英汉翻译2加注释义增词.ppt

Chapter 2 Translation Techniques,翻译错误导致严重后果的两个例子,二战时期，美国轰炸日本，先后在广岛和长崎投下两枚核弹，导致几十万人死亡。据说，以美国为首的盟军敦促日本无条件投降时，日方在表态时用了一个有歧义的词。该词既有默许之意，也有拒绝之意。日本政府的本意是默许，结果被翻译成英文时取了拒绝的意思，从而导致了美国对日本的原子弹攻击。,二十世纪三十年代，蒋、冯、阎大战时期，冯玉祥、阎锡山联合对抗蒋介石，约好在（河南）泌阳会师，合击蒋军。但电报工作人员将 “泌阳” 翻译（符际翻译）成了“沁阳”，而恰好真有“沁阳”这么一个地方。于是，两军合击蒋介石的计划泡汤了，蒋介石获得了战争的胜利，中国历史也因此而改写。,Translation techniques,加注 (annotation) 释义 (paraphrase) 增词 (amplification) 减词 (omission) 合并 (combination) 切分 (division) 转换 (shift of perspective) 归化 (adaptation/domestication),2.1 加注 (annotation),由于社会文化的差异，英语中有些词义在汉语中完全不存在，形成了词义上的空缺。在这种情况下，英语译成汉语常常采用加注法来弥补空缺。加注法主要分为音译加注和直译加注两种。,2.1.1音译加注(transliteration + annotation): 指音译后附加解释性注释。注释可长可短，可采用文中注释，也可采用脚注，有时还可二者合用。,pizza 比萨饼 cartoon 卡通片 Hamburger 汉堡包 Benz 奔驰车 Toyota 丰田车 Sahara 撒哈拉沙漠 Poseidon 波赛冬（ 希腊神话中的海神 ）,Sauna 桑拿(浴) （ 芬兰式的一种蒸气浴 ） clone 克隆（ 一种无性繁殖方法 ） hacker 黑客（ 在信息空间中主动出击，对他人的电脑或网络系统进行诸如窥探、篡改或盗窃保密的数据及程序的过程，并可能由此造成混乱和破坏的电脑迷 ）,AIDS 爱滋病 （ 一种性免疫缺损综合症 ） Ballet 芭蕾舞 Rifle 来复枪 Domino 多米诺骨牌 Georgia 乔治亚洲 San Francisco 三藩市 Tittup 踢踏舞 Waltz 华尔兹舞 Jazz 爵士乐 Gypsy 吉卜赛人,2.1.1音译加注 (transliteration + annotation),1. He did it a Jordon *. 他投篮象飞人乔丹那样快速、利落、准确 。 (*Jordon ： 全名叫 Michael Jordon, 是美国 NBA 职业篮球巨星 ) 2. Im Peter Darwin. Everyone asks, so I may as well say at once that no, Im not related to Charles . 我叫彼特 达尔文。谁都会对我的名字打个问号，我不妨当下说个明白：我与进化论创始人查尔斯没有关系。 3. A dead leaf fell in Soapys lap. That was Jack Frost s card. 一片枯叶飘落到苏贝的膝头。那是 杰克弗罗斯特 * 的名片。（ * 杰克弗罗斯特 (Jack Frost) ：英文里对“寒霜”的拟人称号）,2.1.2 直译加注(literal translation +annotation): 指直译原文，并附加解释性注释。注释可长可短，既可采用文中注释，也可采用脚注，还可二者合用。,Zero Ground 零地带（ 纽约世贸大厦 2001 年 9 月 11 日遭 2 架被劫持的飞机撞击坍塌后所形成的瓦砾场，源出原子弹着陆后的爆炸点 ） sesame street 芝麻街（ 美国儿童电视连续节目，每天一小时，主要为动画片、游戏、木偶戏等。 ） mad-cow disease 疯牛病（牛海绵状脑病）,2.1.2 直译加注 (literal translation +annotation),Oval Office 椭圆形办公室（美国白宫总统办公室 ） specified risk material （有可能传播疯牛病的）高风险食品 fly girl 飞飞女（ 指时髦撩人的年轻女子 ） tree hugger 紧抱树干的人（ 指极端环境保护主义者) 1. Welcome to Big Apple City Tour! 欢迎参加大苹果市观光之旅！（大苹果市为纽约市的别称。）,2. But I am short-tempered, frazzled from all responsibilities. I am the sandwich generation , caught between kids and parents. 但我的脾气不好，都是这些事给烦的。我是个夹在孩子和父母之间的 “三明治人” * 。（ * 三明治人 ： 指既要照顾孩子又要照顾父母的人 ） 3. The favors of Government are like the box of Pandora , with this important difference that they rarely leave hope at bottom. 政府的恩惠如同 潘多拉的盒子 ， 后患无穷 ，主要不同之处是：盒底很少留有希望。,2.1.2 直译加注 (literal translation +annotation),2.1.2 直译加注 (literal translation +annotation),4. People considered that what he had played on that occasion was no more than a Judas kiss . 人们认为他在那种场合所表演的不过是 犹大之吻，居心险恶 。 5. The professor rapped on his desk and shouted: “Gentlemen, order !” The entire class yelled, “ Beer !” 教授敲着桌子喊道：“先生们， 安静 * ！” 全班学生齐声高叫：“啤酒！” （ *order 既可表示“安静”，又可表示“点菜”，而学生却故意曲解为“点菜” ）,2.1.2 直译加注 (literal translation +annotation),6. 桃花源始建于晋，初兴于唐，鼎盛于宋，大毁于元。 Taohuayuan (the peach flower source) was first built in the Jin Dynasty (256-439 AD), began to take shape in the Tang Dynasty (618-709), flourished in the Song Dynasty (960-1297), and went to ruin in the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368). 空城计 “undefended city”, a stratagem of putting up a bluff.,2.1.3 意译加注 （free translation +annotation),throw in the sponge 认输，投降 （注：若拳击运动员的副手把擦身用的海绵抛向空中，则表示这个运动员认输因而不进入下一轮比赛。） pour oil on troubled waters 平息风波，息事宁人（注：传说航海遇到风浪时，若把油倒进海里，可起到使海浪平息的作用。） open sesame 敲门砖，过难关的秘诀（注：天方夜谈中的阿里巴巴与四十大盗故事说：一个山洞内藏有无数的金银财宝，但洞门紧闭，必须用咒语“芝麻开门”才能打开。） Good wine needs no bush. 酒好客自来。（注：英国从前流行一种风俗， 人们常在商店的门口外挂某种东西作为该店经营某种商品的标志， 挂常春藤ivy-bush标志的常为酒店。）,Exercises of annotation,1. New York was never Mecca to me. 纽约从不是我心中的圣地麦加。 2. Big Ben is ringing the hour. 大本钟*在当当报时。 *伦敦英国议院塔上的大钟。 3. It was Friday *and soon theyd go out and get drunk. 星期五发薪日到了，他们马上就要上街去喝得酩酊大醉.,Exercises of annotation,4. Even before they were acquainted, he had admired Osborn in secret. Now he was his valet, his dog, his man Friday. 他没有认识奥斯本之前，已经暗暗佩服他。如今便成了他的听差，他的狗，他的忠仆星期五*。 *星期五(Friday)是鲁滨逊漂流记故事中Robinson Crusoe的忠实奴仆。 5. While it may seem to be painting the lily, I should like to add somewhat to Mr.Alistair Cookes excellent article. 我想给阿利斯太尔库克先生的杰作稍加几笔，尽管这也许是为百合花上色，费力不讨好。,Exercises of annotation,6. to shed crocodile tears 流鳄鱼眼泪假慈悲 7. The best fish swim (are) near the bottom. 好鱼居水底-有价值的东西不能轻易得到。 8. The apples on the other side of the wall are the sweetest. 隔墙的苹果最甜-这山看着那山高。,2.2 释义（paraphrase）,释义是指舍弃原文中的具体形象，直接解释出原文的意思。在翻译一些具有鲜明民族色彩的词语（如成语、典故）时，如果直译不能使译入语读者明白意思，而加注又使译文太噜嗦，并且原文重意不重形、重意不重典时，可采用释义法。它既可使译文简洁明了，又不损害对原文信息的传达。,2.2 释义（paraphrase）,1. Its not easy to become a member of that club-they want people who have plenty of money to spend, not just every Tom, Dick, and Harry. 要参加那个俱乐部并非易事他们只吸收手头阔绰的人，而不是普通百姓。（Tom, Dick, Harry都是英美常见的人名，这里泛指任何人，相当于汉语中的“张三、李四、王五”。所以，这里不宜直译为“汤姆、迪克、哈里”。）,2. A Red Light for Scofflaws 玩忽法令之风不可长！（这是美国Time时代周刊1983年一篇文章的标题。red light本意是红灯，指停车信号、危险信号。文中指出美国社会中蔑视法令的现象已到了触目惊心的地步，必须采取措施加以制止。译成“玩忽法令之风不可长”一目了然，言简意明。） 3. Our son must go to school. He must break out of the pot that holds us in. 我们的儿子一定得上学，一定要出人头地。（“break out of the pot that holds us in“，重意不重形，译为“出人头地“比“打破这个把我们关在里面的罐子“意思来得明白简洁。）,2.2 释义（paraphrase）,4. Like many other Southerners, I came to seek my fortune in one of those pot-at-the-end-of-the-rainbow factories along Euclid Avenue. 像许多其他的南方人一样，我也来到这儿，沿着尤克利德大道的那些根本不可能给我们提供工作的工厂找工作，做发财梦。（根据英语传说，如果人们找到了彩虹与地面交界之处，并在那儿挖掘，就会挖到一罐金子。但这只是人们的幻想，是根本不可能发生的事情。所以，此处重意不重典，自然这里pot-at-the-end-of-the-rainbow factories是指那些根本不可能给南方人提供工作的工厂。）,5. The study had a Spartan look. 书房看起来很简朴。（古希腊斯巴达人以生活简朴而著称。可看出，此处重意不重典，所以只用翻译出其意。） 6. The young girl thumbed her way to the passing cars. 那个年轻的姑娘(站在路边不停地)向来往(路过）的汽车（摆动着）竖起（的）拇指表示她要搭车。 (thumbed her way 为英语手势语,意为 “站在路边向来往的汽车摆动着竖起的拇指表示她要搭车“,在汉语中没有这种手势语,翻译时只有采用释义法,以便让我国读者明白其意.),2.2 释义（paraphrase）,7. She and her mother are as like as two peas. 她和她母亲长得一模一样. Mr. Kingsley and his Red Brick boys will have to look to their laurels. 8. 金斯利先生和他那些二流大学的学生们必须小心翼翼地保持已经取得的荣誉。（Red Brick又称Red Brick Universities，指英国除牛津、剑桥大学以外的其他地方性二流大学。因其建筑主要是红砖砌成，不象牛津、剑桥的建筑均为古色古香的石块所建成，故得此名。 9. Barbara was born with a silver spoon in her mouth. 芭芭拉出生在富贵人家。 10. A business must stay in the black to keep on. 企业必须赢利才能维持下去。,2.3 Amplification (增词）,Amplification: to add some words, words groups even sentences on the basis of original text so that the translated text conforms to the target language grammar and language habits, and corresponds to source language text in terms of culture, content, forms and spirit. (增词必须是根据具体情况增加非增加不可的词语。增词一般用于以下三种情况：一是为了语法上的需要；二是为了意义上的需要；三是为了修辞上的需要。增词法在英汉翻译中是添加原文中虽无形式,但意在其中的成分. ) 1. To the east and the south a faint pink is spreading. 东南方呈现一抹浅红，正在向远处扩展。（语法需要）,2. Fogs hide the mountains peaks. 云雾遮蔽了重重峰峦。（语法需要） 3. Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. 读书足以怡情，付采，长才。（意义需要） 4. The hungry boy was wolfing down his dinner. 那个饥饿的男孩正狼吞虎咽地吃饭。（意义需要） 5. People use natural science to understand and change nature.,6. The very earth trembled as with tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. 连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。（修辞） 7. Asias strength of economic management, however, has not been its perfection, but its pragmatism and flexibility. 亚洲经济管理向来不以完美见长,而是以务实和弹性取胜.(增加动词词组),Amplification,8. When I turned around, John was grinning, expectant, studying my face intently to see if he had pleased me. He had. 我转过身，只见约翰正咧着嘴笑，满脸期待的神情；他热切的目光想从我的脸上探明他是否博得了我的欢心。他确实博得了我的欢心。 9. Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice. 勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；疼爱过度，即成溺爱；俭约过度，即成贪婪。（增补被省掉的in excess becomes）,10. We wont retreat, we never have and never will. 我们不会后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也决不后退。 11. The journey which has brought me to Peking has been a very long one. Long when measured in miles. Long when measured in time. 我来北京的旅途是漫长的。用里程衡量，它是漫长的。用时间衡量，它也是漫长的。,12. Histories make men wise; poets witty; mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; morality grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重；逻辑修辞之学使人能够善辩。 13. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。,amplification,14. Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations. 让我们来修订安全规则和卫生规则吧。 15. The blow hurt not only his hands but his shoulder too. 这一下不仅震痛了他的手，也震痛了他的肩膀。 16. I was invited to a birthday party. 我应邀参加了一个生日聚会。,amplification,17. He was weak and old. 他 身体 衰弱 , 年纪 也老了。（本例如不采用增词法，而译作 “ 他衰弱和老了 ” ，译文就显得不流畅。） 18. 信言不美，美言不信。 True words are not fine-sounding; fine-sounding words are not true.,amplification,19. Man for the field and woman for the hearth; Man for the sword and for the needle she. Man with head and woman with the heart; Man to command and woman to obey. (Tennyson) 男人适于农耕，女人适于家务； 男人宜于征战，女人宜于缝纫。 男人善于深思，女人富于感情； 男人发号司令，女人惟有服从。 （丁尼生）,amplification,20. As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honour him; but as he was ambitious, I slew him. There is tears for his love; joy for his fortune; honour for his valour; and death for his ambition. 因为凯撒爱我，我为他哭泣；因为他幸运，我为他高兴；因为他英勇，我对他尊崇；但因为他有野心，我就刺杀了他。用眼泪回报他的爱；用欢乐庆祝他的幸运；用尊崇纪念他的英勇；而用刺杀制止他的野心。,amplification,21. 孟子曰：“鱼，我所欲也；熊掌，亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍鱼而取熊掌者也。 Mencius says, “Fish is what I desire, and so are the bears paws. If I cannot have them both, I would choose the latter and forsake the former.” 22. 应加快帮助老区人民脱贫致富的步伐。 We should step up our efforts to help the people in the old liberated areas to shake off poverty. (老区具有特定的历史含义，不能只译成old areas.),23. 人和动物不同。 Man is different from other animals. 24. 小不忍则乱大谋。 If one is not patient in small things, one will never be able to control great ventures. 25. 三个臭皮匠，顶一个诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the master mind.,amplification,26. 没有调查就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation has no right to speak. 27. 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 28. 跑了和尚跑不了庙。 The monk may run away, but the temple cant run with him. 29. 留得青山在，不怕没材烧。 So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood.,30. 送君千里，终有一别。 Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles, yet the parting must come at last. 31. 努力实现和平统一。 We should strive for the peaceful reunification of the motherland. 32. 又要马儿跑得快，又要马儿不吃草，简直可笑！ You want the horse to run fast and yet you dont let it graze. Isnt it ridiculous!,For example, they will need specific suggestions for problems such as speech defects or backwardness in learning to walk or control of bodily functions. 比如，孩子的语言缺陷或孩子在学习走路或身体官能的控制方面迟缓等问题，父母需要的则是具体的建议。 例如，在解决类似于语言障碍、行走困难或是身体机能控制方面的问题时，他们就需要一些具体的建议。,The evening led up to the gifts and then the chocolate cake from his favorite bakery, and of course the ceremony wasnt complete without the singing. 那天晚上，我们先是送礼物，然后是切从他喜欢的面包店里买来的巧克力蛋糕，当然还唱了“生日歌”，否则宴会就不算完整了。,