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主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求，文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。,典例,If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars，we would go in darkness happily，the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动的) species on this planet.Instead，we are diurnal creatures，with eyes adapted to living in the suns light.,(2015浙江，C片段),This is a basic evolutionary fact，even though most of us dont think of ourselves as diurnal beings.Yet its the only way to explain what weve done to the night：Weve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.,54.What might be the best title for the passage?( ) A.The Magic Light B.The Orange Haze C.The Disappearing Night D.The Rhythms of Nature,解析,解析 标题归纳题。整篇文章都在说明光污染给生物带来的巨大影响，本来是宁静、舒适的夜晚也被人类设计的灯光所影响。所以，标题应该是The Disappearing Night。,（2014陕西）Are you going to high school to go on with your study? What will you do if you cant? Dont worry. Vocational (职业的) schools are open for you because our country is in need of people with special skills.,Compared with common high schools, vocational schools have more advantages. Firstly, in order to promote (促进) the development of vocational education, our country spends a lot of money on it. So you need to pay only a small part of the school fee (学费). Secondly, in here you have already started learning practical skills that you can use all your life.,But some other students may still worry about how to spend the long three years at high schools. Why? Because they didnt choose the school that suits (适合) them. And finally, when they are still wondering where to go, you are already able to live on your own hands proudly. And perhaps it wont be long before you are on the road to success.,People take different roads because they have different potentials (潜力). So different students should choose different schools. Go to high school if you think that you can go farther on that road. Choose a key high school if you are lucky enough to have the chance. Enter a vocational school if you are interested in the lessons there and you are better at making things with your hands.,In a word, think carefully and see what kind of person you are. Remember, always choose things that suit you.,49. What can we learn from the passage? A. People should take the same road. B. Key high school students must be good at making things. C. Clever students are better at using their hands. D. We should choose things that suit us.,50. This passage is written to . A. advise some students to choose vocational schools B. talk about the advantages of common high schools C. discuss how to divide students into different groups D. compare different schools,(2016浙江，C片段) Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn，but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort the desire to explore, explain, and understand our worldis simply something that comes from our babyhood.,Perhaps evolution(进化) provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children.The same cognitive(认知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, “It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”,Q：What is the main idea of the last paragraph? AThe world may be more clearly explained through childrens play. BStudying babies play may lead to a better understanding of science. CChildren may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists. DOnes drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.,解题思路 第一步 读本段文字，试找出本段的主题句，并标出能总结段落大意的关键词 Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn，but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. 第二步 根据该题选项的特点以及找到的主题句选B,A,I hate Black Friday sales. Its often a gathering of people who are there for many different reasons. Some are looking for a deal on that one item for their loved one, or perhaps themselves. Their intentions are completely unrelated to the festive time of the year.,It was several years ago when my wife asked me to meet her at the local department store on Black Friday morning. They had advertised a childs bike that she wanted to purchase for our son. We stood with a very large crowd, waiting for the manager to blow the whistle.,After a while the whistle blew. It was like throwing a bucket of small fish into a tank of sharks. I told my wife that if we obtained a bike, fine, but if we did not, I was OK with that too.,As the pile of bikes began to gradually decrease in size, I saw my polite opportunity to wrap my hands around the corner of one of the boxes. I lifted it up and suddenly felt some mild resistance. I looked up to see one of the largest gentlemen I had ever seen in my life.,Frightening was not the word to describe his presence. He wore lots of belts of metal studded leather around both arms and even his neck. Tattoos (文身) were an obvious passion of his.,I started to give up the box but he gently pushed it back in my direction and back into my hands. He then directed it into my shopping cart. He looked at me, smiled, and said, “Merry Christmas.” My wife and I went to the checkout, paid for the bike and went home.,All the way home I was thinking that this moment was by far the best gift I had ever received for Christmas. The kindness of a stranger broke all preconceived notions (预想) I may have had of stereotypes and prejudices.,解析：B 考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“I told my wife that if we obtained a bike, fine, but if we did not, I was OK with that too”可知作者进入商店时已经做好了买不到自行车的打算，故选B项。 干扰项分析：根据第二段中的“It was like throwing a bucket of small fish into a tank of sharks”可知，它就好比往鲨鱼池里扔一桶小鱼一样,因此crowd应是被比作鲨鱼，而不是小鱼，故排除A项；,2What happened when the author was buying the bike? AHe was scared by a mans look at first. BA gentleman bought the bike for him. CA stranger helped him lift the box. DHe gave up the bike he first touched.,解析：A 考查细节理解。根据第三段的“I looked up to see one of the largest gentlemen I had ever seen in my life. Frightening was not the word to describe his presence”可知，“吓人”这个词已经不足以形容这个人地出现了。故选A项。,解析：D 考查推理判断。根据第三段中对陌生人的描写可知，作者一开始因陌生人的外表而觉得他是个可怕的人；根据第四段的内容可知，陌生人把盒子让给了作者，作者由此发出感慨“The kindness of a stranger broke all preconceived notions (预想) I may have had of stereotypes and prejudices”，即陌生人的善意打破了作者对他人的偏见，让作者知道不能以貌取人。,解析：C 考查主旨要义。文章讲述了作者和妻子为儿子买自行车作为圣诞礼物时受到了陌生人的帮助的故事，作者认为那一时刻是他收到过的最好的圣诞节礼物。故C项作标题最佳。,(2017湖南省部分重点中学考前演练),Its well known to car drivers that red means “stop”， green means “go”， and yellow means “hurry up and make that damn light”. Why those colors, though? The answer lies in the fact that the earliest traffic signals were designed for trains, not cars. They were red and green, gaspowered, and more than a little dangerous in the event of a leak.,Red is an inherited (继承的) symbol from railroads, which symbolizes danger in many cultures. As red has a longer wavelength than any other color on the visible spectrum (光谱), it can be seen from a greater distance than other colors. Red has meant “stop” since long before cars existed, with train signals use of red dating back to the days when mechanical arms lifted and lowered to indicate whether the rail ahead was clear.,Greens wavelength is next to yellows on the visible spectrum, meaning its still easier to see than any color other than red and yellow. Back in the early days of railway lights, green meant “caution”， while the “allclear” light was, well, clear or white. It is said that several disastrous collisions happened after an engineer mistook stars in the night for an allclear. Thus, green became “go”， and for a long time, railways used only green and red to signal trains.,From the earliest days of motoring up until the mid1900s, not all stop signs were red many were yellow, because at night it was all but impossible to see a red stop sign in a poorly lit area. In 1915 the yellow stopsign craze began in Detroit, a city that five years later installed its first electric traffic signal, which happened to include the very first yellow traffic light.,But what of those mysterious yellow stop signs? As materials and technologies evolved, the ability to produce highly reflective signs meant that red could resume its natural spot in the sign hierarchy, leaving the stillhighlyvisible yellow to the domain (领域) of“caution”. Thats why school zones and buses, crosswalks, and other important warnings are yellow today.,【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。我们都知道“红灯停，绿灯行，黄灯亮了快点走”的交通规则，但交通信号灯为什么是红、黄、绿三种颜色呢？本文主要介绍了交通信号灯的起源和发展。 5What were traffic lights originally intended for? ATrains. BCars. CPlanes. DShips.,解析：A 考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“The answer lies in the fact that the earliest traffic signals were designed for trains, not cars”可知，最初，交通信号灯是为火车而不是汽车的通行而设计的。故选A。,6Whats the main reason for reds long being used to mean “stop”？ AIt can be seen even in dark areas. BIt represents danger in many cultures. CIt has the longest wavelength. DPeople prefer red to other colors.,解析：C 考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“As red has a longer wavelength than any other color on the visible spectrum (光谱), it can be seen from a greater distance than other colors”可知，由于红色在可见光谱中波长最长，因此可视距离要比其他颜色更远，这也是其能长期被用作表示“停止”的交通信号的原因。故选C。,7Which of the following may the author agree with? A. The meaning of red is culturespecific. BYellow functioned as stop signs in the 1900s. CGreens wavelength is just second to that of red. DGreens role in lights has changed over time.,解析：D 考查推理判断。根据第三段的内容尤其是“green meant caution” “green became go”可知，随着时间的变化，绿色在交通信号灯中所扮演的角色也发生了巨大的变化。故选D。,8What does the passage mainly talk about? AThe significance of road traffic signs. BThe history of railroad transportation. CThe symbolic meaning of different colors. DThe origin and development of traffic lights.,解析：D 考查主旨要义。通读全文内容可知，本文主要讲述了交通信号灯的起源与发展，并解释了这三种颜色(红、黄、绿)的物理性质及为什么会被用作交通信号灯。故D项最为全面地概括了文章的主要内容。,(2017甘肃第一次诊断),The 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics is shared by three scientists, the Royal Academy of Sciences announced in Stockholm on Tuesday. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016 was divided, with one half awarded to David J. Thouless, the other half to F. Duncan M. Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz “for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter (物质拓扑相变和拓扑相)”,Haldane said he was “very surprised” at the news, adding that he was glad that their discoveries found something previously unnoticed by many, and that they revealed “more possibilities for looking for new materials.” He particularly pointed out that a lot of work was still ongoing.,The years prize amount is 8 million Swedish krona, and will be split properly between the three winners. The winners are given a sum of money when they receive their prizes, in the form of a document confirming the amount awarded. The amount of prize money depends upon how much money the Nobel Foundation (基金会) can award each year.,The purse has increased since the 1980s, when the prize money was 880,000 SEK per prize. In 2009, the monetary award was 10 million SEK. In June 2012, it was lowered to 8 million SEK. If there are two winners of a particular prize, the award money is divided equally between the winners.,If there are two winners of a particular prize, the award money is divided equally between the winners. If there are three, the awarding committee can choose to divide the money equally, or award onehalf to one winner and onequarter to each of the others. It is common for winners to donate prize money to benefit scientific, cultural, or charitable causes.,【语篇导读】 本文介绍了2016年诺贝尔物理学奖的归属以及诺贝尔奖的相关知识，包括奖金的金额、来源和分配。 9How much prize money does Thouless get? A8 million Swedish krona. B6 million Swedish krona. C4 million Swedish krona. D2 million Swedish krona.,解析：C 推理判断题。根据第一段第二句The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016 was divided, with one half awarded to David J. Thouless.及第三段The years prize amount is 8 million Swedish krona.可知，2016年的奖金是800万瑞典克朗，而索利斯获得了一半的奖金。故选C项。,10According to the passage, Haldane thought that his work _. Awas far from ending Bwas based on many previous studies Chad perfectly been completed Dhad surprised the whole world,解析：A 细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句He particularly pointed out that a lot of work was still ongoing.可知，霍尔丹指出还有很多工作仍在进行，即远远没有结束。故选A项。,11The amount of prize money _. Ahas been ever increasing since the 1980s Bhas been ever decreasing since the 1980s Cremains 880,000 SEK each year after 2012 Ddiffers according to the Nobel Foundations affordability,解析：D 细节理解题。根据文章第四段可知，诺贝尔奖的奖金金额并不是固定的，而是根据每年诺贝尔基金会所能奖励的金额而决定。故选D项。,12What does the last paragraph talk about? AThe purpose of the award money. BThe number of winners per prize. CHow the winners are selected. DHow the award money is dealt with.,解析：D 主旨大意题。最后一段讲了诺贝尔奖奖金的分配及获奖人如何利用这些奖金。故选D项。,
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