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,作文评分标准 2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或在部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。 8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错误。 P.S.: 1.达不到规定词数的要酌情扣15分。（注意：题目中所给的起始句、主题句、结束句，不计入所写字数。） 2 .规定为三段式的作文，只写一段为04分， 只写2段为09分。,应该注意的问题,1.一般作文的给分分为0分，2分，5分，8分，11分和14分这几段。所以给改卷老师的第一印象很重要，可以直接影响给分的分段。大家首先一定要注意自己的书写工整干净，还有一定要写出一个清楚的三段式。如果写一段最多得到4-5分，如果写了2段最多也只能得到6-7分。所以作文的框架和书写是让老师给你一个不错分植段的关键之关键。,2.中英文段落的区别,1、英文文章表意较直接，喜欢直奔主题。中文文章表意较含蓄； 2、中文文章更个人感情色彩。英文文章读起来显得更为客观。 3、英文作者多以引述事实、数据等来支持自己的观点。中文作者常以谚语、格言来支持自己的观点。 4、中文很强调文章的寓意，英文则不然。,5、中文中设问句出现的频率比英文多一些。 6、汉语的表达习惯是把信息重点置于句末，把时间、条件、原因等解释性的信息放在句首；英文一般是先表态度，后给分析；先下结论，后叙原因。,3. 作文的结构,1） Beginning The topic sentence states the main idea of the paragraph. It is often the first sentence of the paragraph. Introduction states the main idea of the whole composition. The main idea sentence is usually at the end of the introduction.,2） Middle Part The supporting sentences develop the main idea specifically. Body paragraphs develop the main idea point by point. 3) Ending The concluding sentence restates or summarizes the topic sentence. Conclusion restates or summarizes the main idea of the essay.,4. 引言段的写作,引言，即文章的第一段，它可以是一句话，也可以是一段话。引言有四个作用：吸引读者；向读者介绍本文要讨论的主题；介绍本主题的背景和本文的布局。,1) 演绎法 将主题句放在段首。开门见山推出文章主题，使读者对文章将要讨论的内容一目了然，然后列举文章所要讨论的细节。这些细节排列决定了文章的正文内容的安排，这符合人类从概念到具体的思维模式。,English is among the most difficult subjects to learn. First, English pronunciation is quite different from that of Chinese. Second, it has a large vocabulary. Finally, idioms are really troublesome.,2)设问,既提出问题来引出文章主题，以吸引读者注意力。 Are you afraid of high places or water? If so, you suffer from one of the more common phobias(恐惧, 厌恶 ), which are strong, persistent(持续的; 不断的,连绵的,反复出现的 ), but unreasonable fears. The fear of high places and water are only two of the more than seven hundred phobias classified by psychologists.,3)引用名言,即摘录或引用格言、名句或谚语作为文章开头。 The old proverb, “Rome was not built in a day” reminds us that great things are never done without much time and labor. Before Rome was built, her founders had suffered a lot of difficulties, but they never lost their faith. Rome, the capital of the greatest empire in history and one of the most advanced cities nowadays, indeed was built through the labor of many great men who had strived against difficulties.,4) 定义,当所论述主题的基本概念比较抽象或读者不大熟悉时，通常用定义法作必要的解释说明。 Intelligence refers to a mans ability to understand and learn. It may vary from person to person. Some people may become more intelligent while others may be less.,5) 数据,列举醒目的数据或资料引起读者的注意，然后进入主题。 In the past 15 years China has experienced an alarming (使人害怕的;扰乱人心的 ) increase in teenage smoking. According to a survey, the number of smoking teenagers rose from 8 percent in 1982 to about 30 percent in 1998. The statistics look quite disturbing (引起烦恼的；令人不安的；引起恐慌的 ) and cause people to ask why.,5. 结尾段的写作,结尾段是对文章的归纳和总结,它可再次吸引读者并给读者留下深刻印象. 1) 重申主题 再次强调和肯定文章引言段中阐述的中心思想. 2) 归纳文章要点, 加深读者印象 In my opinion, a balance of these two kinds of activities might be more useful to those who live in retirement. In other words, physical activities are necessary for good health but intellectual recreation provides the most pleasure.,3) 提出建议,提供解决办法. On the whole, as a hobby, smoking will do you more harm than good. For your own health, please keep away from smoking. 4)展望未来 However, it may be that we still have a long way to go before we have a clean world. Nearly all of the countries are trying hard to prevent and control air pollution. And as a task, people will continually find new ways to control pollution.,5) 引用格言、谚语或习语总结全文. Not until then did I understand the meaning of the proverb, “ Helping others is the source of happiness.”,Agreement: 主语和谓语在人称、数上的一致，关系代词与先行词的一致。 Ambiguity: 尽量不去使用可能引起歧义的词语或句子。 Brief: 文章“简为贵”，要抓住要点，简明扼要。 Coherence: 文理通顺，前后连贯。 Development: 主题的发应展当充分、合理、正确。 Division: 词汇、句子、段落要分配使用得当，划分要清楚，避免使用重复字句。 Inflated diction: 不使用做作的语言。 Key: 用适当的关键词突出主题，每段都应有主题句。 Logical: 内容要符合逻辑。 Message: 信息要新鲜、确实、可信。 Omit: 合理删除多余的不必要部分。,Proposition: 主张、观点、论述要清楚肯切、合情入理。 Punctuation: 正确适时使用标点符号。 Relevant: 文章一定要与题目相关。 Sentence pattern: 句型要尽量多样化。 Straight: 开门见山，直来直去。 Style: 文体恰切，适合内容要求。 Tense: 动词时态要正确、一致、变化合理。 Theme: 选题得当，主题突出 Chinglish: 中文式的英文,一.文章的开头。 1-1 对立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法, 适用于有争议性的主题. e.g 1. When it comes to , some people believe that . Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements , but (I tend to the previous/latter ) 当涉及到有些人认为.一些人则认为/声称恰恰相反。可能两者的观点都有一定的道理，但(我更倾向于前/后） 2. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that They claim/ believe/argue that . But I wonder/doubt whether 现在，它通常是/一般/普遍认为/承认，他们声称/相信/认为.不过，我怀疑/怀疑.,1-2 现象法 引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论 . e.g 1. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of .has been brought into focus. ( has been brought to public attention) 最近，问题的问题/ .的现象已成为注意的焦点。 2.Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality . is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly. 通货膨胀/贪污/社会不平等.,1-3 引用法 - 先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要展开论述的观点! e.g: 1. “Knowledge is power.” such is the remark made by Bacon. This remark has been shared by more and more people . “知识就是力量。” “Education is not complete with graduation.” Such is the opinion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion. “教育是不完整的毕业。”这就是一个伟大的美国哲学家的观点。现在，越来越多的人分享这一观点。,1-4 比较法 - 通过对过去,现在 两种不同的倾向、观点的比较 , 引出文章要讨论的观点. e.g: 1. For years, .had been viewed as . But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing . , people . . 多年来，.已被视为.但是，人们正在以新面貌了。随着越来越多. ，人. 。 2. People used to think that . (In the past, ) But people now share this new. 人们曾经以为. (过去，)但是，人们现在这个新的共享。,1-5 故事法 - 先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣, 引出文章的主题. e.g: 1. Once in (a newspaper) , I read of/learnt The phenomenon of . has aroused public concern. 一旦(报纸)，我阅读/学习的现象.引起市民关注 2. I have a friend who . Should he ? Such a dilemma we are often confront with in our daily life. 我有一个朋友谁.如果他 ?这样的困境，我们常常在我们的日常生活中遇到。 3. Once upon a time , there lived a man who . This story may be (unbelievable) , but it still has a realistic significance now. 从前，有一位男子谁.这个故事可能是(难以置信)，但它仍然有现实意义。,二。 文章主体 原因结果分析 1）. 基本原因 - 分析某事物时, 用此句型说明其基本的或者多方面的原因. e.g: 1. Why . ? For one thing For another . 为什么. ?其一另外. 2. The answer to this problem involves many factors. For one thing. For another Still another . 对这个问题的答案涉及很多因素。一件事.另一还有一个 Another important factor is 另一个重要因素是 . . is also responsible for the change/problem. .还负责更改/问题 Certainly , the . is not the sole reason for . 当然，.是不是唯一的理由.,2）后果影响 - 分析某事物可能造成的后果或者带来的影响 . e.g: 1. It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on 这将会产生深远/深远的影响/对的影响 2. In involves some serious consequence for 在涉及一些严重的后果 3. There is no doubt that it has its negative effects as well as positive effects. 毫无疑问，它有消极的以及积极影响、效果。,三 文章结尾 1）. 结论性- 通过对文章前面的讨论 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及观点 . e.g: 1. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that . 经过以上讨论，我们可以有把握地得出这样的结论. 2. In summary/In a word , it is more valuable . 总之/总之，这是更有价值.,2） 后果性- 揭示所讨论的问题若不解决, 将产生的严重后果. e.g: 1. We must call for an immediate method , because the current phenomenon of . , if allowed to proceed, it will surely lead to the heavy cost of . 我们必须呼吁立即方法，因为目前的现象.如果允许进行，必将导致沉重代价. 2. Obviously , if we ignore/（are blind to） the problem , there is every chance that will be put in danger. 显然，如果我们忽略/是盲目的问题，很有可能将处于危险境地。,3) 号召性 - 呼吁读者行动起来, 采取行动或提醒注意. e.g: 1. It is time that we urged an immediate end to the undesirable tendency of 现在是我们要求立即结束 2. It is essential that effective measures should be taken to correct the tendency.,4) 建议性 - 对所讨论的问题提出建社性的意见, 包括具体解决问题的方法等. e.g: 1. While it cannot be solved immediately, still there are ways. The most popular is Another method is . Still another one is . 虽然不能一下子解决，但仍然有一些方法。最流行的是另一种方法是.还有另外一个是. 2. Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation. 意识/问题的认识是对局面的第一步。,段首句 1. 现在，很普遍，许多人喜欢，因为，另外(而且)。 Nowadays, it is common to _. Many people like _ because _.Besides，_. 2. 任何事物都是有两面性，也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。 Everything has two sides and _ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. 3. 关于人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为(说)，在他们看来， Peoples opinions about _ vary from person to person. Some people say that _.To them,_. 4. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题，这个问题变得越来越严重。 Man is now facing a big problem _ which is becoming more and more serious. 5. 已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。 _ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.,6. 在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。 _ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has 的 brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. 7. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出。很显然，但是为什么呢? According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that_while. Obviously, _, but why? 8. 关于人们有不同的观点。一些人认为 There are different opinions among people as to _ .Some people suggest that _. 9. 俗话说(常言道)，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。 There is an old saying_. Its the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 10. 现在，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，;其次，;更为糟糕的是。 Today, _, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, _ Second,_. What makes things worse is that_.,段落中间句 1. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以。 There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can_ 2. 面临，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来。一方面，另一方面， Confronted with_, we should take a series of effective measures to_. For one thing，_For another, _ 3. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说，另外。所有这些方法肯定会。 It is high time that something was done about it. For example. _.In addition.的_.All these measures will certainly_. 4. 相反，有一些人赞成，他们相信，而且，他们认为。 On the contrary, there are some people in favor of _.At the same time, they say_. 5. 但是，我认为这不是解决的好方法，比如。最糟糕的是。 But I dont think it is a very good way to solve _.For example，_.Worst of的all，_.,6. 对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，(也是)非常重要的。首先，。而且，最重要的是 _is necessary and important to our countrys development and construction.的First，_.Whats more, _.Most important of all,_. 7. 为什么?第一个原因是;第二个原因是;第三个原因是。总的来说，的主要原因是由于 Why_? The first reason is that _.The second reason is _.The third is的_.For all this, the main cause of _due to _. 8. 然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，也有它的不利的一面，像。 However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, _also has its own的disadvantages, such as _. 9. 尽管如此，我相信更有利。 Nonetheless, I believe that _is more advantageous. 10. 完全同意这种观点(陈述)，主要理由如下： I fully agree with the statement that _ because_.,There are different views among people about X(争论的焦点)。Some people are of the view that 观点1，while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 观点2。 As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses. The reasons are obvious. First of all, 论据1。Furthermore, 论据2。 Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. That is, 论据3。A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that总结观点。 As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.,图表作文 table是有格子的那种表格，如课程表之类的东西 diagram图表,可特指表格-用于填写分类数据的（类似excel表格）。 chart图示,可以表示天气图啊,航海图啊那样的一种图形示意吧, graph一般都是那种曲线图,最复杂 比如工业设计图等精密的东西或销售的业绩用曲线的涨落等，用于表示随时间推移的数据变化 。,根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出。很显然，但是为什么呢? According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the chart/graph/diagram ，it can be seen that _. Obviously, _, but why?,As is known in the table (or in the picture),dropped fromin 1994 toin 1996. According to the figures given in the table,has great increased in the pastyears, reachingin 1996. From the table we can also see there has been a sharp decline in It is clear that There are at least two good reasons for On the one hand, Lets have an example to illustrate the great increase in On the other hand, is due to the fact In addition, is responsible for Maybe there are some other reasons to show But it is generally believed that the above-mentioned reasons are commonly acceptable. As far as I am concerned,So my conclusion is that am sure my opinion is both sound and well-ground.(131 words),9. 阅读理解,阅读题具体表现为5种题型： 主旨题(包括大意)； 细节题(包括事实)； 词义题(包括词汇和短语)； 观点题(包括态度) ； 推理题(包括引申)；,1）主旨题,主题句的出处：文章首句或首段末句或二段首句。 文章所谈的细节内容和段落内容永远不可能成为答案。,2）细节题,文章议论顺序和出题顺序一致； 从题干中寻找典型的特征词回原文中定位；常用定位词：时间，地点，人名，特征名词及其定语,3）词义题(包括词汇和短语),4）观点题 出处定位：主题句， 例证的倾向性，修饰语的感情色彩 不可能为答案的词：indifferent（漠不关心的）， 常见的态度词 正面的态度：approving(赞许的)，objective(客观的),subjective（主观的）impartial(公平的，不偏不依的),optimistic(乐观的), sympathetic(同情的)。 中间的态度：ambiguous(引起歧义的; 模棱两可的, 含糊不清的 ), indifferent(漠不关心的), neutral(中立的),反面的态度： apprehensive 忧虑的， arbitrary武断的, biased有偏见的，偏心的, critical持批评态度的, depressing 令人沮丧的， disappointing令人失望的, doubtful怀疑的，拿不稳的， gloomy沮丧的，忧愁的, indignant 愤怒的，愤概的， negative否定的，消极的，反面的 ,objectionable引起反对的，令人反感的, 讨厌的 opposed/opposing, partial 不公平 的， pessimistic 悲观的, radical激进的，极端的, reserved 有保留的，寡言的，内 向的， scared惊恐的，恐慌的, sensitive, subjective主观的, suspicious可疑的，疑心的,
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