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Simple,Compound,ComplexandCompound-ComplexSentencesinYourWriting,Onceawriterknowsthedifferencebetweenthethreesentencetypes(simple,compound,andcomplex),itispossibletowritewithsentencevariety.Sentencevarietyhelpsmakeyourwritingmoreinteresting.,SimpleSentence,Asimplesentencecontainsasubjectandverb.Itexpressesasinglecompletethought.Asimplesentenceisasingleindependentclause.,SampleSimpleSentences,Thecatcreptthroughthedarkhouse.Thewarymousewatchedfromunderneathanupturnedcerealbox.Thepredatorycatstoppedandsurveyedhissurroundings.Themousedartedforthesafetyofthenearlyinvisibleholeunderthecabinet.,CompoundSentences,Acompoundsentencecontainstwoindependentclauses.Conjunctions(for,and,nor,but,or,andyet,so)jointheseindependentclauses.(Hint:TheconjunctionsspellFANBOYS.)Theconjunctionusedcanimpactthemeaningofthesentence.,SampleCompoundSentences,Thecatwasunsuccessfulinhisattempttocatchthemouse,andthemousewasequallyasunluckyinhisattempttogetthecheese.Thedoghadwatchedallofthis,buthehadrefusedtobecomeinvolved.Themousecouldwaituntildark,orhecouldriskadaylightraidonthepantry.Thecatusuallysleptduringtheday,yetcuriosityheldhimatthecornerofthekitchen.,ComplexSentences,Acomplexsentenceisanindependentclausejoinedbyoneormoredependentclauses.Asubordinatingconjunctionbeginsthedependentclauses.Adependentclausethatbeginsasentencemustbefollowedbycomma.Adependentclausehasasubjectandaverb,butitdoesnotmakesenseonitsown.,SubordinatingConjunctions,AfterhowUntilAlthoughifUnlessAsinasmuchasifinorderthatWhenaslongasAtleastWheneverasmuchasnowthatwhereassoonwhereverasthoughSinceWhilebecausesothatBeforeevenifThateventhoughthough,SampleComplexSentences,Afterhegaveitsomethought,themousedecidedtowaituntillaterforhistrek.Thecatfellasleeponthewarmkitchenbecausehewasdeprivedofsleepthenightbefore.Whenthemouseheardthesoftsnoringofhissleepingnemesis,hescurriedtothepantryandgrabbedenoughfoodforaweek.,Compound-ComplexSentences,Acompound-complexsentenceisasentencethathasatleasttwoindependentclausesandatleastonedependentclause.Thesamesubordinatingconjunctionsareusedtointroducethedependentclauses.Thesamecoordinatingconjunctions(FANBOYS)areusedforjoiningtheindependentclauses.,SampleCompound-ComplexSentences.,Afterthetwoadversarieshadspentyearsplayingthis“catandmouse”game,theywerejoinedbytheirchildren,andthefuncontinued.Eventhoughitseemsthetwowerebentontheothersdestruction,thecatandmousewereratherfondofoneanother,andneitherwantedtheothersdefeat.Thisgamewasbegunthousandsofyearsago,anditwillcontinuefarintothefutureasothercatsandmicerevelinhide-and-seek.,TestYourselfSimple,Compound,Complex,orCompound-Complex?,1.Theteacherwalkedintotheclassroom,greetedthestudents,andtookattendance.2.JuanplayedfootballwhileJanewentshopping.3.Juanplayedfootball,yetJimwentshopping.4.AlthoughMexicohasabetterteam,theylostthetournament,andtheirmoreaggressivestyledidnotpayoff.5.Theislandwasfilledwithmanytrailswindingthroughthethickunderbrush,asmalllake,anddangerouswildanimals.6.Naokipassedthetestbecausehestudiedhard,butStacydidnotunderstandthematerial.,Commonerrors,A.run-onsentences串句B.fragmentarysentences破句C.faultyparallelism错误平行结构,A.run-onsentences,Arun-onsentenceincorrectlyrunstwoindependentclausewithoutaconjunctionorpunctuation.,Ritadecidedtostopsmokingshedidntwanttodieoflungcancer.Theexamwaspostponedtheclasswascanceledaswell.,串句修改方法,1.将其分成两个句子2.用连接词连接两个句子，连词前加逗号3.用分号连接两个句子Page24,33,35,fragmentarysentences破句,Everysentencemusthaveasubjectandaverbandmustexpressacompletethought.Awordgroupthatlacksasubjectoraverbandthatdoesnotexpressacompletethoughtisafragment.,B.1从属连词引起的破句,AfterIarrivedinChicagobybus.Icheckedintoaroom.BeforeItooktheflight.修改方法：1.将破句和其前后的句子连上2.增添主句3.去掉从属连词而且通过并列连词，介词短语或动词不定式把句子连接起来。Page41,B.2ing分词和不定式引起的破句,IcouldnotfindaspaceuntilIdorvetothelastparkinglot.Asaresult,beinglateforclass.Iplanonworkingovertime.Togetthisjobfinished.Otherwise,mybossmaygetbangryatme.,修改方法：1.为破句添加合适的主语2.让该破句与前后的句子连接3.必要时可以把-ing形式或者不定式转换成动词的适当形式,Itisaheavyburdenforstudentstoworkpart-time.Especiallyforthosewhowanttostudy.Hefailedanumberofcoursesbeforeheearnedhisdegree.Amongthem,English1,Economics,andGeneralBiology.,B.3增加细节引起的破句,修改方法：1.将其与前面句子连接。2.为破句添加主语和谓语3.改变若干词,B.4缺少主语的破句,Oneexampleofmyfathersgenerosityisthathevisitssickfriensinthehospital.Andtakesalongget-wellcardswithafewdollarsfoldedinthem.Sarahlookedwithadmirationatthestunninglyattractivemodel.Andwonderedhowthemodellookeduponwakingupinthemorning.,修改方法：1.将破句与前句连接2.为破句添加主语Page50,Faultyparallelism错误平行结构,Byplacingtwoormoreideasofequalvalueinthesamegrammaticalformwillenableustoexpressedtheseideasclearlyandemphatically.,Herofficeissmall,chillyanddirty.Ienjoyfootballandhockey.IwanttolearnEnglish,andshewantstolearnFrench.,Sheworksdilignetlyandatnight.Hespendsagreatdealofmoneyandfoolishly.HewantseithertostudyEnglishLiteratureorstudyWorldHistory.,1.改正错用的并列连词2.多项平行3.注意错误的省略4.用than或as引出的比较,1.改正错用的并列连词,Shakespeare,romanticandmysterious,andwhowrotemanymasterpieces,deservesourrespect.Shakespeare,whowasromanticandmysterious,wrotemanymasterpieces,deservesourrespect.,1.改正错用的并列连词,HehaseithertomajorinEnglishormajorinFrench.HehaseithertomajorinEnglishorFrench.,2.多项平行,Manypeoplechooseairtransportationbecauseitisfast,offersconvenience,anditisnotveryexpensive.Manypeoplechooseairtransportationbecauseitisfast,convenientandinexpensive.,2.多项平行,Whenwearrivedhome,weunpackedoursuitcases,tookshowers,andthenwewenttosleepaftereatingourlunch.Whenwearrivedhome,weunpackedoursuitcases,tookshowers,ateourlunchandwenttosleep.,3.注意错误的省略,has/have,will,shall等结构并列时Ialwayshaveandalwayswillcherishourfriendship.Ihavealwayshavecherishedandwillalwayscherishourfriendship.,3.注意错误的省略,Ihaveandwillwalktoschooleveryday.Ihavewalkedandwillwalktoschooleveryday.,4.用than或as引出的比较,PeterswalkmanisasexpensiveasMichael.PeterswalkmanisasexpensiveasMichaels.,4.用than或as引出的比较P64,Yourdogiscuterthanme.Yourdogiscuterthanmine.P64,D.MisplacedModifiers错位的修饰词,MisplacedModifiersarewordsthat,becauseofawkwardplacement,donotdescribethewordsthewriterintendedthemtodescribe.Theyoftenconfusethemeaningofasentence.Toavoidthisproblem,placemodifiersasclosepossibletowhattheymodify.,Billyelledatthedoginhisunderwear.Bill,inhisunderwear,yelledatthedog.,Tonysmiledatthebabyinthecar.Inthecar,Tonysmiledatthebaby,修改要点,1.only，just,almost和nearly等修饰语尽量置于被修饰部分前面。2.时间、地点和方式状语置于句首可避免产生歧义3.难以找到固定位置的状语成分最好放在句首4.which和what引导的从句应该紧跟被修饰词语5.为避免歧义，不要把修饰语置于前后两个均可被修饰的部分中间。P67,E.Danglingmodifiers垂悬修饰语,Adanglingmodifierisaphraseoranellipticalclausethatisillogicallyseparatedfromtheworditmodifies.Thusitappearsdisconnectedfromtherestofthesentence.如果一个修饰语在句中找不到其对应修饰的对象，那么此修饰语就是垂悬修饰语。Walkingonthestreet,Icameacrossmyex.,Goingthrougharedlight,thetrafficpoliceondutystoppedhim.Listeningtohispassionatespeech,myeyeswerefilledwithtears.,修改方法,1.明确动作的施动者，是主语成为垂悬部分所修饰的对象。2.将省略句或分词词组扩展成从句。,Listeningtohispassionatespeech,myeyeswerefilledwithtears.Listeningtohispassionatespeech,Ifoundmyeyeswerefilledwithtears.WhileIwaslisteningtohispassionatespeech,myeyeswerefilledwithtears.,Walkinginthestreet,abeautifulgirlmethim.Walkinginthestreet,hemetabeautifulgirl.WhilehewasWalkinginthestreet,hemetabeautifulgirl.P80,
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