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一,二,三,四,冠词作为一种虚词,在英语中只能和名词一起使用。英语中的冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词两类。 介词用来表示它后面的名词或代词(或相当于名词的其他词类;短语或从句)与其他句子成分的关系。在英语中,介词作用非常重要,离开了介词的中介或连接作用,就无法表达某些最基本的思想或概念,比如时间、空间、方位、手段、状态等等;另外,介词还可以传达动词或动词短语的含义。 高考对冠词和介词的考查涉及的错误常有:冠词和介词的错用、漏用和多用等几个情况。,二,三,四,一,一、正确使用冠词 1.弄清定冠词和不定冠词的基本用法,学会根据句意和语境选择使用冠词。解决问题的关键是把握语境,如果句子中的名词表示“一个;某人;任何一个”等,用不定冠词;如果表示“这个;那个;这些;那些”等,则用定冠词。 (一)不定冠词的基本用法 1.泛指一个。如:There is a football under the table. 2.指人或事物的某一种类。如:His father is a driver. 3.指某一个人或事物,但不具体说明。如:My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire. 4.用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位的名词前,表示“每一”。如:We have meals three times a day. 5.表示同样的。如:They are of an age.(他们是同岁。) 6.表数量,相当于one,但语意较弱。如:There is a pen and two books on the desk.,二,三,四,一,7.使抽象名词具体化。如:The little girl is a help to her mother.(a help意为“帮手”) 8.固定搭配。如:as a matter of fact,in a hurry,in a word等。 9.“a/an+序数词”不表示排序,表“又一,再一”。 如: Can you give me a second chance,please? 10.有些物质名词,如rain,snow,fog,wind,tea,coffee等,其前有形容词修饰时,形容词前应该加不定冠词。如: What a heavy rain!Longjing is a wonderful tea. 11.有些不可数名词如knowledge,collection,understanding等是由其动词转化而来的,后面加of.时,前面常用不定冠词。如:What happened just now shows that a knowledge of first aid can make a real difference in an emergency.,二,三,四,一,(二)定冠词的基本用法 1.表示上文提到过的人或事物。如:I have bought a book.The book is very useful. 2.用于说话人与听话人都明确知道的人或事物。如:Close the window,please. 3.用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如:the sun,the moon,the earth,the world等。 4.用于表示方位的名词之前。如:the east,the right。 5.用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前,以及对两人或物进行比较时起限制作用的比较级前。如:the first,the second,the tallest,the most important,the taller of the two boys等。 6.用于形容词或过去分词之前,使其名词化。如:the young (年轻人),the wounded (伤员)等。 7.用于某些专有名词之前。如:the United States,the United Nations等。,二,三,四,一,8.用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等的名词之前。如:the Changjiang River,the East Lake等。 9.用于复数姓氏之前,表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如:The Smiths等。 10.用于西洋乐器的名词前。如:play the piano,play the violin等。 11.用于发明物前。如:The compass was invented in China. 12.用于年代名词前。如:He lived in the countryside in the 1970s. 13.用于固定词组中。如:in the morning/afternoon/evening,on the other hand,at the same time等。 14.用于表示计量单位的名词前。如:by the dozen,by the hour,by the day,by the yard等。 提示:如果表示单位的名词为不可数名词,之前不用冠词,如by weight/height等。,二,三,四,一,15.the very(正是那一个),the same(同样的),the only(唯一的)。 16.用在“主语+动词+介词+the+身体部位名词”结构中。如:strike sb.on the head打在某人的头上,seize sb.by the collar抓住某人的衣领,catch sb.by the arm抓住某人的手臂。,二,三,四,一,(三)不定冠词和定冠词的转化 1.表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词,如sun,sky,world,moon等,前面一般用定冠词,但其前有描绘性的修饰语时,用不定冠词。试对比: As is known to all,the earth moves around the sun. What a bright moon! 2.“ a/an+比较级”表示“(众多人或事物中)比更的一个”,属于泛指;“the+比较级”表示“两者中较为的一个”。“a most+形容词”表示“很,非常”。试比较: This one is too small.Can you show me a larger one? Tom is the older of the two boys. Part one is a most difficult part but not the most difficult.,二,三,四,一,3.表示顺序时用“the+序数词”;表示“再一,又一”时,用“a/an+序数词”。 I have two books.I want to buy a third one. We have finished the first lesson,and now we will learn the second. 4.不定冠词用于有形容词修饰的一日三餐、季节、日期前。有限制性的定语时(即表示某一年的某个季节时),应该用定冠词。表示“某一个星期几”时,用不定冠词。 The walk is expected to last all day,so bring a packed lunch. He joined the army in the spring of 1988. We had a very hot summer last year. I happened to meet my classmate Jack on a Wednesday.,二,三,四,一,二、零冠词和固定搭配中的冠词 1.表示总称的复数名词之前和表示泛指的不可数名词前。如: Children love cartoons.儿童喜欢卡通影片。 Money isnt everything.金钱不是一切。 2.表示职位、头衔、称呼的名词,在句中作主语补足语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语时不加冠词。如:Mr.Smith,head of the group,will plan for the whole trip. 3.专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词前常不用冠词。如:China,Smith等。 4.表示学科、球类、棋类、语言名称的名词前不用冠词。,二,三,四,一,5.季节、月份、星期、节假日前一般不用冠词。如:on Friday,in summer等。 提示:季节等被限定性定语修饰时用定冠词;星期前加不定冠词表示“某一个”;中国民间传统节日前常加定冠词。如:in the spring of 1992,a Tuesday in September,the Spring Festival等。 6.一日三餐前通常不用冠词,但前面有描绘性形容词时,加不定冠词。如: What did you have for breakfast? 你早餐吃什么? He had a wonderful supper. 他吃了一顿很棒的晚餐。,二,三,四,一,7.在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。如:arm in arm(手挽手);hand in hand(手牵手);side by side(肩并肩);day and night(日日夜夜);young and old(老老少少);from door to door(挨门挨户);from beginning to end(从头到尾);from morning till night(从早到晚)等。 8.与by连用表示交通方式的名词前;以and连接的两个相对的名词连用时。如:knife and fork,by bus,by plane等。 9.系动词turn(变成)后的单数名词作表语,用零冠词。 After graduation from college he turned teacher/became a teacher. 10.“零冠词+单数名词+as/though+主语+谓语.”,即让步状语从句的倒装结构中。如: Child as/though he is,he knows a lot.(=Although/Though he is a child,.),二,三,四,一,11.no such后的名词不用冠词。如: Everything comes with a price;there is no such thing as a free lunch in the world. 一切都是有代价的,因为天下没有免费的午餐。 12.固定搭配中的冠词的用法。冠词构成的习语搭配也是考查的重要内容,而且失分率极高,建议同学们在平时的学习中牢固记忆。 在某些习惯用语中,用还是不用冠词,用哪个冠词,意义不同,有时甚至差别很大,使用时要特别注意。以下是常见的容易混淆的短语: at table 进餐 at the table 在桌子旁 in hospital 住院 in the hospital 在医院里 by sea 乘船(由海路) by the sea 在海边,二,三,四,一,out of question 毫无疑问,一定 out of the question 不可能 in front of 在(外部的)前面 in the front of 在(内部的)前面 for a moment 一会儿 for the moment 目前,暂时 be in charge of 负责 be in the charge of 由负责,在掌管之下 in possession of 拥有 in the possession of 为所有 in sight of 能看见 in the sight of 据的见解 in place of 代替 in the place of 在的地方,二,三,四,一,三、正确使用介词 1.掌握介词的基本用法和含义,弄清同类型介词的区分。如表示地点的介词on,in,at怎样选用。例如: There is a rainbow in the sky.天上有一道彩虹。 Our office is on the 9th floor.我们的办公室在九楼。 2.掌握介词短语的构成,要根据句意选用合适的介词或介词短语。 介词短语是指由介词后接宾语构成的短语,如in the room,at the station,on the desk,under the trees,in the distance等。体会介词短语的意义和句意的关系,不要乱用介词。例如: They came out from under the trees. 他们从树下走出来。 We heard a strange sound in the room. 我们听到屋里有一种奇怪的声音。,二,三,四,一,3.掌握常见的固定短语以及介词在这些固定搭配中的应用。尤其要注意“介词+名词”、“动词+介词”和“形容词+介词”构成的搭配。例如: (1)介词+名词:on the contrary相反;in turn依次;in ones opinion根据某人的看法;on time准时;out of reach够不着。 (2)动词+介词:remind sb.of sth.提醒某人某事;rob sb.of sth.抢劫某人的;result from由引起;call at访问(某地)。 特别要注意下列常考的动词和介词构成的短语: 动词go,come,take,make,get,have,set,break,put,look,bring,see+ 介词through,over,off,in,on,out,up,down (3)形容词+介词:be curious about对好奇;be proud of因而自豪;be popular with受到的欢迎。,二,三,四,一,四、介词的误用 介词的误用情况很多,特别注意下列情况: 1.不要受汉语思维的影响而错用介词,如:The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.该句中的in容易误用为from。 2.不要混淆固定搭配而误用介词,如:We worked shoulder by shoulder for five years.该句子中的by应该是to。 3.不要忽略语境因素而漏用介词:如:Hes not worth getting angry.(犯不上和他生气。)该句子中,由于getting angry不具备直接接宾语的能力,因此angry后应该加with。 4.分清及物动词和不及物动词,不要想当然地多用介词,如:Seeing the door open,the stranger entered into the room.该句子中into多余,因为enter为及物动词。,二,三,四,一,二,三,四,一,.完成句子(高考真题变式训练) 1.They chose Tom to be captain of the team,because they knew he was smart leader. 2. village where I was born has grown into town. 3.Life is like ocean: only strong-willed can reach the other shore. 4.The paper is due next month,and I am working seven days week,often long into night. 5.I cant tell you way to the Wilsons because we dont have Wilson here in the village. 6.Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves half an hour. 7.September 30 is the day which you must pay your bill. 8.Our club is open to everyone regardless age,sex or educational background.,the,a,The,a,an,the,a,the,the,a,in,by,of,9.Tom always goes jogging in the morning and he usually does push-ups too to stay shape. 10.It is unbelievable that Mr Lucas leads a simple life his great wealth.,in,despite,.单句改错 1.The teacher said the snow is white,but the snow on the road is red.Why? 2.When can I have my birthday party? On Saturday nearest to it. 3.Ive got out of habit of having cooked breakfast. 4.You could see many mountains and rivers in distance. 5.She has to use a wheelchair to get around and it often takes her a little longer to do everyday things,such as getting out of bed,getting dressed and going to the school.,答案:said后的the去掉,答案:Saturday前加the,答案:habit前加the;cooked前加a,答案:distance前加the,答案:school前的the去掉,6.Try on this red skirt;you will look great for it. 7.The study also shows that seeing at sad films can make getting over a negative mood an easier job. 8.Being admitted in your university has always been a beautiful dream for me. 9.Im very interested in the job and Id like to apply to the position. 10.She is a kind-hearted girl,and always offers to help us our English.,答案:forin,答案:去掉at,答案:into,答案:第二个tofor,答案:us后加with,
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