2019-2020年高考英语 语法系列之动名词不定式知识点分析.doc

2019-2020年高考英语 语法系列之动名词不定式知识点分析（一）动名词的句法功能(1). 作主语 Working is good exercise. Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 作主语的动名词结构复杂而长时，为保持句子的平衡，可后置，而先行词it 作句子的形式主语。如： It is fun having guests for the weekend. It is no use sending him over. Its too late already. There is no joking about such matters.(2). 作宾语A. 作及物动词的宾语( suggest, finish, avoid, stop, cant help, mind, admit, enjoy,require, postpone, put off, delay, practise, excuse, advise, consider, deny, miss -) The doctor advised taking exercise.I am sorry I missed seeing you while in Beijing.He gave up teaching only two years ago. 注：“do + 限定词(the, my, some, much, etc)+ 名词化的动名词”意思是 做-(事)” Who will do the cooking?I usually do my washing on Sundays.B. 作介词的宾语(成语如 insist on, think of, look forward to, get used to, be good at, take part in, be interested in, be proud of, succeed in, feel like, be fond of, be responsible for, be suitable for, -, stop - from -) He has some difficulty in keeping five children in school. The teacher gave him a medal for winning the game. C. 作形容词worth, busy的具有状语性质的宾语He was worth teaching. (=worthy of being taught) The teacher is busy correcting the students exam papers. 如果作宾语的动名词又有自己的补语，习惯上将动名词后置，而用先行词作它的形式宾语。如： I found it pleasant walking along the river after supper. (3). 作表语Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 动名词作表语时有两点值得注意：(1)句子的主语常是无生命名词或what引导的名词性从句。(2)表语动名词与主语是对等关系，表示主语的内容，回答what或doing what的问题，不可与进行时态相混淆，比较： My favorite sport is playing basketball. He is playing basketball. (4) 作定语I am glad to have this chance of ing to visit your country. (介词和动名词做定语) (5) 作同位语 That was her wish, going on to college after finishing senior middle school. （二）动名词的复合结构物主代词(或名词的所有格)+动名词 动名词的复合结构在句中可作主语，宾语，表语等，其中的逻辑主语一般用物主代词或名词的所有格；但在口语中，这种结构如果作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格，名词的所有格常用名词的普通格来代替。如： Marys ing late made her teacher angry. Would you mind my(or me)opening the window?不过，动名词的逻辑主语在遇到以下情况时，必须用名词的普通格(或人称代词的宾格) (1). 无生命的名词The boys were alarmed by the door suddenly shutting. Is there any hope of our team winning the game? (2). 有生命的名词但表示泛指的意义 Have you ever heard of women playing football? (3). 两个以上的生命名词并列 Do you remember my brother and me ing to see you the other day? （三）非限定动词句法功能的比较 1) 句法功能的一览表2). 比较 (1). 不定式与动名词作主语时的比较 一般说来可以互换，其意义没有多大差别，如： It is dangerous playing (or to play) with fire. 有的语法学家说，动名词表示抽象和泛指的动作，而不定式表示比较具体的一次动作。 A. 在口语中，用动名词作主语置于句首的情况要比不定式多。B. 在疑问句中，一般多用动名词的复合结构作主语，而不用不定式的复合结构。如： Does our saying that mean anything to him? Does for us to say that mean anything to him?（错） C. 在句型“There is no + 主语”中，须用动名词作主语，如： There is no telling what will happen.(It is impossible to tell what will happen.)D. 当表语是动名词时，主语要用动名词；当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式，如： Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.(2). 不定式，分词与动名词作表语时的比较不定式与动名词作表语一般可以互换使用，在意义上没有多大的差别，如： Our purpose is training (or: to train)the students to read books in English. 分词作表语说明主语的性质特征，回答how的问题； 不定式与动名词作表语则说明主语的内容，回答what 或doing what 的问题。如： His job is interesting. (How is his job?) His job is teaching. (What is his job?) (3). 不定式与动名词作直接宾语时的区别比较A. 有些及物动词只能接不定式作宾语，如want, wish, hope, ask, help, refuse, learn, demand, dare, choose, arrange, expect, decide, agree, promise, plan, offer, manage, pretend, prepare, elect, desire, fail, long, determine等, I want to play football. She refused to join them. B. 有些及物动词只能接动名词作宾语，如mind, finish, admit, advise, avoid, consider, dislike, enjoy, excuse, imagine, escape, include, keep, pardon, practise, risk, miss, stand, deny, fancy, suggest, give up, put off ,cant help ,set about, prevent, prevent sb from, object to ,insist on 等 She kept shouting and crying. C. 有些及物动词的宾语既可用不定式，又可用动名词，可分为以下两种情况： 1) 意义基本一样，如：like, love, hate, begin, start, continue, attempt, afford, prefer, delay, omit, neglect, propose, cease, cant bear- Marx started working (=to work) hard to improve his English. 但如果begin与start本身为进行时后边则要接不定式，不接动名词，如： He is beginning to see his mistake.2) 意义明显不同，主要有以下几个动词： remember + 不定式：记住(别忘记)要做的一件事 remember +动名词：记得(回忆起)过去曾做过的一件事 比较： Please remember to post the letter for me. I remember posting ( or: having posted)the letter . forget +不定式：忘记要做的一件事 forget +动名词：忘记了过去做过的一件事比较： He forgot to write to me. He forgot ever having written to me. I will never forget visiting London for the first time. regret +不动式(一般式)：对现在要发生的事表示“抱歉”，“遗憾”regret +动名词：对已经发生的事表示“后悔” 比较：I regret to say (that )I cannot go with you. She regretted missing (=having missed) the report. I regret to say I cannot take your advice. I regret not taking your advice. mean +不定式：打算-，想要- mean +动名词：意味着-，意思是- 比较： I didnt mean to hurt your feelings. Learning a foreign language does not mean just working in a class. D. 动词stop, try和不定式连用时，本身用作不及物动词，不定式是它们的目的状语；stop, try和动名词连用时，本身用作及物动词，动名词是它们的直接宾语。搭配不同，含义不同。 1)stop +不定式：停下正在做的事而去做由不定式所表示的另外一件事stop +动名词：停止做由动名词所表示的某事比较： They stopped to talk. They stopped talking . 2)try +不定式：设法-，试图- try + 动名词：试一试- 比较：He came to Beijing to try to find a job. She tried reading, but that could not make her feel better. E. 及物动词want ,need, require的不同用法及不同含义： 1)want + 不定式：想要- want + sb. or sth. +不定式：想要某人-，希望某事-want + 动名词：需要-，该-(动名词主动形式表被动含义)比较： Somebody wants to see you. I wanted you to show me how to operate this machine. We wanted this meeting to be a successful one. The matter wants thinking over(=to be thought over) 2)need + 不定式：需要-need + 动名词：需要-，该-(动名词主动形式表示被动含义) You dont need to leave so early. His clothes needed mending and his shoes needed repairing.(=to be mended and to be repaired)3)require +sb / sth +不定式：要求(需要)某人做- require + 动名词：需要-，该-(动名词主动形式表示被动含义) The order required all the people to bow before him.These young trees will require looking after(=to be looked after)(4). 不定式与分词作宾语补足语时的比较用现在分词作宾语补足语，强调动作的过程，表示动作正在进行；用不定式作宾语补足语，强调发生动作这一事实，因而表明动作已结束。比较：I saw him ing downstairs.(=I saw that he was ing down stairs.) I saw him e downstairs.(=He came downstairs and I saw it .) 及物动词的两种分词作宾补时，主要看它们与自己的逻辑主语(即句中的宾语)的关系，主动关系用现在分词。被动关系用过去分词。比较： I found him cooking supper. I found supper cooked.(5). 不定式，分词与动名词作定语时的比较A. 不定式与分词作定语时的区别主要表现在时态上：不定式作定语通常指未来的动作；现在分词作定语指正在发生的动作，过去分词作定语指已经完成的动作。如： He has two letters to write. Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting . Do you know the man sitting at the desk? Have you read any short stories written by LuXun? 此外，不定式和分词作定语时，与被修饰的名词或代词都有逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系。但是，不定式作定语有时可表示被修饰名词的内容，而分词却不行，如： She has a strong wish to go to college.(不可说 going to college.) We have got no time to listen to your excuses. B. 现在分词与动名词作定语时的主要区别是：现在分词表示它所修饰的名词的动作，二者是逻辑上的主谓关系，如： a crying baby(=a baby that is crying ) the boiling water(=the water that is boiling) 动名词作定语时表示它所修饰的名词所表达的目的或用途，二者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系，如： a bathing suit(a suit for bathing) drinking water(=water for drinking)分词作定语时可以后置，而动名词只能放在所修饰名词的前面，如：On the day following (=On the following day) he left for New York.Do you have any listening material? 二、例题解析例1She says she doesnt feel like _ out with you. A going B to go C for going D went 解析：该题正确答案为A。feel like = want, 此处like 为介词，后面要接名词或动名词作宾语。 例2The garden needs _. A water B watering C to water D watered 解析：该题正确答案为B。need = want = require. 如果主语与宾语是被动关系，此三者后要接动名词或to be done这一结构作宾语。 三、有效测试 1. I dont think its much good _ to him. A. writing B. to write C. write D. written 2. Such books are not worthy _ at all. A. of being read B. being read C. reading D. to read 3. He apologized for _. A. his not being able to e B. his being not able to e C. his being able not to e D. him not being able to e 4. When he heard the big noise, Tom stopped _ and _ to the window to see what was happening. A. to read/went B. reading/to go C. reading/going D. reading/went 5. _ the exam will disappoint your parents. A. You failing B. Your failing C. You fail D. You to fail.6. Do you mind _? Go ahead. A. opening the window B. I open the window C. if I open the window D. whether I open the window 7.Saying always has less difficulty than _. A. done B. doing C. to do D. having done 8. _ the same mistake again made his parents very angry. A. His being made B. He has made C. He had making D. His making9 .The thief entered the room without _. A. noticing B. being noticed C. having noticed D. having been noticed10. Besides _, she is kind and tender.A. beautiful B. being beautiful C. she beautiful D. is beautifulAAADBCB D B B动词不定式和动名词的句法功能比较： （附图 图） 一、作主语 不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种： (1)把不定式置于句首。如： To get there by bike will take us half an hour. (2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： Itbe名词to do Its our duty to take good care of the old. It takes sb+some time+to do How long did it take you to finish the work? Itbe形容词for sbto do It is difficult for us to finish writing the positionin a quarter of an hour. Itbe形容词of sbto do It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays. It seems(appears)形容词to do It seemed impossible to save money. 在句型中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is形容词to do句式 ，如：Itskind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English. 动名词作主语 Learning without practice is no good. 动名词作主语时，也常用It句式。如： Its +no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing Its no good reading in dim light. Its no use sitting here waiting. Its形容词doing Its dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days. 这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等，但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构，应用不定式 代替，如：Itsimportant for you to keep fit. There is no+doing There is no saying what will happen next. 在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于Its impossible to结构。 动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别 不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动 作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如： Its no good eating too much fat. Its no good for you to eat so much fat. 动名词结构作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如： Its no use your pretending that you didnt know the rules. 二、作宾语 不定式作宾语 以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，这些词大部分可接th at引导的从句。如： I decided to ask for my money back. I decided that I would ask for my money back. When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot. 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语动 词it补语to do句式。如： We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well. He feels it his duty to help the poor. 介词but,except,besides+to do(do) 在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不定式，即带do不带to， 带to不带do。如： The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in. On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV. 动名词作宾语 以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如：admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imag ine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,dont mind,give up,insist,on, put off等。如： I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town. You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm toyour health. 动名词作介词的宾语 I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home. What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech? 动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：have difficulty(in)doing,have no trouble(in)doing,lose no ti me(in)doing,prevent/stop(from)doing,there is no use(in)doing等。 部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如：begin,continue,start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等。 在need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式，如：Your handwr iting needs improving(tobe improved). hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件，接动名词表示目前 正在进行的活动或一般的行为。 在下列情况下，一般要用不定式： hate,like,love前有would(should)时，如：Id like to have a cup of coffee. 当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时，如：Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem. begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时，如：I soon began to understand what was happening. advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如： Our teachers dont permit our swimming in the lake. Our teachers dont permit us to swim in the lake. 部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。 forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如： Dont forget fo post the letter for me. Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport? Remember to close the windows before you leave. I remember writing him a letter a year ago. We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting. They regretted ordering these books from abroad. mean to do 打算做某事 doing 意味着 I meant to catch up with the early bus. This means wasting a lot of money. try to do 设法尽力做某事 doing 试着做某事 You should try to overe your shortings. Try working out the physics problem in another way. stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语） doing 停止做某事 On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper. Youd better stop arguing and do as you are told. cant help doing 禁不住 to do不能帮助干 They couldnt help jumping up at the news. Sorry I have lots of work to do.So I cant help to make up the room for you. go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事 doing 继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续 He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势。 Well go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world. leave off to do 离开某地去干什么（目的状语） doing停下某事 Its time to leave off talking and to start acting. They left off to go fishing. 三、做表语 不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。 To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter. What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例）。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例）时，或以what引导的名词性分句（例），不定 式说明主语的内容。 Our work is serving the people. What he likes is taking a walk after supper. The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting. 句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving thepeople is out work,而句中是现在分词作 表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开 来。 四、作定语 不定式作定语 不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如： The next train to arrive is from Washington. Have you anything to be taken to your sister? Do you have anything to say on the question? Would you please give me some paper to write on? My wish to visit France has e true at last. 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系： (1)表示将来的动作（例）。 (2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例）。 (3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍 用主动语态（例）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例）。 (4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例to arrive=that will arrive。 动名词作定语 This passage can be used as listening materials. The reading room of our school library can hold 800people. All moving bodies have energy. 句动名词作定语说明一种性能，即：用来的；第句为现在分词作定语，单个分词作定语常置于 被修饰词之前，与被修饰词之间，可构成逻辑上的主谓关系，分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。如：The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua. 五、不定式作补足语 作宾语补足语 一些及物动词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征，这时意思才相 对完整。 (1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive（强迫），encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,would like(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如： Would you like me to give your regards to Mary? I want you to understand the whole passage clearly. (2)部分动词后常接to be形容词、名词短语等形式，有时to be可省略，如：believe,consider,discov er,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understa nd等。 We all believe John(to be)honest. I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School. 但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：We consider him tohave been foolish. (3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。 I didnt hear anyone say anything about it. They make the students do too much homework every day. 这种句式在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，如第句：Thestudents are made to do too much homework every day. (4)help,know后面的to可有可无。如： Would you please help me(to) fill in the taxform? Ive never known her(to)be late before.但：He was known to have been to France before. (5)部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如： You may depend on them to be there early. The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy. 常这样用的短语动词有：ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for（渴望）， prepare for,wish for等。 作主语补足语 不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如： He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late. The young university student is considered to have great promise. 六、不定式作状语 作目的状语 (1) I stayed there to see what would happen. Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examinedby the doctor. (2)有时为了强调，不定式前可加in order或so as。如： Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not toforget it. 有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部 分可转换为so that,in order that,成为目的状语从句，如： I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see whatwould happen. (3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。 We are glad to hear the news. I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well. 在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。如：The question raised by thestudent is difficult to answer. The room is really fortable to live in. 常这样用的形容词有：fortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。 作结果状语 We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy. 不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如： soas to;suchas to Im not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。 Im not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing. enoughto The speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner. only to Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital. tooto Im too tired to stay up longer. 但在下列结构中，tooto并非是“太而不能”之意。如： Im only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太高兴了。（too修饰glad to have，相当 于very） We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。 不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如： To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome. 常见的短语有to be exact（确切地说），to begin with（首先），to do him justice（说句对他公道的 话），to be sure（真的）等等。 七、动词不定式、动名词的其它用法 疑问词不定式结构 疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如： When to leave for London has not been decided yet. Mr. Smith didnt know whether to leave or stay there. I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. The question was where to get the medicine needed. 以上例句中疑问词不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。如：When we shall leavehow I could learn 经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。 动词不定式的时态、语态 (1)时态 一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示同时发生。如： I hope to bee a university student this year.（tobee发生在hope之后） We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.（play和hear同时发生） 完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如： Im sorry to have kept you