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RevisionofThepassiveInfinitive,Unit1,Grammar,不定式语法不定式的时态和语态,不定式有时态和语态的变化，时态共四种，即一般式、完成式、进行式和完成进行式。语态分为主动语态和被动语态，如下表所示。,不定式被动式讲与练,当动词不定式的逻辑主语是动词不定式所表示的动作的执行者时用主动语态；当动词不定式的逻辑主语是动词不定式所表示的动作的承受者时用被动语态。进行式和完成进行式没有被动语态。,1现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。Heseemstoknowthis.Ihopetoseeyouagain.=IhopethatIllseeyouagain.,2完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Imsorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.Heseemstohavecaughtacold.3进行时：强调动作已在延续或动作正在进行。Theyseemtobegettingalongwellwiththeirnewjobs.Heseemstobeeatingsomething.,4完成进行时：表示动作是在谓语动词所表示的动作之前就一直在进行。Theyaresaidtohavebeencollectingstampsforovertwentyyears.Heappearstohavebeenwaitingalongtime.,不定式的被动形式有下列用法,(1)作主语：Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.(2)作宾语：SheaskedtobesenttoworkinXinjiang.,一当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要采用被动形式。,(3)构成复合宾语：Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.Shedidntlikeherselftobepraisedlikethat.(4)构成复合谓语：Thebooksarenotallowedtobetakenoutoftheroom.,(5)作定语：Areyougoingtothemeetingtobeheldintheteachersoffice?(6)作状语：Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.,二、不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式，在句中作主语、宾语、定语，或者构成复合宾语、复合谓语等，如：Itisagoodthingforhimtohavebeencriticized.（主语）Shepreferredtohavebeengivenheavierworktodo.(宾语),Hethoughtitanhonourtohavebeeninvitedtotheparty.（复合宾语）Thebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.（复合谓语）Shewasthefirstwomantohavebeenelectedtosuchapost.（定语）,三、不定式的主动形式表示被动,1.在therebe结构中。例如：Thereisalotofhomeworktodo(也可用tobedone),Thereisnotimetolose(tobelost).,2.在“npron+be+adj+todo”结构中。常用的形容词有easy，difficult，hard，impossible，nice，pleasant，light，heavy，interesting，important，expensive，cheap，fit，dangerous等。,例如：Heishardtoconvince.Heisanimpossiblepersontoworkwith,3.在“tootodo;enoughto”结构中。如：Theproblemistoodifficulttoworkout(tobeworkedout)Thehouseisbigenoughtolivein.,4.在“with+n+todo”结构中。例如：Withnothingtodo,helayinbedWithsomanyexercisestodo,Icantgotothecinema,5.当不定式的逻辑主语在句中出现时。例如：IhavealettertotypetodayDoyouhaveanythingtosay?,(I是totype的逻辑主语),(you是tosay的逻辑主语),6.当不定式隐含在forsbtodo结构中时。Thisisthebestbooktoread(=forusyoutoread)Theimportantthingtodoistolockthedoorwhenweleavethehouse,7.一些作表语用的不定式的主动形式。常见的这类动词有let(出租),rent，hire,blame等。ThehouseistoletIfeltIwastoblame.,NOTICE,动词不定式主动语态形式的使用要比被动语态形式的使用普遍，有时（尤其在口语中）虽然意思上是被动的，也往往用主动语态形式来表示。Ihavethreemotorstorepairtoday.Thetaskisdifficulttofinishontime.,1.Thedishesneed,2.Themailisintended,Sentencemaking,wash,send,tobewashed.,tobesent.,3.Thesingerrefused,4.Thehouseis,photograph,sell,tobephotographed.,tobesold.,5.Thewallisexpected,paint,tobepainted.,frighten,6.Thebirdseems,tobefrightened.,1.Shehates_byherclassmates.2.Timrefused_byhisfathertoschool.3.Shestruggled_bytheFrenchvisitors.,tobeaccompanied,tobeunderstood,Fillintheblanks,accompanyunderstandenvylaughedatdiscusstest,tobelaughedat,4.Thesearetheissues_tomorrow.5.Thenewdrugis_outon500patientsnextyear.6.Shewasverybeautifulbutshedidntlike_byallthegirlsshemet.,tobetested,tobeenvied,tobediscussed,accompanyunderstandenvylaughedatdiscusstest,
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