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主题句,Some topic sentences,In our society, food is often connected with recreation. Sleep may well be the third essential component of a long and healthy life. It is the cottage, more homely than the inn, more sacred than the church, that we remember best. There is a big difference between “being a writer” and writing. The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-paying affair.,Topic + controlling idea (主题+主题思想） 主题：该段落所谈论的问题是什么？ 主题思想：作者对这一问题所持的具体观点 主题句应该向读者明示该段所涉及的内容，使读者对阅读内容有一个明确的期待。,Topic sentences,English writing is very difficult. English writing is comparatively more difficult than other language skills for a Chinese student. The word “red” means very differently in English and Chinese. The words referring to colors mean very differently in English and Chinese.,太笼统,太具体,Many students begin to write English journals. Many students find it very helpful to write English journals. Some college students wont choose to go back home in summer. Some college students wont choose to go back home in summer for various reasons.,只是具体事实，没有陈述观点,一、好的主题句是段落内容协调一致,San Francisco is a city of beautiful parks and public buildings. Golden Gate Park, with its spacious lawns and graceful ponds, enjoys international fame. The citys bohemian section became the national headquarters for jazz-age poetry and philosophy. Every tourist must visit Fishermans Wharf and Coit Tower. The city is famed for its cultural events and conventions. Tourists and convention managers are irresistibly attracted to San Francisco. Miles of varied waterfront, spacious parks, and impressive public buildings contribute to the citys unique appearance and cosmopolitan atmosphere. Fishermans Wharf, with its seafood smells and colorful shops, attracts sightseeing crowds. Coit Tower affords a spectacular view of bay and city. Golden Gate Park, with its spacious lawns and graceful ponds, enjoys international fame.,二、好的主题句能够为段落“掌舵”，使读者能较容易地理解下文的展开方向,1. The dormitory reminds me of a third-class hotel. Each room has the same set of unimaginative furnishings: the same pale red chest of drawers, the same light brown desks 2. The dormitory reminds me of a big office building. People who half know each other pass in the hall with impersonal friendliness 3. The dormitory reminds me of a prison. The study room is enclosed by windows with lines on them, giving the student a penned-in feeling,三、好的主题句可以逐段深化对全文主题的诠释,Smile - Youre on Camera Television continues to change the look of political conventions. While many of the changes may be for the best, there is something synthetic about this new kind of convention. Nevertheless, television coverage of conventions manages to get across to us a great deal about the way our political system works.,主题句与支持句的关系,1. 主题句统率支持句，支持句是明确主题句要旨的具体材料 2. 主题句靠支持句来阐明，支持句不能超出主题句所涉及的范围 3. 各段落的主题句相互合作，逐层推进，围绕全文主题展开。,Think of a good topic sentence for this set of details.,Penguin Moms lay the eggs and afterwards leave to get food for 2months. Penguin dads incubate the egg until it hatches. They take turns caring for their chick and feeding in the sea. Once the egg hatches, The young stay sheltered in the pouch of the mother while the father brings food.,What are some details you would expect to see in this paragraph.,Topic Sentence: Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. communication forms such as: oral speech, sign language, body language and other forms of nonlinguistic language，,Effective beginning of a sentence,Compare the next two sentences,The exhausted teacher slumped into the chair as soon as she opened her room. Exhausted, the teacher slumped into the chair as soon as she opened her room.,I find Ive had less communication with my mother since I entered the university. I was busy with my TEM-4 exercises all the time when it came to spring, so there had not enough time for me to talk with my parents. My mother usually kept telling me something happened in the past week whenever I was back home on weeknends. I wanted to break this kind of embarrassed atmosphere; therefore, I decided to go shopping with her. I believe that shopping is a good way to improve our relationship.,1. 以从句开头,While I believe the study of French can be beneficial, I do not feel it should be taught to third-graders at the expense of reading instruction. If my son is to learn another language, I prefer that he chooses the one he wishes to study.,2. 以ly 形式的副词开头,Excitedly, Greg told me of his opportunity to take French. Patiently but firmly, I told Greg I did not want hime to take French. Slowly, Gregs teacher explained why Greg should take French.,3. 以V-ing开头,Whining and crying, Greg left the room convinced that I was a cruel mother. Understanding his disappointment, I finally agreed to the French instruction.,4. 以V-ed（过去分词）开头,Stricken with grief, Greg cried for an hour because he could not take French. Frustrated and defeated, I finally allowed Greg to take the French class.,5. 以“To do” 开头,To understand my reaction, you must realize that I value reading above all other school subjects. To be effective, a foreign language curriculum should offer students a choice of languages to study.,6. 以PP（介词短语）开头,For a number of reasons, I oppose French instruction at the third-grade level. By my standards, reading is more important than French for third-graders.,7.变换衔接词在句中的位置,He was so disappointed, in fact, that I felt compelled to give in. This does not mean my belief has changed, however.,8. 使用并列复合句，加大句子容量,Greg is delighted to be learning French, but I am annoyed about it. Third-graders are not ready for a foreign language, and I doubt they will profit much from it.,The optimizing of a sentence,一、将句子重组，从而精简其内容和形式,1. 句子间衔接松散从句结构 Some experts favor a six-year term of office. They say that reelection causes too many pressures. Long-term problems get neglected. These problems are both domestic and foreign. Some experts, maintaining that both domestic and foreign problems get neglected in the rush for reelection, favor a six-year term of office.,一、将句子重组，从而精简其内容和形式,2. 句子间密切关联副词短语 It is now illegal for individual business firms to conspire to set prices. In the same way, the labor of different companies should not be allowed to work together to set wages. Just as individual business firms cannot conspire to set prices, labor of different companies should not be allowed to work together to set wages.,一、将句子重组，从而精简其内容和形式,3. 利用插入语或同位结构 Traditionally, society has treated alcoholics as outcasts. Now more people realize that alcoholism is a disease. This disease is often made worse by social patterns. Traditionally, society has treated alcoholics as outcasts, but today more people realize that they are victims of a disease, one often made worse by social patterns.,二、恰当使用标点符号,The great interest in professional football has inspired several football novels among them are North Dallas Forty and Semi-Tough. The great interest in professional football has inspired several football novels. Among them are North Dallas Forty and Semi-Tough. The great interest in professional football has inspired several football novels, among which are North Dallas Forty and Semi-Tough.,三、动词的选择,尽量使用行为动词取代非行为动词以增强句子活力 Actionless verb: to be (is, are, were, have/has been, had been) It was clear that the soprano was no longer in control of the high notes that had been a source of worry to her for years. Clearly, the soprano had lost control of the high notes that had been worrying her for years.,There is a real need for free, tax-supported doctors and hospitals in the United States. Currently there is a movement toward such a program. It is called HMO or Health Maintenance Organizations. Many Americans badly need free, tax-supported doctors and hospitals. The new HMO or Health Maintenance Organization program would fill this need.,四、去除句子中的无用累赘,There are many farmers in the area who are planning to attend the meeting which is scheduled for next Friday. Many farmers in the area plan to attend the meeting scheduled for next Friday. A child of preschool age often shows a desire to read, but the childs parents often ignore this desire. A child of preschool age often shows a desire to read which his parents ignore.,五、将无人称句改为有人称句，使句意更明显,When teaching, one should be patient. Teachers should be patient.,六、包括多个从句的复杂句,1、避免使用that-if, if-because, which-when等“从句套从句”式的结构 I think that if there were less emphasis on conformity in high school, college students would be better prepared for independent thinking. In my opinion, college students would be better prepared for independent thinking if there were less emphasis on conformity in high school.,六、包括多个从句的复杂句,2. 合并意义相近的从句，避免“喧宾夺主” When a child is constantly watched when he is born and while he is a baby, the reason is that his mother wants to see whether he is developing as her books say he should. Some mothers constantly watch young children to see whether they are developing as the books say they should.,六、包括多个从句的复杂句,3. 避免“从句+主句+从句”结构导致的从句间意义相互限定 Because many teenagers marry hastily, their marriages end in divorce, because they are too immature to face adult responsibilities. Many teenagers are too immature to face adult responsibilities. They marry hastily, and their marriages often end in divorce.,七、避免使用多个介词短语,A lot of journalists of different points of view were there. Many journalists holding different points of view were there.,八、避免句子主、从成分相互纠缠,缩短主句，重新排序 It is what she recalled from childhood about the begonia gardens that were cultivated in Capitola that drew her to returen to that part of the coastline one summer after another. Summer after summer, drawn by her childhood recollections of the Capitola begonia gardens, she returned to that portion of the coastline.,九、以非限定性结构成分代替限定性结构成分,The Germany that he remembered with horror had greatly changed. Germany, which he remembered with horror, had greatly changed. Hitler had vanished from the scene along with everything he stood for. Along with everything he stood for, Hitler had vanished form the scene.,十、避免垂悬修饰语,To collect evidence for such a charge, modern equipment and techniques for detection helped the police a lot. To collect evidence for such a charge, the police turned to modern equipment and techniques for detection for help. Scolded unjustly by her mother, tears welled up in Jennys eyes. Scolded unjustly by her mother, Jenny got tears welling up in her eyes.,十、避免垂悬修饰语,Arriving in Shangri-La on the first day of their trip into the mysterious land, a brochure was provided about the various scenic spots there. Arriving in Shangri-La on the first day of their trip into the mysterious land, the tourists was provided with a brochure about the various scenic spots there.,
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