各项，找出答案正确答案特点：与TS相似，简明，扼要，不过于笼统也不过于具体,Para.1:Whetheryouareasmokeroranonsmoker,youshouldtakemeasurestoprotectyourlungs.Youcantestyourlungcapacitybyholdingalightedmatchaboutsixinchesfromyourfaceandtryingtoblowitoutwithyourmouthwideopen.Ifyoucannotblowouttheflame,arrangeforamedicalexamination.Usingasimplemachinecalledaspirometer(spirometer),adoctorcanmessagethelungsstrengthandcapacity.Inotherwords,hecantesthowefficientlyyoubreathe.Whencombinedwithacompletephysicalexamination,thespirometertestmaydetectearlysignsofrespiratoryproblems.,Whichsentenceexpressesthemainideaa.Necessityisthemotherofinvention.b.Anounceofpreventionisworthapoundofcure.c.Dontcountyourchickensbeforetheyrehatched.d.Jointheunhookedgeneration.,细节题解题策略1）浏览全篇2）按试题顺序查找3）找关键词，找线索干扰项特点：句子与文章中的句子极为相似，此句多半是错的正确项特点：对本文中的keyword进行paraphrase。如emphasis-stress,Example:Oralhealthcareis,thesedays,abig,boombusiness.AccordingtoRalphNader,Americansspendsome$5billionondentalcareeachyear.Yet,despitethetremendousamountofmoney,timeandenergygivenovertooralhealth,dentalliteratureindicatesthatabouthalfthepopulationinthiscountryhaslostallofitsnaturalteethbyage65.Nearlyhalfofallpeopleoverage20wearabridge(假牙上的齿桥)ordenture(假牙),andmorethan20percenthavecompleteupperandlowerdentures.Byage50,oneoutofeverytwopersonshasgumdisease.,ThedentalprofessionblamesneglectfulAmericansthemselves.Abouthalfthepopulation,itclaims,failstovisitthedentistregularlyandsome30millionneverdo.Critics,ontheotherhand,slamtheprofession.Itcanbeconservativelyestimatedthatatleast15percentofUnitedStatesdentistsareincompetent,dishonest,orboth,sayaformerPennsylvaniaCommissionerofInsurance.Somehavesetthefigureashighas50percent.,1.Thepassagebacksupwhichoneofthefollowingstatements?Byandlarge,dentistsarehonestprofessionals.BecauseofthelargesumsofmoneyAmericansspendondentalcaretheirteethareinexcellentcondition.Generallyspeaking,theresultofpoordentalcaredonotshowupuntilverylateinlife.Forthemostpart,dentiststhinkthatAmericansshouldassumegreaterresponsibilityinmaintainingthehealthoftheirteeth.2.TheauthorofthispassagestatesthattheaverageAmericans_visitshisdentistatleastonceayear.stillhasthemajorityofhisnaturalteethattheageof70.annuallyspendsrelativelylittleonhealthcare.mayverylikelywearabridgeordenturebytheageof25.,推理判断题解题策略1）利用信息推测2）对单个词选择项意义的理解(作者态度）作者的观点，态度，语气题TheauthorsattitudetowardcanbestbedescribedassomewhatTheauthorstoneinthepassageisthat.TheauthorofthispassagethinksthatThetoneofthewriterisTheauthorsattitudeisgenerally,example：U.S.demandforfuelsisgrowingsteadily,andcoulddoubleby1985.Butdomesticsupplyislagging,ouroilproductionhaspeakedandisdeclining,andnaturalgasisalreadyscarceinsomesectionsofthecountry.Coalisinsevereenvironmentaltrouble,constructionofnuclearpowerplantsisbehindschedule,andanyrealhelpfromsyntheticfuelsistentofifteenyearsaway.Sooverthenextdecadetheburdenwillfallheavilyonoilandnaturalgas.Andtheavailablereservesofbothhavebeendecliningasdemandrises.Ironicallytheresourcesarethere,intheground,butwearentfindinganddevelopingthemnearlyfastenough.,1.Supplyingthenationsgrowingenergyneedswillrequirea.drasticdecreaseofenergyuse.b.adifferentapproachtofindingnewsources.c.acrashprogramtodevelopsyntheticfuels.d.adrasticchangeinthenationslifestyle.2.Judgingfromyourpersonalexperience,whichofthefollowingcriticismsseemsfair?ToomanyAmericansare_a.overweightb.retiredc.prosperousd.wasteful,语义题解题策略利用词汇意义：构词法;上下文（context)利用句法结构：词性利用篇章因素：上下文逻辑（discourseknowledge),Example:Itisdifficulttodecideatwhatpointworryingceasestobe“normal”,butitisclearlyreasonabletoworry.Peoplegetseriouslyill,plansgoawry,tubetrainssometimescrash.Inpractice,anxietyisjudgedtobepathological(病态的)whenitcurtails(消弱)ourabilitytoleadanormalexistence.Wecanmanageperfectlywellwithouttravelinginplanesorlifts,andaneveningoutisntspoiledbythefactthatweareunabletoleavethehousewithouttriple-checkingthefront-doorlock.Suchquirksarewidespreadinthegeneralpopulationandcaneasilybedistinguishedfromthebehaviorofsomeoneunableevertoleavetheirhouseorpeoplewhocantgoshoppingforfearoftremblingwhentheyhandlemoneyinfrontofanotherperson.,Theword“quirk”intheparagraphrefersto_featb.behaviorc.beliefdfeeling,第三章选项中常见错误,1.离题（Irrelevance）2.理解不充分(IncompleteComprehension)*太具体（Over-specific）:着眼于文中某一细节，忽略具体内容，其毛病在于概括不够。*太笼统（Over-general）:概括超出了短文中的思想。.3.不真实(UntrueorIllogical),正确答案特点,1.同义性答案a.使用原文的结构和用语e.g.AismoreimportantthanB-BislessimportantthanAb.使用同义词语:suppose-assumec.使用同义结构:compose-consistof,2.推理性答案A.归纳型:specific-generalB.演绎型:general-specifice.g.Allthestudentsareboys,sothisoneisaboy.C.释义型:toexplaininanotherway,第四章阅读方法推荐,I.Top-downmethod通篇略读，快速阅读全文仔细阅读题目，明确问的是什么照题查阅，寻找正确答案的根据问题中找线索选择项中找线索文章中找线索II.Bottom-upMethod,III.二者结合阅读法,浏览开头结尾段及各段TS，弄清主旨，找出keywords,切忌太快。浏览题干，找出keywords，做到心中有数有目的地浏览全文，粗略有别，合理定位。依据原文，合理利用排除法，确定答案：找出明显干扰项排除，但要依据原文事实，不可臆断。时间观念：9minutes/perpassage,第四章阅读考试的考前准备,1坚持广泛阅读英语读物读者文摘；英语世界；英语学习；大学英语*读的过程中注意情节或具体内容的发展，不过多关注生词,2改正阅读中的坏毛病发出声音的朗读或心里默读用手或笔指着导读重复阅读或回头重读头左右摆动，手不停地做小动作3加强考前强化训练,