非谓语动词v-ing.ppt

Grammar,非谓语动词：,1.动词不定式(infinitive)todo,2.v-ing形式doing,3.v-ed形式,即过去分词done,时态和语态,doing,beingdone,doing,havingdone,havingbeendone,havingdone,sleepingstudents,一、The-ingFormusedasAttribute（-ing形式作定语）,boilingwater,flyingkites,adancinggirl,therisingsun,(2)awalkingstick,(1)awalkingman,=amanwhoiswalking,=astickforwalking,Whatsthedifferencebetween(1)and(2)?,小结1,-ing形式作定语既可表示动作正在进行且与逻辑主语之间是主动关系（如例（1），此时相当于一个定语从句；又可表示所修饰名词的性质或用途（如例（2）。,(1)aswimmingman,(2)aswimmingpool,arunningman,ThemanrunninginthepictureisLiuXiang.,attribute,ThemanwhoisrunninginthepictureisLiuXiang.,相当于：,1.TheteacherteachingusEnglishisMsZhou.,Rewritethefollowingsentenceswithattributiveclauses.,=TheteacherwhoisteachingusEnglishisMsZhou.,2.Thepeoplesittingbehindusareallteachers.,3.TheexpertcomingfromAmericaisaladycalledMsCai.,=Thepeoplewhoaresittingbehindusareallteachers.,=TheexpertwhocomesfromAmericaisaladycalledMsCai.,单个的-ing形式作定语，放在所修饰的名词前面；-ing短语作定语则放在所修饰的名词之后。,小结2,3.注意v-ing形式与其他非谓语动词作定语时区别：（优化方案P135）,（1）doing作定语-,主动，动作正在进行,（3）done作定语-,被动，动作已完成,（2）beingdone作定语-,被动，动作正在进行,（4）todo作定语-,将来要发生的动作,（5）havingdone-,不能作定语，用定语从句代替,Iheardthegirlsingingintheclassroom.,Inoticedalongqueueoutsidethebankwaitingforittoopen.,二、The-ingFormusedasObjectComplement（-ing形式作宾语补足语）,Thebabywatchedhisdadshavinghisfacewithgreatinterest.,Wehavethefireburningallday.,动词-ing形式作宾语补足语放在宾语后面，表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作，强调一个过程或一种状态。,小结1,能跟-ing形式作宾语补足语的常见动词有这些：,“五让、三看、两听、一注意、一发现、一感觉”。简单又好记！,make,let,have,keep,leave,lookat,see,watch,hear,listento,notice,find,feel等。,怎么记？,1.WhenIputmyhandonhischest,Icouldfeelhisheartstill_.A.havingbeatB.beatingC.beatenD.tobeat,Exercise,2.Thesun_inthewestlooksevenmorebeautiful.A.settingB.beingsetC.thatsettingD.tobeset,3.Thehouse_nowisourlibrary.A.repairedB.beingrepairedC.toberepairedD.whichisrepaired,4.Whoisthemantalkingtoourheadmaster?Aprofessor_avisittoourschool.A.paysB.ispayingC.paidD.paying,5.Therewasaterriblenoise_thesuddenburstoflight.A.followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed,、,6.The_boyswerelastseen_neartheriver.A.missing;playingB.missing;playC.missed;playedD.missed;toplay,7.Mr.Smith,_ofthe_speech,startedtoreadanovel.(NMET2003)A.tired;boringB.tiring;boredC.tired;boredD.tiring;boring,、,8.Thepicture_onthewallispaintedbymynephew.A.havinghungB.hangingC.hangsD.beinghung,-ing形式具有名词的特征，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语。如：,三、Subject,Inmanycountries,shakingonesheadmeans“no”andnoddingmeans“yes”.,Itisnousetryingtopersuadehim.,1.v-ing形式与不定式作主语的区别,todo作主语表示：v-ing作主语表示：,Itisbadmanners_(stare)ataforeignguest.,_(learn)aforeignlanguageisveryusefultome.,应该注意的问题：,某个特定的、具体的,将来的动作,抽象的、习惯性，经常性的动作,tostare,Learning,2.注意用it作形式主语的情况：句型：_,Itis/wasnogood/usedoingsth.,3.注意主谓一致：v-ing形式作主语，谓语v.一般用_.(2)由and连接的多个v-ing形式作主语，谓v.用_.(3)如果并列的v-ing形式前后语义一致，即说的是一个概念时，谓v.用_.,单数,单数,复数,4.v-ing形式的逻辑主语可用名词或代词的所有格来表示。如：,eg:Marysbecomingacollegestudentgreatlyencouragedme.,eg:Doesoursayingthatmeananythingtohim?,四、Object,eg:Haveyoufinishedusingthetelephone?,eg:Hetriedtoavoidedbeingpunished.,应该注意的问题：,1.allow,advise,forbid,permit+,doing,sb./sth.todo,被动：sb./sth.+be+allowed/advised/forbidden/permitted+_,todo,2.need,require,want“需要被”+,doing=,tobedone,eg:TheTVsetneedstobemended.=,TheTVsetneedsmending.,3.begin,continue,hate,like,love+wouldlike/love+_,doing=,todo,todo,4.加todo和doing意义不同的词：(1)forget/regret/remember+,doing,todo,(2)goontodo/doing,(3)meantodo/doing,(4)stoptodo/doing,(5)trytodo/doing,(6)beusedtodo/doingusedtodo,(7)canthelptodo/doing,五、Predicative,eg:Hisdutyiscleaningtheplayground.表语和主语常常可以互换位置,1.v-ing形式与不定式作表语的区别：(1)一般情况下区别不大，常可互换，但要注意前后一致性。,应该注意的问题：,eg:Seeingisbelieving.=Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实。,eg：节约即是收入。Savingishaving.=_,Tosaveistohave.,(2)v-ing形式接近n.作表语时表示_;todo接近v.作表语时表示_.,习惯性的抽象的动作,某个具体的，将来的动作,2.Mywifesaidinherletterthatshewouldappreciate_fromyousometime.A.tohaveheardB.tohearC.forhearingD.hearing,Exercises,1.Markoftenattemptstoescape_wheneverhebreakstrafficregulations.A.havingbeenfinedB.tohavebeenfinedC.tobefinedD.beingfined,3.Thethieftookawaythewomanswalletwithout_A.beingseenB.seeingC.himseeingD.seeinghim,5.Noonecanavoid_byadvertisements.A.tobeinfluencedB.beinginfluencedC.influencingD.havinginfluence,4.Iveenjoyed_totalkwithyou.A.tobeableB.beingableC.tobeenableD.ofbeingable,7.Youcanthelp_commercials;everyfewminutestheprogramisinterruptedtogiveyouoneadvertisementoranother.A.tohearB.tobeheardC.hearingD.withhearing,6.Yourshirtneeds_.Youdbetterhaveitdonetoday.A.ironB.toironC.ironingD.beingironed,8.Heisverybusy_hispapers.Heisfartoobusy_callers.A.towrite;toreceiveB.writing;toreceiveC.writing;receivingD.towrite;forreceiving,9.Pleasestop_,boys,Ihavesomethingimportantto_you.A.saying;talkB.telling;sayC.talking;speakD.talking;tell,10.“Whywereyousolateforworktoday?”“_totheofficewasveryslowthismorningbecauseofthetraffic.”A.DrivingB.IdroveC.TodriveD.ThatIdrove,Grammar,Thev-ingFormusedasAdverbial(状语),1.v-ing形式的时态和语态：,一般式：,doing,被动：beingdone,完成式：,havingdone,被动：havingbeendone,否定式：,一般式的否定：not+v-ing,完成式的否定：not+havingdone,(1)一般式表示的动作与谓语v.表示的动作一般同时进行。,eg:他赶快回家，一边走一边不时地向后看。Hehurriedhome,_behindfromtimetotimeashewent.,looking,eg:有人请她表演一个节目，她拒绝了_(ask)toputonaperformance,sherefused.,Beingasked,(2)完成式表示的动作则在谓语v.表示的动作之前已经完成。,eg:在听到这点之后，那位宇航员表示满意。_(hear)this,theastronautexpressedhersatisfaction.,eg:给你这样一个好机会，你怎能轻易放过？_(give)suchagoodchance,howcouldyouletitslipaway?,Havingheard,Havingbeengiven,2.v-ing形式作状语，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步，伴随状况等。前提：其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致，且是主动关系。,(1)表原因，相当于原因状语从句,eg:Beingill,shedidntgotoschool.=,Asshewasill,shedidntgotoschool.,(2)表时间，相当于时间状语从句,有时前可加when,while连词,eg:因为没有收到回信，我又给他写了封信。_(receive)ananswer,Iwrotetohimagain.=,Nothavingreceived,AsIhadnotreceivedananswer,eg:Whenhearingthegoodnews,thestudentswerehappy.=,Whentheyheardthegoodnews,(3)表伴随，相当于并列句，表示伴随的次要动作或补充说明。,eg:Havingfinishedhiswork,Henrywenthome.=,eg:Sheopenedthedoorandstoodthere,frowningatme.=,Sheopenedthedoor,stoodthereandfrownedatme.,Afterhefinishedhiswork,(4)表条件，相当于条件状语从句，其前可加if,unless等连词。,eg:Ifplayingallday,youwillwasteyourvaluabletime.=,Ifyouplayallday,(5)表让步，相当于让步状语从句，其前可加although,eventhough/if等连词。,eg:Havingfailedseveraltimes,hedidntloseheart.=,Thoughhehadfailedseveraltimes,(6)表结果。,eg:汽车陷入交通堵塞，导致耽搁了Thecarwascaughtinatrafficjam,causingthedelay.,3.当分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不同时，分词要有自己的主语(构成独立主格结构)。,eg:夜幕降临，我们动身回家了。Nightcomingon,westartedforhome.,eg:她站在那里，头靠在树上。Shestoodthere,herheadleaningonthetree.,有时也可用一个v-ing短语来解释整个句子，常把这些短语看作固定结构。,eg:Judgingfromhisappearance,hemustbeaveryhealthyboy.,eg:Generallyspeaking,thebookisnotverydifficult.,4.对比：v-ing形式作状语，与主语之间是_关系；v-ed作状语，与主语之间是_关系；不定式todo作状语，表示_.,主动,被动,目的、原因、结果,eg:他们走了进来，妻子们跟随在后。Theycamein,_(follow)bytheirwives.,followed,eg:他们跟着他们的妻子走了进来。Theycamein,_(follow)theirwives.,following,eg:我们睡在一起以保持暖和。Weslepttogether_(keep)warm.,tokeep,eg:从山上看这座城市非常壮观。_fromthehill,thecitylooksmagnificent.,Seen,1.Thebabyheardasoundandstoppedcrying.Hearingasound,thebabystoppedcrying.,Ex.1Rewritethesesentencesusingtheingform.,2.Helivesfarfromschoolandisoftenlate.Livingfarfromhisschool,heisoftenlate.3.Hecutofftheelectricityquicklyandpreventedanaccident.Havingcutofftheelectricityquickly,hepreventedanaccident.,