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UnitFourteen,2019/12/16,2,Contents,IntroductionText(A)analysisSomecommentsonwritingText(B)analysisFurtherreadingExercises,2019/12/16,3,Introduction,WrittenbyBruceAlberts,editor-in-ChiefofScience,TextAgivessomeadvicetotheyoungwhowishtobecomescientistsinthefuture.TextBexplainswhatmakesascientificpaperandthepopularformat.,2019/12/16,4,Textanalysis,TextAOnBecomingaScientist,2019/12/16,5,BruceAlberts,presidentemeritus(荣誉主席)oftheU.S.NationalAcademyofSciencesandchairoftheNationalResearchCouncil(1993-2005),hasbeennamedbytheBoardofDirectorsoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience(AAAS)toserveaseditor-in-chiefofitsjournalSciencebeginning1March2008.,2019/12/16,6,TextStructure,PartI(para.14)Itiscriticalthatbeginningscientistsselecttheirmentorswisely.PartII(para.57)Besidestechnicalskills,itiscriticaltobeabletodesignresearchstrategies.,2019/12/16,7,Answerthequestions,1.WhathastheauthorlearnedatHarvard?(para1)2.Howcanapersonthinkandfunctionasascientist?(para1)3.WhatisthefirstpieceofadvicethatAlbertgivestoprospectscientistsinhelpingthemselecttheirmentors?(para2),2019/12/16,8,Answerthequestions,4.AccordingtoAlbert,whatarethecriteriaforagoodadvisor?(para3,4)5.Howimportantisitforscientistbeabletodesignresearchstrategies?(para6),2019/12/16,9,Languagepoints,Para11.apprenticeshipserveoneswithsb.做某人学徒serveoutones学徒期满,出师2.mentor-awiseandtrustedcounselororteacher贤明和忠实的顾问或良师,导师,指导者,2019/12/16,10,Para2notnearly-绝不,相差甚远,远非ethicalstandard-道德规范consultaboutthematter商议此事consultwithcounsel与法律顾问商议consultforalargebuildingfirm为大型建筑公司做咨询工作,2019/12/16,11,Para4empowersb.todosth.-授权某人做某事innovate-v.tr.tobeginorintroduce(somethingnew)fororasifforthefirsttime革新：第一次或好象第一次开始或介绍（新东西）v.intr.tobeginorintroducesomethingnew创新：开始或介绍新东西,2019/12/16,12,Writing,Becausesomuchofonesscientificfutureisshapedbyearlyexperiences,itiscriticalthatbeginningscientistsselecttheirmentorswisely.Butwhatconstitutesa“good”choiceisnotalwaysobvious.Pleasewriteanessayof300wordsonhowtochooseyourmentor/supervisorforgraduatestudents.,2019/12/16,13,TextBWhatIsaScientificPaper?,2019/12/16,14,Questionsforcomprehension,1.HowdoestheCouncilofBiologyEditors(CBE)defineprimaryliterature?2.Whatkindofprocessispeer-review?3.Whyhasthewriterbelaboredonthedefinitionofscientificpaper?4.Intermsoforganization,whatisthemostpopularorderofascientificpaper?5.DoesIMRADformatapplytoeachresearchfield?Whyorwhynot?6.Whatshouldbethemainconcernsofscientistsandeditorsinreportingdata?,2019/12/16,15,NO.1,AccordingtotheCBE,anacceptableprimaryscientificpublicationmustbethefirstdisclosurecontainingthesufficientinformationtoenablepeers(1)toassessobservations,(2)torepeatexperiments,and(3)toevaluateintellectualprocesses;moreover,itmustbesusceptibletosensoryperception,essentiallypermanent,availabletothescientificcommunitywithoutrestriction,andavailableforregularscreeningbyoneormoreofthemajorrecognizedsecondaryservices.,2019/12/16,16,NO.2,Peer-reviewreferstotheprocessthroughwhicharesearchpaperiscriticallyevaluatedpriortopublication,byscientistswithin-depthknowledgeoftheauthorsareaofresearchorinvestigation,toensurethattheworkunderreviewisaccurate,reliable,well-written,andworthyofpublication;theprocessisgenerallyguidedbyaneditorwhomakesthefinaldecision.,2019/12/16,17,NO.3(1),Hediditfortworeasons.First,togetridtheconfusion.Thecommunityofsciencehaslongbeenunableorunwillingtodefineprimarypublication.Asaresult,muchoftheliteratureisburiedinmeetingabstracts,obscureconferencereports,governmentpublications,orinbooksorjournalsofminusculecirculation.Otherpapers,inthesameorslightlyalteredform,arepublishedtwiceormoreoften;occasionally,thisistheresultofpoorethicsonthepartoftheauthor,butmoreoftenitisthelackofdefinitionastowhichconferencereports,books,andcompilationsare(orshouldbe)primarypublicationsandwhicharenotredundancyandconfusionresult.,2019/12/16,18,NO.3(2),Second,tohelpgraduatestudentorthebuddingscientist.Ascientificpaperis,bydefinition,aparticularkindofdocumentcontainingcertainspecifiedkindsofinformation.Ascientificpaper“demandsexactlythesamequalitiesofthoughtasareneededfortherestofscience:logic,clarity,andprecision.”Ifthegraduatestudentorthebuddingscientist(andevensomeofthosescientistswhohavealreadypublishedmanypapers)canfullygraspthesignificanceofthisdefinition,thewritingtaskshouldbeagooddealeasier.,2019/12/16,19,NO.4,IMRAD,anacronymforIntroduction,MaterialsandMethods,Results,andDiscussion,isthemostpopularpatternforscientificpaper.,2019/12/16,20,NO.5,Generallyspeaking,IMRADisthebestchoiceforscientificpapersreportinglaboratorystudies.Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Forexample,reportsoffieldstudiesintheearthsciencesandclinicalcasereportsinthemedicalsciencesdonotreadilylendthemselvestothiskindoforganization.Ifanumberofmethodswereusedtoachievedirectlyrelatedresults,itmightbedesirabletocombinetheMaterialsandMethodsandtheResultsintoanintegrated“Experimental”section.Inaddition,manyprimaryjournalspublish“Notes”or“ShortCommunications”,inwhichtheIMRADorganizationisabridged.,2019/12/16,21,NO.6,Bothscientistsandeditorsshouldworkonasystemofreportingdatathisisuniform,concise,andreadilyunderstandable.Todeterminehowtoorganizeresearchpapers,scientistswillneedtorefertotheInstructionstoAuthorsoftheirtargetjournalandbearinmindthatwithoutpublication,scienceisdead.,2019/12/16,22,Furtherreading,immersionincreased/extendedtenure-trackveteransautonomylabsflexibilityPilot,2019/12/16,23,E-C,科学这个词似乎具有某种魅力。它一旦被提出，就应该立即得到认可，而不允许有任何可能的讨论。这种需要人们立即认可的情况出现在广告中，但是基本上不和情理。要知道，科学不是一种信条，也不是神灵向人类的揭示物。它是人类思维的产物，因此是可以讨论和修正的。科学绝无绝对真理，通常只有相对性。,2019/12/16,24,E-C,它以人的观察和经验为基础，对人类知识进行逻辑性的总结，然而人的观察和经验总是有限的而且缺少一定的精确性。至于那些用来对经验事实进行归类的逻辑则完全是我们大脑的产物。我们选择我们认为有着逻辑联系的实验结果，而忽略许多不符合我们自己“逻辑”的事实。这种相当人为的选择结果是我们自己的事情。对此，我们非常得意，以至于主张这些人为选择的结果应该被当做“自然规律”来对待。,2019/12/16,25,C-E,Abranchofsciencedealswithaclassofthings,thechangesinthemembersoftheclass,andtherelationsbetweenthesemembers.Thustheidealformofanaturalscienceisthesameasthatofmathematics.TheobjectiveinanaturalscienceistodiscoverrelationswhichassertthatwhenaneventPispresentinasituation,thentheeventQisalsopresent.,2019/12/16,26,C-E,Asabranchofscienceadvancesfromadescriptiveandqualitativestagetoonewheretherelationscanbeexpressedinaquantitativeandexplanatorymanner,thescienceassumesamathematicalform.Astronomyatonetimewasadescriptivescience,buttheworkofKeplerandNewtonestablishedthefoundations,bymeansofwhichthelawsofthemotionsoftheheavenlybodiescouldbeexpressedmathematically.,2019/12/16,27,C-E,Itisinthissensethatmathematicsissometimescalledthelanguageofscience.Thehypotheticalpropositionsofmathematicsarecalledintoplaywhenthegeneralizationsofsciencetakeonaquantitativeformandfrequentlysuggestnewexperiments;while,ontheotherhand,complexitiesinobserveddataofsciencestimulatethedevelopmentofmathematicsandbroadenitsfoundation.,2019/12/16,28,Topicsforresearchandpresentation,1.Ethicsinresearch2.Majorjournalsinyourfield3.ModernLanguageAssociation(MLA)formatforpapers,
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