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Great Scientists,Unit 1,Section Learning about Language,Unit 1,.单词拼写 1They thought he had escaped through a specially _ (建造) tunnel. 2I believe that each of us can c_ to the future of the world. 3The _ (烟火) exploded in a shower of sparks. 4These two accidents are closely _ (连接) together. 5The old man was laid up with a s_ stroke. 6The hot weather is partly to _ (谴责，责备) for the water shortage.,7The President is preparing to _ (宣布) his new plan on Tuesday. 8No one could _ (预见) his future accurately. 答案：1.constructed 2.contribute 3.firework 4.linked 5.severe 6.blame 7.announce 8.foresee,4Our athletes had won the most gold medals at 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games, and my colleagues shot _ to celebrate it. 5Dwelling Narrowness has succeeded in getting across much to the audience, which has _ to its success. 答案：1.instructed 2.construction 3.Apart from 4.fireworks 5.contributed,1.contribute v. (1)(sth.)(to/towards sth.)捐献、捐赠(尤指款或物)，捐助 The writer personally contributed $50,000 to the earthquake fund. 那位作家亲自捐赠了5万美元给地震基金。 Would you like to contribute to our collection? 你愿意给我们的募捐捐款吗？,(2)(to sth.)是的原因之一 Medical negligence was said to have contributed to her death. 据说医务人员的玩忽职守是她死亡的原因之一。 Does smoking contribute to lung cancer? 吸烟会导致肺癌吗？,(3)(sth.)to sth.增加，增进，添加(到某物) Her work has contributed enormously to our understanding of this difficult subject. 她的工作极有助于我们对这个困难问题的了解。 (4)(sth.)(to sth.)(为报纸、杂志、电台或电视节目)撰稿，投稿 She has contributed (several poems) to literary magazines. 她给文学刊物投了(几首诗)稿。,图解助记 contribute多层含义 Many people contributed money to the poor boy, which contributed to his returning to school. A writer wrote a story about this and contributed it to a newspaper. 好多人给那个可怜的孩子捐钱，使他可以重返校园。一位作家写了一篇关于此事的故事并把它投到了报社。,知识拓展 contribution n. C捐款；捐资 All contributions will be gratefully received. 我们对所有捐资表示感谢。 C, usually sing.贡献；促成作用 These measures would make a valuable contribution towards reducing industrial accidents. 这些措施将会对减少工业事故起重要作用。,U捐助；捐赠；(尤指)捐款 We rely entirely on voluntary contribution. 我们全靠自愿捐款。,活学活用 (1)用恰当介词填空 I think you need some outdoor exercise. Plenty of fresh air will contribute _good health. 答案：to 考查介词。句意：我认为你需要些户外锻炼，足够的新鲜空气有利于健康。contribute to“有助于，导致”。,(2)完成句子 他对太空发展计划已经作出了很大贡献。 _ _ _ _ _ _ the space development programme. 答案：He has made great contributions to,2construction n建设；建筑物；结构 The new airport is still under construction. 新机场仍在修建中。 This is a fine construction. 这是一座完美的建筑。 A learners dictionary should give both the meanings of words and examples of the constructions in which they are used. 学生词典应该既提供词语的含义，又举出应用这些词语的结构的例子。 注意：under construction为固定用法，意思是“修建中”。,知识拓展 construct v. (1)建设，修建 The Golden Gate Bridge was constructed from 1933 to 1937. 金门桥建于1933至1937年间。 It took them two years to construct the building. 他们用了两年时间建这座大楼。,(2)创立(学说等)，构(词)，造句 He constructed a theory with his colleagues. 他与他的同事合作创立了一种学说。 I have not hesitated to construct arguments in its support. 我毫不踌躇地构思一些支持它的论据。,活学活用 用恰当介词填空 Besides a bridge _ construction, the construction of the freeway goes well. 答案：under 句意：除了一座正在建造中的桥，这条高速公路的建设进展顺利。under construction“正在建造中”，是固定短语。,3inspire v. (1)sb.(to sth.)|sb. to do sth.激励，鼓舞 His superb play inspired the team to a thrilling 50 win. 他的出色表现使球队士气大振，以50大获全胜。 Such a development inspired us to work still harder. 这一发展鼓舞我们更努力地工作。,(2)赋予灵感，激发想法(尤指艺术的或虚构的)；启发，启示 His noble example inspired the rest of us to greater efforts. 他那高尚的榜样激发我们大家更加努力。 His best music was inspired by the memory of his mother. 他最好的乐曲创作灵感来自对他母亲的怀念。,(3)sb.(with sth.)|sth.(in sb.)使产生(感觉或情感) The falling leaves inspired her with sadness. The falling leaves inspired sadness in her. 落叶触动了她的伤感。 His encouraging remarks inspired confidence in me. His encouraging remarks inspired me with confidence. 他的一番鼓励激起了我的信心。,(1)inspired adj.品质优秀的，能力卓越的，借助于灵感创作的 (2)inspiring adj. 鼓舞人心的，激励的，启发灵感的,知识拓展,Its an inspired work of art. 这是一件得自灵感的艺术作品。 He is an inspired poet. 他是一位富于灵感的诗人。 The inspiring music acted on the emotions of the students. 那激昂的音乐使学生们情绪激昂。 The songs we heard last night were most inspiring. 昨晚我们听的歌曲很令人鼓舞。,活学活用 完成句子 我希望这次成功能激励你更加努力。 I hope this success will_ _ _greater efforts. 答案：inspire you to,1.apart from除之外；此外 Apart from my parents, I have no one to believe in. 除了我父母，我谁也不相信。(not including my parents) Apart from the cost, we need to think about how much time the job will take. 除了成本之外，我们还需要考虑这份工作要用多少时间。(including the cost),比较网站 in addition，besides，except，except for，apart from & but (1)in addition相当于副词besides，表示“另外”；in addition to相当于介词besides。 (2)besides“除之外(还)”，指在整体中加入一部分。 (3)except从所提到的人或事物中除去，即“从整体中除去一部分”。,(4)except for表示对整体部分的肯定和对局部的否定，起部分修正主要部分的作用。 (5)apart from既可表示besides，也可以表示except或except for，还可以表示without的意思。 (6)but在意思上相当于except，但常用在不定代词或疑问词后面。,活学活用 选apart from，besides，except for填空 (1)_English，he has a good command of Russian and French. 答案：Apart from或Besides (2)So far, the old villages of New England have changed relatively little _ a gas station or two in recent decades. 答案：except for (3)_ some pennies, I think there are only nine pounds left in my pocket. 答案：Besides,2make sure确信，确保；查明，核实 They scored another goal and made sure of victory. 他们又进了一球，确保了胜利。 Our staff will do their best to make sure you enjoy your visit. 我们的人员会竭尽全力使您访问愉快。 He looked around to make sure that he was alone. 他往四下看看是不是只有他一个人。,make sure that.确保 make sure of doing sth.确保做某事 be sure to do sth.一定要做某事；务必要做某事 be sure of (doing) sth.一定会(做)某事；某事肯定会发生,知识拓展,注意：sure通常不用于有形式主语或形式宾语it的句子中，这种情况下一般用certain。,活学活用 补全句子 为了确定他在家，我事先打电话给他。 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _， I called him up in advance. 答案：To make sure that he was at home,过去分词作定语和表语 .过去分词作定语 1作定语的过去分词相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。及物动词的过去分词作定语，既表被动意义又表完成意义，但有时仅表示被动意义，不表示时间性。不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表完成意义。,The injured workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital. 受伤的工人正在医院受到良好的照料。(被动意义) They are cleaning the fallen leaves in the yard. 他们正在打扫院子里的落叶。(完成意义) Did you accept the invitation given by the tour guide? 你接受导游的邀请了吗？(被动意义以及完成意义),2过去分词作定语，常常位于其所修饰的名词前；而过去分词短语作定语时，常常位于其所修饰的名词后，相当于一个定语从句。given, left等少数过去分词作定语修饰名词时，只能后置。这种置于名词之后的过去分词往往具有暂时性，其动词的性质较强。此外，过去分词修饰由every，some，any等构成的复合代词或指示代词those等时，也要放在被修饰词的后面。,The wounded soldier was looked after carefully. 那位受伤的战士受到了细心的照料。 Who were the guests invited(who had been invited) to your party last night? 昨晚被邀请参加你的晚会的那些客人是谁呀？ Is there anything unsolved? 还有什么问题没有解决吗？ There is almost nothing changed since I left the town two years ago. 自从我两年前离开这个镇以来，几乎没有什么变化。,知识拓展1 1)过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号。 The meeting, attended by a lot of people, was a success. 这次会议有很多人出席，开得很成功。 The book, written(which was written)in 1957, tells the struggle of the miners. 这本书是1957年写的，讲述矿工斗争的故事。,2)用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物，表示人的表情、眼神、眼泪、声音等。这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人，但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关。 The frightened boy ran away. 惊恐的男孩跑开了。 Hearing the encouraging news, the students gave out excited shouts. 听到这令人鼓舞的消息，同学们发出了热烈的欢呼声。,知识拓展2 1)分词、动名词以及不定式在句中担任定语成分的差异：由不及物动词转化而来的现在分词作定语，表示动作正在进行，而其过去分词形式则强调动作的完成或其逻辑主语所处的一种状态；由及物动词转化而来的现在分词作定语，强调主动，而其过去分词形式则强调被动或表示状态。注意：分词的完成式不作定语。 The man standing under the tree is my uncle. 站在树下的那个人是我叔叔。 The book published in March sells well. 三月份出版的这本书很畅销。,2)动名词作定语，说明被修饰的名词的用途。 The soldiers each have a sleeping bag. 战士们每个人都有一个睡袋。 3)不定式作定语 (1)通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。 (2)当名词前有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，用不定式作后置定语。 Madam Curie was the first to discover the element radium. 居里夫人是第一个发现镭的人。 I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多事要做。,.过去分词作表语 过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态或思想感情等，并无“完成”或“被动”之意。 He looked worried after reading the letter. 看完信后，他显得很忧虑。 When we heard of the story, we were deeply moved. 当我们听到这个故事时，被深深地感动了。 He seemed quite delighted at the idea. 听到这个想法，他似乎很高兴。,知识拓展1 常见的作表语的过去分词有：amused (愉快的)；connected (连接的)；broken (碎了的)；closed (关闭的)；astonished (吃惊的)；covered (覆盖的)；crowded (拥挤的)；delighted (高兴的)；disappointed (失望的); dressed (穿着的)；drunk (喝醉的)；experienced (有经验的)；gone (遗失的)；lost (丢失的)；worried (担忧的)；interested (感兴趣的)；tired (疲劳的)；pleased (高兴的); satisfied (满意的); surprised (吃惊的); married (已婚的)；known (著名的)等。,知识拓展2 1)现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质和特征；与主语(往往是物)构成逻辑上的主谓关系，译作“令/使人的”。 The story is interesting and I am interested in it. 这故事很有趣，我很感兴趣。 The problem is confusing so the pupils are confused about it. 这个问题很迷惑，因此学生们感到很困惑。,2)动名词作表语是对主语内容的解释，主语与表语位置可以互换，动名词常用于口语中。 His work is cleaning all the windows of the company every day. 他的工作就是每天把公司的窗户擦干净。 What they are worried about is being left behind. 他们所担心的是被落在后面。,3)不定式作表语，一般紧跟在系动词be, seem, remain, appear, get的后面，用来说明主语的内容。当主语为名词dream, business, wish, idea, plan, job, work, task, duty时，表语也常用不定式，不用动名词。 The aim is not just to keep busy. 其目的不仅是为了使每个人不闲着。 He appears to want to leave. 他看来要走。,知识拓展3 1)过去分词作表语通常用来描写情景，叙述人或事物的特征及所处的状态；而被动语态强调动作，重点说明动作由谁完成、怎样完成。试比较： My glasses are broken. 我的眼镜碎了。(状态) My glasses were broken by my son. 我的眼镜被我儿子摔碎了。(动作),The library is closed. 图书馆关门了。(系表结构) The library is often closed at 6：30 in the afternoon. 图书馆通常在下午6：30关门。(被动语态) 2)有些过去分词用作表语，接近被动结构。 The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城三面环山。 Im pleased with(by/at)what you said just now. 听了你刚才的话，我很高兴。,高考真题改编 用词语的恰当形式填空 1(2013天津，10)In some languages,100 words make up half of all words _(use)in daily conversations. 答案：used 考查非谓语动词。句意：在一些语言中，100个单词占据了日常对话中所使用的单词的一半。words后用非谓语动词作定语，words与use之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作定语。,2(2013湖南，29)You cannot accept an opinion _ (offer)to you unless it is based on facts. 答案：offered 考查过去分词短语作后置定语。句意：你无法接受任何观点，除非它以事实为基础。分析句式结构可知，opinion需要定语，且offer与opinion之间为动宾关系，所以用过去分词短语作后置定语。,3(2013陕西，13)Let those in need _ (understand) that we will go all out to help them. 答案：understand 考查非谓语动词。句意：让那些困境中的人们理解我们会尽全力帮助他们的。let sb. do sth.让某人做某事。“三让”let、have、make表示“让某人做某事”时后面要接不带to的不定式作宾补。,4(2013四川，10)The airport _(complete)next year will help promote tourism in this area. 答案：to be completed 考查非谓语动词的用法。complete与airport之间为动宾关系而且根据next year可知动作尚未发生，故填to be completed。 5(2014安徽，32)While waiting for the opportunity to get _(promote), Henry did his best to perform his duty. 答案：promoted 考查非谓语动词。句意：在等待机会被提升时，亨利尽全力履行职责。get done表示被动，符合题意。,6(2014福建，30)For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying _(connect) 答案：connected 考查动词的非谓语形式作表语。connect“联系，与有联系”，常与介词with 搭配，其形容词短语为be connected with，意为“与有联系、有关”。空格前的stay为系动词，意为“保持”，故应填connected作表语。句意：对于那些家人在很远的地方的家庭来说，电脑和电话在保持联系方面是很重要的。,7(2014重庆，5)The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras_(return)to our shop for quality problems. 答案：returned 本题考查非谓语动词。句意：生产商定期来收集因质量问题而退回商店的相机。returned为过去分词，在句中修饰名词cameras，相机与退回为被动关系，故填returned。,8(2014北京，28)There are still many problems _ (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon. 答案：to be solved 考查非谓语动词的用法。根据主语problems和solve之间的逻辑关系和从句的内容可知，这些问题还没有得到解决，故应用不定式表示还未发生的动作。句意：在准备好长期待在月球上之前我们还有许多问题需要解决。,9(2014浙江，14)Amie Salmon, disabled, is attended throughout her school days by a nurse _(appoint)to guard her. 答案：appointed 考查非谓语动词。句意：Amie Salmon，残疾，委派一位护士全程陪她上学。分析结构可知，此处是nurse后的定语；appoint与nurse之间为动宾关系，故要用过去分词作定语。,10(2014全国大纲卷，23)Today there are more airplanes _(carry)more people than ever before in the skies. 答案：carrying 考查非谓语动词。句意：现在天空中比以前有更多的飞机搭载乘客。分析结构可知，此处是there be结构，主语more airplanes后接了非谓语动词；并且，airplanes与carry之间为主谓关系，故要用现在分词作定语。,专项练习 1The question was so difficult to answer, and the students looked _(puzzle) 答案：puzzled 句意：这个问题很难回答，学生们看起来都迷惑不解。过去分词puzzled与连系动词look构成系表结构，表示一种状态，puzzled已形容词化，look puzzled“看起来迷惑”。现在分词作表语常说明主语的性质、特征等；不定式作表语表示将来或主语的具体内容。,2The design _(appeal)to all the ages and social groups is not easy to make. 答案：appealing 句意：吸引各年龄段和社会群体的设计不容易做。the design与appeal to之间是逻辑上的主动关系，要用现在分词短语作定语。 3In 1938, Pearl Buck became the first American woman _(receive)the Nobel Prize for Literature. 答案：to receive 句意：1938年，赛珍珠是第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的美国女作家。由序数词修饰的词后，非谓语动词只能用不定式作定语。,4The news that he told us yesterday was _ (encourage) 答案：encouraging 句意：他昨天告诉我们的消息令人鼓舞。此题中news与encourage之间是主动关系，且表示news的性质和特征，故用现在分词encouraging，表示“令人鼓舞的”。,5With the governments aid, those _(affect)by the earthquake have moved into the new settlements. 答案：affected 句意：在政府的帮助下，那些受地震影响的人已经搬进了新的居住区。分词作定语时，其逻辑主语是被修饰词。those与affect之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作定语。 6The question _(leave)is whether we can raise the money. 答案：left 表示“剩下的，遗留的”时通常用left作后置定语。,7Were _ to listen to her _ voice. Its _ to hear her sing.(please) 答案：pleased; pleasant; a pleasure 第一个空用过去分词pleased作表语，表示主语所处的状态“高兴”；第二个空表示“令人高兴的”，可以用形容词pleasant或现在分词pleasing；第三个空表示“一件高兴的事”用a pleasure，为抽象名词具体化。,8There are hundreds of visitors_(wait)in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Goghs paintings. 答案：waiting 句意：为了欣赏梵高的油画作品，数百名参观者在画廊前等候。在There be句型中，常常采用现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰句子的主语，相当于一个谓语部分采用进行时态的定语从句。,9The tress_(blow)down in the storm have been moved off the road. 答案：blown 句意：在暴风雨中被吹倒的那些树已经被从道路上清除掉了。考查了过去分词短语作后置定语修饰the trees的用法，表示被动和完成。 10For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit _(grow)on his own farm. 答案：grown 句意：早饭他只喝自己农场种的新鲜水果榨出来的果汁。此题考查非谓语动词作后置定语。,11Now that weve discussed our problem, are people happy with the decision _(take)? 答案：taken 句意：既然我们已经讨论了我们的问题，人们对我们所作的决定满意吗？此题考查非谓语动词。decision与take为被动关系，taken表示被动与完成。 12They suggested that the professor _(refer)to just now be made chairman of the meeting. 答案：referred refer to与professor是动宾关系，所以用过去分词短语作定语。,13The plane is due to take off at 750 from the airport. What if we fail to arrive there in time? Try _(take) another flight then. 答案：to take try to do“尽力做某事”。 14A series of ads _ (produce)by the company has greatly contributed to the success of the new product in the market. 答案：produced 句意：该公司所制作的一系列广告大大有助于这一新产品在市场方面的成功。produced是过去分词作后置定语。,15Please remain _(seat); the winner of the prize will be announced soon. 答案：seated 句意：请坐好，马上就要宣布获奖者了。remain在此用作系动词，且题意表示“保持某种状态”，故用过去分词作表语。remain seated“坐着”。,.单词拼写 1Work has been begun on the c_ of the new airport. 2This book c_ to our understanding of his theory. 3Who is r_ for the accident? 4The _ (烟花) exploded with a loud bang. 5Computer users from around the world reported that the _ (病毒) had invaded their systems. 6He _ (预料) that his journey would be delayed by bad weather. 答案：1.construction 2.contributes 3.responsible 4.firework 5.virus 6.foresaw,.根据汉语提示完成句子 1His career _(结束)when he became very ill. 2He knew he would not _ (能)refuse the request. 3He became an _(经验丰富的)language teacher. 4He didnt _(参加)the meeting yesterday. 5He_(下定决心)to finish the task. 答案：1.came to an end 2.be able to 3.experienced 4attend 5.made up his mind,.用动词的正确形式填空 1Prices of daily goods _ (buy) through a computer can be lower than store prices. 2The doctor _ (send) for wont be here until lunch time. 3The ship, _ (hit) by a huge piece of iceberg, came to a sudden stop.,4His ability _ (show) in those years was praised by all. 5She must have failed in the exam, because she looks rather _ (discourage) 答案：1.bought 2.sent 3.hit 4.shown 5.discouraged,
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