四六级阅读技巧与攻略

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花开不败1 / 39英语四级考试 60 个阅读高频词汇汇总hold sth to account 与.对证,核实 admit to 许可,允许 appear to 似乎,好像 apply sth to sth 把适用于 ask for 要求 assure sb of sth 使某人确信某事 ensure sb to do sth 保证某人做某事 attach importance to = pay/ call attention to 关注,重视 be based on 以为基础 be bound to 肯定,一定 when it comes to 当谈论到 ,涉及到 be concerned with 担心,忧虑 contribute to 促成,造就 be content with 对满意 cut back 消减 be convinced of/that 相信,认为 cope with=deal with 处理,克服 daily routine 日常生活 devote to 投身于,致力于 have difficulty in doing sth 做.有困难 end up sth with sth 用结束 be engaged in 参与,从事 elementary school 小学 be equal to 等同于,相当于 expose to 暴露,接触 to some /a extent 从某种角度 far from 一点也不,根本不 fail to 没能做成 at fault 有责任,有错误 federal authority 联邦政府 be filled with 充满 have to 必须得 homeland security 国土安全 be involved in 参与,从事 be judged on 按评判,判断 lay stress on = focus on 强调,重视 meet ones needs/standards 满足需要,符合标准 not.but.不是,而是 oil drilling= oil tapping= oil exploitation 开采石油 owing to/ due to / because of / thanks to 幸亏,由于,因为 oppose to 反对 make a point of 重视 pay increases 加薪 persuade sb to do sth 劝说 pick up 捡起,接送,学习 there is no question that 毫无疑问 range from to范围从到 resort to 采取 方法,手段 be responsible for 对 负责 have roots in 根源于,原因 in the long run 从长远角度看 see/view/regard/consider as 把 当作,看做 share ones opinion 同意.的观点 have something to do with 和有关 have 花开不败2 / 39nothing to do with 和 无关 social ties 社会联系 stop/prevent/keep sb from doing sth 阻止.做. strive to do 设法,努力 tend to 常常 in terms of 有关于,涉及到 volunteer to do sth 主动,志愿 in the wake of sth 之后四六级阅读应掌握的英语连词1。表明事件发生的时间顺序:then, first, at once, next,after that, previously, while, when, thefollowing day, etc。2。表明文章的组织结构:1)Listing: firstly, in the first place,secondly, thirdly, my next point is,last/finally, etc。2)Illustrating: for example/ for instance, toillustrate, an example/ instance of this is,lets take., take. for example, etc。3)Re-stating: in other words, that is to say,to put it another way, let me put it this way,or rather, namely, etc。4)Referring: in this respect, in thatconnection, as we said, apart from this, etc。5)Resuming: to resume, to return to theprevious point, getting back to the argument,etc。6)Summarizing: to sum up, in short, it amountsto this, what I have been saying is this, etc。7)Emphasizing: it is worth noting, I wouldlike to direct your attention to, let usconsider, we must now turn to, I shall begin by,etc。3。表明作者的观点、态度1)Introducing( or emphasizing) furtherevidence: moreover, furthermore, in addition,whats more, as well, etc。2)Cause: because (of), since, owing to, onaccount of, due to, as a result of, etc。3)Effect: as a result, hence, therefore,consequently, thus, so, etc。4)Contrasting: in / by contrast, on thecontrary, on the other hand, nevertheless,whereas, while, yet, however, but, etc。5)Comparison: in like manner, likewise, in thesame way, similarly, in comparison with, etc。6)Purpose: to this end, for this purpose, withthis in mind, in order to, so that, etc。7)Intensification: indeed, in fact, in anyevent / case, at no time, to tell the truth, etc四六级阅读需掌握关键句1It 作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型 Shehad said whatitwasnecessarytosay. 2强调句型 Itisnotwhorulesusthatis important,buthowhe rulesus. 花开不败3 / 393All+抽象名词 或抽象名词+itself (very+形容词) Hewasallgentlenesstoher. 4利用词汇重复表示强调 Acrimeisa crimea crime. 5something(much)of和nothing(little)ofsomethingof相当于tosome extent ,表示程度。在疑问句或条件从句中,则为anythingof,可译为有点 ,略微等。 译为毫无, 全无 。 muchof译为大有,notmuchof 可译为算不上 ,称不上,littleof 可译为 几 乎无。 somethinglike 译为有点像,略似。 They saythathehadnouniversityeducation,butheseemsto besomething ofascholar. 6同格名词修饰是指 of 前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物,of以及它前面的名词构一个形容词 短语,以修饰of后面的那个名词。如herold sharperofa father,可译为:她那骗子般的 父亲。 Thosepigsof girls eat somuch. 7asascan(may)be Itisasplainas plain canbe. 8Itisin(with ) asin(with) Itisin lifeasin ajourney. 9asgoodas相等于,就像,几乎如;实际上,其实,实在。 The merchantas goodaspromised theorphanboy,thathewouldadopthim. 10manyaswellas和mightas wellasmanyaswellas可译为与其, 不如,更好, 以这样做 为宜,如同,也可以 等等。 mightaswellas表示 不可能的事,可译为犹如,可与一样荒唐,与其那样不如这样的好等等。 Onemayaswellnotknow athingatall asknowitimperfectly. 11to makeof的译法(使成为,把当作) Iwillmakea scientistofmy son. 12oo+ 不定式 ,not(never)too+不定式, toonot+不定式 Sheistooangrytospeak. 13only(not, all, but,never) tootodoso 和tooready(apt)+to do结构中,不定式也没有否定意义,凡是not, allbut 等字后+tooto, 不定式都失去了否定意 义,在too ready (apt)+todo 结构中,不定式也没有否定意义。 Youknowbuttooyelltoholdyourtongue. 14nomorethan句型 Ahomewithoutloveis nomoreahomethan abodywithouta soulisa man. 15notsomuchas和notsomuchas结构,notsomuchas=notso 花开不败4 / 39much as,其中 as 有进可换用 butrather,可译为:与其说是 毋须说是 。而notso much as=without(not) even,可译为甚至还没有。 The oceans donotsomuch divide theworldasuniteit . 16Nothingismorethan 和Nothingissoas 结构,Nothingis morethan 和Nothingissoas 都具有最高级比较的意思,NothingI可换用no ,nobody,nowhere ,little,few,hardly,scarcely等等,可译为没有比更为, 像 再没有了, 最 等。 Nothingismorepreciousthantime. 17cannottoo 结构,cannottoo意为Itisimpossibleto overdo或者,即 无论怎样也不算过分。 not可换用hardly,scarcely 等,too可换 用enough,sufficient 等 Youcannotbetoocareful. 18 否定+but结构,在否定词后面的but ,具有whichnot ,whonot,thatnot, 等等否定意义,构成前后的双重否定。可译成没有不是或 都等 Nothingissobad but itmighthavebeenworse. 19 否定+until (till) 结构,在否定词no,not,never,little,few,seldom等的 后边所接用的until/till ,多数情况下译为 直到才 , 要 才,把否定译为肯定。 Nobodyknowswhathecandotillhehastried. 20notsobut和notsuchabut 结构,这两个结构和否定+but的结构差不多,不 同之点是这两个结构中的but是含有thatnot意味的连续词,表示程度。可译为还没有到不能 做的程度, 并不是 不,无论怎样也不是不能等。 Heisnotso sickbuthecancome toschool. 21 疑问词+shouldbut结构,这个结构表示过去的意外的事,意为nonebut,可译为除 了还有谁会, 岂料 ,想不到竟是等。 Whoshouldwriteitbut himself? 英语四级篇章词汇理解题应试技巧形容词的选择和使用1.在 BE 动词或系动词后,可以选择使用形容词做表语,即 be/link v.+adj.2.副词可以修饰形容词,如果空格前是副词,也可以考虑空格处是否应为形容词;例如:however, weather experts are still not completely - what leads to it or what affects how strong it will be.解释:本句缺少的是 ARE 的表语,因为空格前有副词 completely,可排除空格处为名词的可能性,空格处应为形容词或动词的分词形式。副词的选择和使用如果空格处所在的句子有完整的主语和谓语,这时应该考虑此处是否需要一个副词,可以被用来修饰该动词的一种程度状态。如果空格处所在的句子结构花开不败5 / 39完整(不缺少必要成分),所需的只会是定语或者状语之类的辅助成分。例如副词可以作为辅助成分。分词的选择和使用1过去分词可以用作形容词,表示其修饰的那个名词是一种被动发生或者已经发生的事情;2现在分词可以被用作形容词,表示其修饰的名词为一种主动的或者正在发生的事情。上下文语境巧记活用1利用篇章主题确定词义范围与色彩例如:after intensive research, scientists have concluded that politicians lie. In a study described in Britains Observer newspaper, Glen Newey, a political scientist at Britains University of Strathclyde, concluded that lying is an important part of -in the modern democracy.解释:根据上文提到的内容与 politician, political, democracy 等词,可推断本话题是 政治,政治制度等。如果词库提供的名词有 politics, journalists, affairs, mechanism, risk 等,很明显,与主题密切相关的应为politics。2.利用各句之间的逻辑关系确定词义范围与色彩并列关系:and also, likewise, similarly递进关系:additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition因果关系:since, thus, hence, consequently, accordingly, due to, now that, such.that转折关系:otherwise, whereas, nevertheless, by contrast, unfortunately让步关系:nevertheless条件关系:in case (of)四步解题1.浏览全文,抓住中心2.阅读选项,词性分类例如:动词:participate, illustrate, donate 捐献 reject 拒绝,反对,否定 droop 枯萎,低垂 hie 匆忙赶去 count 有重要性,有价值,计算 glow 发热,高兴,热情洋溢(名词时)喜悦,满足的心情touchstone 试金石,标准 calm 使平静,使镇定(名词时)平静,镇定(形容词时)平静的,镇定的 exist存在,生存 estimate 估计 strike 打击 notify 通知 retail 零售 generate 产生 insult 冒犯,侮辱 purchase购买形容词:financial, productive 生产的,多产的 credible 可信的,可靠的 controversial 有争议的,爱争论的 tight 紧的 astonished 惊讶的(动词时)使.惊讶 sufficient 充分的 ingenious 机灵的,巧妙的,有创造性的 difficult tropical 完全的 stable 稳定的 destructive 破坏性的 extreme 极度的,最高的 affordable 买得起的 voluntary 自愿的 excessive 过多的,过分的副词:reluctantly 不情愿的 completely 完全的 deliberately 故意的 technically 技术上的 really 真正的 primarily 首要的,主要的 名词:potential 潜能,能力(形容词时)可能的,潜在的 individual 个人,个体(形容词时)个人的,独自的,个体的 intellectual 知识分子,(形容词时)智力的,理性的 florist 花商,花店 replacement 替换,替代品 privilege 特权 store 商店 manners 礼貌,风格,方式,方法 figures 数字,外形,外貌,人物(尤其指名人)花开不败6 / 39(动词时)描绘,塑造,表示,认为,演算 eagerness 热心热诚 phenomenon 现实 strength 力量 starvation 饥饿 exhaustion 疲惫,筋疲力尽 scale 尺度,天平 gap 差距,间隙介词:beyond 多于.,超过3.照应前后,灵活选择问题:Many older Americans find their job skills are still-once they leave the paid work force.为什么应该填入构成被动被动语态的过去分词?4.复读全文,谨慎调整方法:只要选项里有出现课本上的单词或词组,选它。真正的有效的背单词的办法是从文章中,课文中, 大量的阅读中去记住单词.注意:1 名词和动词的一词多义现象,对一个单词只掌握一种相对呆滞的一个意思是非常影响阅读质量的;2 词汇的近义, 反义词的掌握,4 级考试中正确答案往往是原文的同意改写;3 形容词和副词的意思,以及褒贬性, 这直接有利于我们判断作者的态度及文章主旨,段落大意;4 重点掌握住一些固定词组搭配;5 对单词字义的揣测, 一般只通过单词所在句或者前后句内容就能猜出。大学英语新四级考试阅读培训讲义一、新四级介绍1、新四级题型分布表2、新四级考试时间安排8: 00-9: 00组织考生进入考场,检查考生的准考证与学生证(或身份证)。9: 00考生停止入场;发试卷、答题卡 1 和答题卡 2;试卷不分 A、B 卷,考生不得提前启封;考生填涂两张答题卡上的姓名和准考证号。注意只能用 2B 铅笔和黑色签字笔。9: 10考试正式开始,考生做答题卡 1 上的写作部分(只能用黑色签字笔答题)9: 40写作部分考试结束,考生启封试卷,开始做试卷上的第一部分,即快速阅读理解部分。9: 55收答题卡 1,考生开始准备听力部分。10: 00听力考试正式开始,时间约是 35 分钟。听力部分结束后,考生开始做剩下的试题。11: 20考试结束。3、各项达标成绩:听力:150-160-20 以上阅读:170-180-25 以上综合:30-40-5 左右作文:70-80-7 左右二、阅读理解概述一、 考纲变化阅读理解部分在整套试卷中的比例由以前的 40%调整为 35%,其中仔细阅读部分占 25%,快速阅读部分占 10%。具体来说,仔细阅读部分的最大变化是由旧题型花开不败7 / 39中的四篇常规阅读理解(每篇阅读文章后有 5 道选择题,共 20 题,共占总分值的 40%),变为现在一篇选词填空和两篇常规阅读理解。在全国大学英语四、六级考试改革方案(试行)中关于选词填空的描述为“对篇章语境中的词汇理解的测试”,即从一篇长度为 250 个单词左右的文章中留出 10 个单词的空格,要求考生从15 个备选单词中选出 10 个正确的单词填入文章相应处,共占总分值的 5%)。两篇常规阅读理解和旧题型相比没有太大变化,每篇后各有 5 道题目,共 10 题,占总分值的 20%。新题型的第二个大变化是增加了快速阅读部分,占总分值的 10%。该题型要求学生在 15 分钟内通过阅读一篇长度为 1200 词左右的文章并完成其后的 10 道题目(其中前 7 题为正误判断,后 3 题为根据文章提供的信息填空)。由此可见,新题型的阅读理解部分更加注重对学生实际阅读能力的考查,如快速阅读能力,理解文章细节的能力和在篇章中运用词汇的能力等,这也是考生在提高自己阅读能力方面应该学习的方向。我们提出的及格要求是对于常规阅读总共 20 分,要达到 16 分以上,即每篇文章最多错 1 个题目,快速阅读要求 7 分以上。二、 阅读理解难度体现(1) 阅读速度:总时间 40 分钟,各个题型时间被严格控制,备考训练不能忽视(2) 词汇量:很多同学阅读提不上去的一个主要问题是词汇量其小(3) 长句与难句:这是四级文章增加难度的方式之一(4) 超迷惑性选项:增加选项难度的方式。三、 阅读理解的选材与选裁1. 选材:社会生活、经济、教育、文化、科普、等方面。一般以社会生活和经济为主。2. 体裁:议论文,说明文,叙述文,描述文。一般以议论文和说明文为主。3. 特点:(1)说明文为主,兼议论(2)最新国外报刊新闻(3)词汇量大、并有专有名词 【这是四级考试文章最大变化之一】(4)文章显著增长,须圈点阅读四、 做题顺序【这是读文章的重点,也是难点,一定多多练习】1, 扫描题干,确定题型,划出关键信息词。2, 扫描文章,划出以下内容。【阅读文章的主要目的:抓框架,抓考点】(1)首段、各段首句、末段末句(2)与提干信息词相关内容(3)因果关系(because, thus, therefore 等)(4)转折关系 (but, however, yet)(5)强调信息: 1)绝对词汇 2)比较级最高级 3)强调句 4)强信息词(6)并列/列举:扫过标记(7)举例:扫过,知目的(8)指示性的具体信息: 1) 时间对比 2) 专有名词 3) 数字3, 再次阅读题目,联系文章,解决简单题目。4, 对于难以确定的题目,再次回原文反复的看相关的信息点。五、 题型与信息词1. 主旨题:询问主旨无需信息词; 放于最后答题;花开不败8 / 39考必得2. 词汇题:询问词汇、短语或句子含义询问内容为信息词;考必得3. 细节题:询问文中具体细节信息词不确定4. 态度题:询问作者或他人对某物的态度一般无信息词;考必得5. 推断题:对段落或全文进行推理信息词不确定六、 阅读文章的两大原则:知难而退、抓大放小七、 阅读思想1、答对题目和读懂文章是两个概念2、圈点核心是把握文章框架3、句子的作用在于这个句子与上下句子的关系4、段落的作用在于这个段落与上下段的关系八、 原文对等的思想:像【这个思想在做题时要时时体会,务必掌握】1、错误选项不是让你不选的2、正确选项不是让你选的3、题干也不是随便出的4、题目不是随便凑的二、释义题(一) 答题核心答题关键一:表面含义选项常为干扰项。答题关键二:采用三句定位法:上一句,所在句,和下一句;同时关注暗示词三句定位的关键是要判断所考察短语与三句中某部分的关系。(二) 题型分析考纲内词汇: 考察词汇在特定上下文中选取特定含义的能力考纲外词汇: 考察根据上下文推断生词含义的能力陌生短语: 考察根据上下文理解推断短语在特定上下文中含义的能力句子: 考察根据上下文推断句子含义的能力(三) 同义关系同义关系指考察对象与上下文中的某部分含义一致。此时,可直接将上下文中含义一致的部分作为考察对象的含义答题即可。例如,假如文章中提到“A and B”考察对象为 A,而 B 短语已知,A 的含义就是 B 短语的含义。关键词有:in other word, and, also, that is, xxx (名词) + 定语从句;xxx (名词) + be + 名词或者从句;xxx (名词) + 同位语;xxx (名词) + be called /mean (四) 反义关系反义关系指考察对象与上下文中某部分的含义相反。此时,可直接将上下文中含义的相反部分作为考察对象的含义答题即可。关键词:but, not, yet, however, although, though, while(五 )表面含义一般来说,释义题的干扰项常常是词、短语或句子的表面含义。实际上,释义题考查的更像是考生根据上下文猜测词、短语、句子的能力,而不是对考查内容的字面理解能力。有趣的是,考查内容的字面意义到成了出题人编写错误选项的一个出发点。当然,有些考生会将四个选项带进文章,替换掉要考查的内容,认为哪个更“顺”一些,哪个就是答案,这也有一定的道理。能够“顺”起来的,就是能够与上下文连贯起来的,即符合上下文。花开不败9 / 39三、细节题(一) 综述阅读理解题目中的重量级选手。占的比重对大,最少一篇文章考查 3 个,最多考查 5 个。(二)答题方法:正确选项(1)同义改写词汇转换,含义相同 (2)同义转述含义不同,本质相同但是都必须符合原文对等原则(二 )答题方法:干扰项(1) 无中生有(2) 偷梁换柱(3) 自相矛盾(4) 过于绝对第一、二种是出题人常常采用的方法,尤其以第二种最难,对于干扰项,一定要掌握“像” 这个特征,这是核心。(三 )关键信息词定位:同义、同形、混合定位。事例如下:00.1 广告第三题:To encourage consumers to travel by train, DDB Needham emphasized _.题干关键词:emphasized-文中 stressIt stressed experiences gained by using the trains and portrayed western train trips as wonderful adventures.答案:The adventurous aspects of train trips01.1 饮料瓶第一题:What regulation was issued by New York State concerning beverage containers?定位关键句:New York State ordered stores to charge a deposit on beverage containers.答案:Consumers had to pay for beverage containers and could get their money back on returning them.(四) 绝对词出现的处理方式(1)文章中:作为重点信息标记出。(2)题干中:作为关键信息词标出。(3)选项中:只有与文章一致方为正确选项。(3)选项中:一般作为干扰选项出现 ; 假如与文章标记一致,才是正确选项。绝对词:must, always, never, the most, all, no, each, only, have to, any(任何 ), none, entirely, completely, totally, hardly, every, rarely, seldom不肯定语气词(作标记):can, could, may, might, should, some, usually, might, most, often, more or less, relatively, be likely to, possible, possibly, perhaps, maybe, to some degree, seem四、推断题提问中需含有词汇:infer,imply,Learn from,Conclude,Suggest,seen from,know from推断类型:全文推断,局部推断。判断标准:题目出现位置;位置重于表述。什么是推断:(1)来自于原文相关处 ;(2)与其含义一致【注意,一定是原文对等】一、全文推断判断依据:(1)最后一题,(2)倒数第二题:假如最后一题为主旨题或者作者对全文的态度题时。答题方法:花开不败10 / 391. 对全文最后一段的推断。定位三句:最后一段最后一句(或倒数第二句),最后一段主题句(可能是第一句),最后一段强调句。一般来讲,四选项中有涉及全文最后一段的相关内容,特别是全文最后一句或者倒数第二句时,此为答案。2. 对全文中心观点的推断。查找与中心观点一致的选项。3. 对文中不同信息点的推断,逐个定位,进行推断。推断题目中最难的题目,数量少。二、局部推断分为两种:(1)根据给定段落进行推断 (段落推断);(2)根据给定的某个信息进行推断 (信息点推断)。答题方法:定位信息点和作者观点。三、干扰项:无根据推断(无中生有),推断过头,推断错误(自相矛盾)。需要强调的是:推断的本质:一定是来自原文,且含义一致。任何一个推断题,找不到定位处,或者感觉模模糊糊,就要考虑是不是一个错误选项。五、主旨题(一) 综述:题量:03 年之前:3-4 题 ;现在:最多 1 题,甚至没有。 031 没有;026 一题;036 没有难度:与词汇短语题并列为最简单题目。答题顺序:放在最后,与全文推断题一起。题目出现位置:最后一题和第一题。(出现在 2-3题的两个题:试题:981 第三篇(nap) 第三题;021第一篇(car) 第二题。)(二) 提问方式Best title:1. The best title for this passage would be _. (很多)2. Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage?3. The passage is most probably taken from an article entitled _. (01.1 三家庭污染)Main purpose:1. The authors (main) purpose in writing this passage is to _.(最多)2. The purpose of this article is to _.3. Whats the authors purpose in writing this passage?4. The passage is meant to _.Main idea:1. In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with _.2. The passage mainly discusses _.3. What is the author trying to tell us?4. The passage is mainly about _.5. The main idea of the passage is that _.6. The passage is chiefly about _.7. Whats the passage mainly about?(三 ) 答题方法:主题法1 :与主题句相对应即为正确答案1.特点:具有总结性。2.位置:一般位于三个地方:花开不败11 / 39(1)全文首句(2)第一段末句(一段末出现转折)(3)二段一句、二句(二段对一段进行总结或否定)主题法2 查找主题词法各段首句相加,其中共有词汇为主题词,必须出现在正确答案中。主题词的特征有:(1)一般为名词或名词词组(2)出现频率较高(3)一般位于段落首句文章结构法现象解释文:深入分析原因典型议论文:作者观点问题解决型:问题和解决方案试验类文章:无主旨题位置定位法(针对第二或者第三题的情况 )第 2 或 3 题:定位前后两题,中间往往出现主题句。排除法:对文章有宏观掌握之后进行排除。着眼点:文章中心要能够概括文章全部内容,表达作者观点,不多不少。干扰项有三:局部信息(范围过小) 、概括过头(范围过大)、无关信息。需要提醒的是:主旨题答题类似于穿鞋,不能太大,也不能太小!六、态度题一、提问方式:What is the authors overall attitude toward xxx?Which of the following best describes the authors tone in this passage?From the passage, it can be seen that the author _.The authors experience shows that he was _.Whats the authors attitude toward xxx?What was the attitude of doctors towards xxx?(表现态度的词是 attitude、tone。从考试情况看,一直机率很少,一般二篇阅读理解可能出现一、二次)二、态度题目分类:作者态度(全文态度):对文中某事的态度;他人态度(局部态度):他人对文中某事的态度。三、态度词:好(肯定,赞扬,积极,褒义 ):positive, supporting, useful, praising, admiring, instructive supportive坏(否定,批评,贬义):critical, negative, disappointing, questionable concerned serious doubtful客观:objective, matter of fact, describe the case as it is中性词(错误选项):indifferent, neutral, compromising, disinterested, impassive, confusing, surprising, cautious, subjective, tolerant其他词汇:optimistic, pessimistic, sympathetic, enthusiastic(希望记住拼写)四、答题方法:查找观点,区分好坏,确定客观。【解释:重点是观点的查找,找到则区分好坏或客观,如果没有找到,一定是客观的】如下图所示:五、变体态度:花开不败12 / 39其核心是:态度词+所指对象答题要点:双方皆正确,方为正确选项。(解释:态度词和所指对象一定要有,且相配)20 个英语四六级考试阅读难点关键句翻译1. Wearing a seat belt saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half. 2. But it will be the drivers responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind. 3. However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing your vehicle; or you are making a local delivery or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it. 4. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it. 5. Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could he slowed down. 6. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations. 7. Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect (智能) and emotion, and determine the human character. 8. Contraction of front and side parts as cells die off was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty and seventy-year-olds. 9. The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns. 10. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant. 11. We know that you have a high opinion of the kind of learning taught in your colleges, and that the costs of living of our young men, while with you, would be very expensive to you. 12. But you must know that different nations have different ways of looking at things, and you will therefore not be offended if our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours. 13. We are, however, not the less obliged by your kind offer, though we refuse to accept it; and, to show our grateful sense of it, if the gentlemen of Virginia will send us a dozen of their sons, we will take care of their education, teach them in all we know , and make men of them. 14. In what now seems like the prehistoric times of computer history, the earths postwar era, there was quite a wide-spread concern that computers 花开不败13 / 39would take over the world from man one day. 15. Already today, less than forty years later, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives. We are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen problem. 16. Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong. 17. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work. 18. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it , let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. 19. The first time that the question “ What is at the bottom of the oceans?” had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. 20. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea. 1-20 句译文 1、系好安全带能够挽救性命,它能将丧生和重伤的概率减少一半以上。 2、但是司机有责任确保 14 岁以下的孩子不要坐在前排,除非他们系好了安全带。 3、当然,如果有以下情况你可以不系安全带:你在倒车时,或者你用一种特殊交通工具进行当地的货物运送、收集时,或者你有合法的医学证明你不能系安全带时。 4、注意你如果不这么做( 系安全带)的话,你有可能被告上法庭,而且你有可能被处以罚款除非你能证明你有不带安全带的理由。 5、Taiju Matsuzawa 教授想找出为什么日本北部的健康农民在相对年轻的年龄就显得开始失去思考与推理的能力的原因以及怎样才能延缓老化过程。 6、在东京国立大学的同事们的帮助下,他开始对一千来自不同职
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