大学英语语法及练习.doc

大学英语语法及练习 第一讲 虚拟语气I. 考点分析：分四级语法复习虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考查历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有：1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主从句的动词形式十分重要，因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类型列表归纳并进行对比，以便于同学们记忆掌握。动词形式类型虚拟时间从句动词主句动词if条件句现在过去式would/should/might/could+动词原形过去had+过去分词would/should/might/could+have +过去分词将来should/were to/过去式would/should/might/could+动词原形wish引导的宾从现在过去式过去had+过去分词/could have done将来would/could/might+动词原形as if/though方式状语从句同wish 其它动词引导的宾从(should)+动词原形主语从句(should)+动词原形表语从句(should)+动词原形同位语从句(should)+动词原形if only 同if条件句lest, for fear that, in case should+动词原形would rather/sooner that现在/将来过去式过去had+过去分词It is high/about time that 过去式2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。 例如：If I were invited, I would come. If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things.3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。 例如： Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad. Could I do it, I would surely do it. Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办？）4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldnt be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时） 又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadnt got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)；If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在)5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如： I would have written the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.); A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.)6. 注意介词短语 without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。例如：Without electricity, there would be no modern industry.没有电就不会有现代工业。 But for your cooperation, we could not have succeeded in our experiment.没有你们的帮助，我们的实验时不可能成功的。7.“Were it not for/Had it not been for+宾语”或“But that+从句”表示假设条件。例如：Were it not for their assistance, we couldnt have got over the difficulties. Had it not been for the reservoir, wed never have been able to beat the drought. But that he saw it (=If he had not seen it), he could not have believed it. 8.providing, providing (that), on condition that, suppose, supposing引导的条件从句中，根据语意，可以用虚拟语气，有可以用陈述语气。9.常见的引导宾语从句须用虚拟语气的动词有：advice, agree, command, decide, demand, determine, direct（命令）insist, order, prefer, propose, request, require, resolve, suggest, urge, move(提议，动议)等；例如：The United Nations urged that he (should) withdraw his troops. （联合国敦促他撤军。）10常见的引导同位语从句或表语从句须用虚拟语气的名词有：advice, command, desire, determination, idea, motion, order, preference, recommendation, suggestion, insistence, proposals, request, requirement等；例如：The suggestion that he be invited was rejected. (用于同位语从句) 邀请他的建议被否决了。Their demand is that their wages be increased by 20%. (用于表语从句)他们的要求是工资增加20%。11用在主语从句中时其结构通常为“It is/was + 形容词或过去分词+主语从句（用虚拟语气）”，例如：It is necessary that you should be present at the discussion.你有必要参加讨论。It was ordered that the medicines be sent here by plane. 根据命令，那些药品必须空运到这儿。常见的这类形容词、分词还有：advisable（合理的）, anxious(急切的), appropriate（合适的）, compulsory（强制的）, crucial(紧要关头的)，desirable（理想的）, eager, essential（必要的）, imperative(迫切的), important（重要的）, impossible（不可能的）, improper（不合适的）, natural（自然的）, obligatory(必须履行的)， preferable（更好的）, proper（合适的）, strange（奇怪的）urgent（紧迫的）, vital（至关重要的）, demanded（要求的）, required（要求的）, suggested（建议的）, desired（希望的）等。II. 历届四级试题中的虚拟语气：1. That tree looked as if it _ for a long time. (93/1/52) A) hasnt watered B) didnt waterC) hadnt been watered D) wasnt watered 2. Its necessary _ the dictionary immediately. (93/1/68) A) that he will return B) that he returned C) that he return D) that he has to return 3. We desire that the tour leader _ us immediately of any change in plans. (93/6/48) A) inform B) informs C) informed D) has informed 4. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _ your advice. (93/6/70) A) follow B) had followed C)would follow D) have followed 5.The manager of the hotel requests that their guests_ after 11:00 p.m. (94/1/65) A) not to play loud music B) shouldnt play loud music C) dont play loud music D) couldnt play music6._for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand. (95/1/47) A) Not being for B) Had it not been C) Without being D) Not having been7.To be frank, Id rather you_ in the case. (95/1/61) A) will not be involved B) not involved C) not to be involved D) were not involved 8.It is recommended that the project _until all the preparations have been made. (95/6/44) A) is not started B) will not be started C) not be started D) is not to be started 9.I wish I _longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. (95/6/45) A) could have slept B) slept C) not be started D) have slept 10.Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.(96/1/44) A) has to get B) were to get C) had got D) could have got 11. It is politely requested by the total management that radio _ after 11 oclock at (96/1/28) A) were not played B) not to play C) not be played D) did not play 12. _ right now, she would get there on Sunday. (96/6/42) A) Would she leave B) If she leaves C) Were she to leave D) If she had left 13. Its already 5 oclock now. Dont you think its about time _? (96/6/43) A) we were going home B)we go home C) we went home D) we can go home 14. _ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner (97/1/34) A) Had they arrived B) Would they arrive C) Were they arriving D) Were they to arrive 15. Had he worked harder, he _ the exams. (97/6/42) A) must have got through B) would have got through C) would get throughD) could get through 16. I dont think it advisable that Tim _ to the job since he has no experience.(97/6/55) A) is assigned B) will be assigned C) be assigned D) has been assigned 17. The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _ himself. (98/1/38) A) injure B) had injured C) injured D) would injure 18. You dont have to be in such a hurry, I would rather you_on business first. (98/1/59) A) would go B) will go C) went D) have gone 19. Id rather you_make any comment on the issue for the time being. (98/6/48) A) dont B) wouldnt C) didnt D) shouldnt 20. We were all for your proposal that the discussion _. (98/6/68) A) be put off B) was put off C) should put off D) is to put off 21. “You are very selfish. Its high time you _ that you are not the most important person in the world,” Edgar said to his boss angrily. (99/1/57) A) realized B) have realized C) realize D) should realize 22. If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _ now. (99/1/60) A) wouldnt be smiling B) couldnt have smiled C) wont smile D) didnt smile 23. Frankly speaking, Id rather you _ anything about it for the time being. (99/1/66) A) didnt do B) havent done C) dont do D) have done 24. If the whole operation _ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. (99/6/43) A) was not planned B) has not been C) were not planned D) had not been planned 25. As Commander-in-Chief on the armed forces, I have directed that all measures _for our defense. (99/6/62) A) be taken B) would be taken C) to be taken D) had been taken 26. Wouldnt you rather your child _ to bed early? (00/1/49) A) went B) goes C) go D) would go 27. Mikes uncle insists _ in this hotel. (00/1/52) A) that he not stay B) staying not C) that he would not stay D) not to stay 28. Sometimes I wish I_ in a different time and a different place. (00/1/58) A) were living B) would live C) would have lived D) be living 29. It is essential that these application forms _ back as early as possible. (00/1/64) A) must be sent B) will be sent C) be sent D) are sent 30. The suggestion that the mayor _ the prizes was accepted by everyone. (00/6/32) A) would present B) present C) presents D) ought to present 31. The manager would rather his daughter _ in the same office. (00/6/48) A) had not worked B) not to work C) does not work D) did not work 32. It is important that the hotel receptionist _ that guests are registered correctly. (01/1/41)A) make sure B) has made sure C) made sure D) must make sure 33.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, _ all practical value by the time they were finished. (01/6/53 ) A) had lost B) would lose C) would have lost D) should have lost 34. Jack wishes that he _ business instead of history when he was in university. (01/6/50)A) had studied B) study C) studied D) had been studying 35. The article suggests that when a person _ under unusual stress he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced diet. (02/1/57) A) be B) was C) is D) were 36. Many a delegate was in favor of his proposal that a special committee _ to investigate the incident. (02/1/58) A) was set up B) were set up C) set up D) be set up 37. Things might have been much worse if the mother _ on right to keep the baby. （02/1/59） A) had insisted B) has been insisting C) insisted D) would insist III. 答案及详解:1. C) 题意：那棵树看上去好象很久没浇水了。解析：as if 引导的方式状语从句，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时, 故选C。2. C) 题意：他立刻归还字典是很有必要的。 解析：“it is/was + 形容词+主语从句”中的虚拟语气的动词形式用省略should的动词形式, 故选C。3. A) 题意：我们希望旅游团的领队能立刻通知计划的一些改变。 解析：desire引导的宾语从句中动词应用虚拟形式should +动词原形或省略should，故选A。4. B) 题意：瞧瞧我这糟糕的处境！要是我听从你的建议就好了。 解析：if only引导的句子如果与过去事实相反，动词就用过去完成时，即had + 过去分词，故选B。5. B) 题意：酒店老板要求客人晚上11点之后不得播放嘈闹的音乐。解析：request引导的宾语从句的虚拟语气用should +动词原形，should可以省略，故选B。6. B) 题意：要不是我病了的话，我会帮他一把的。 解析：“had not been for +宾语”表示假设条件，相当于“if it had not been for”，意思是“要不是，如果不是”，故选B。7. D) 题意：说实话，我宁愿你不要卷入这起案件中。 解析：would rather +that从句的虚拟语气用过去式，故选D。8. C) 题意：据建议这项工程在所有的准备工作就绪之前不应动工。 解析：“it is + 过去分词+ that从句”的虚拟语气形式用should+动词原形或省略should的动词原型，故选C。9. A) 题意：我原希望我今早上能多睡会，但我不得不起床来上课。 解析：由“but I had to ”可知wish后的宾语从句是对过去的假设，故选A。10. B) 题意：简不想现在就工作，因为她认为如果有了一份工作，她就不能常常与朋友们相见。 解析：if引导的与将来情况相反的假设的虚拟语气可用should或者were to + 动词原形的形式，故选B。11. C) 题意：所有管理人员很有礼貌地请求晚上11点之后不要再播放收音机了。 解析：“it is + 过去分词+ that从句”的虚拟语气形式用should+动词原形或省略should的动词原型，故选C。12. C) 题意：要使她能立刻动身，她会在星期日到达那儿的。 解析：if引导的与将来情况相反的假设的虚拟语气可用should或者were to + 动词原形的形式，故选C。13. C) 题意：现在已经5点了，难道你不认为我们该回家了吗？ 解析：it is (about) time + that从句中的虚拟语气用过去式，故选C。14. D) 题意：要使他们能在后天我们出发之前赶到，我们会举行一场盛大的晚会。 解析：if引导的虚拟条件句中如果动词是had, should或were的话，可以省略if，把这些动词前置；又由the day after tomorrow（后天）可以判断假设的是将来情况，因此选项D是正确答案。15. B) 题意：如果他学习努力一些的话，他会通过考试的。 解析：if引导的条件句的虚拟语气表示与过去情况相反时，从句用had + 过去分词的形式，主句用would +have +过去分词的形式，所以B是正确答案。16. C) 题意：我认为分配蒂姆做这份工作是不合理的，因为他没有经验。 解析：含有advisable作宾补的宾语从句也须用虚拟语气，形式同它作表语的虚拟语气，因此，省略了should的选项C 是答案。17. A) 题意：这名疯男子被关进铺了软垫的囚室，以免他伤害自己。解析：lest引导的状语从句的虚拟语气用should +动词原形，should可以省略。18. C) 题意：你无须这么匆忙。我宁愿你先出差去。解析：would rather后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选C.19. C) 题意：我宁愿你暂时对此问题不做任何评价。 解析：would rather后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选C。20. A) 题意：我们都赞成你的提议，即推迟讨论。 解析：proposal引出的同位语从句的虚拟语气用should + 动词原形或者省略should,该句应用被动语态，故选A。21. A) 题意：“你非常自私。到了你该意识到你并不是世界上最重要的人物。”埃德加气愤地对老板说。 解析：it is high time + that从句中的虚拟语气用过去式，故选A。22. A) 题意：如果你掉落时我没有站在梯子下接住你，那你现在就不会在这儿微笑了。 解析：本句是错综时间的虚拟句，从句虚拟的是过去的情况，用过去完成时，主句虚拟的现在的情况，用过去将来时，又由于now这个表示进行时的时间副词，所以选项A) wouldnt be smiling是正确答案。23. A) 题意：坦白地讲，我宁愿你暂时对此什么也没做。 解析：would rather后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选A。24. D) 题意：如果整个操作没有提前计划的，那大量的时间和财力就会被浪费掉。 解析：if引导的与过去情况相反的假设，从句用过去完成时(had + 过去分词)，主句用过去将来完成时（would + have + 过去分词），故选项D是正确答案。25. A) 题意：做为武装部队的总司令，我已经命令采取一切措施有利于我们的措施。 解析：direct后的宾语从句的虚拟语气用should +动词原形，should可以省略，故选A) be taken。26. A) 题意：难道你不原意你的孩子早点上床睡觉？ 解析：would rather后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选A。27. A) 题意：迈克的叔叔坚持让他呆在这家旅店。 解析：insist后的宾语从句的虚拟语气用should +动词原形，should可以省略，故选A) that he not stay。28. A) 题意：有时候我希望自己生活在一个不同的时代和不同的地方。 解析：wish引导一个与现在情况相反的宾语从句时，动词用过去时，并且用were代替 was，所以A) were living是正确答案。29. C) 题意：这些申请表尽可能早地送回来是很必要的。 解析：“it is essential + that从句 ”的虚拟语气用should +动词原形，should可以省略。所以选项C是正确答案。30. B) 题意：由市长颁发奖品的建议得到了所有人的认可。 解析：suggestion引出的同位语从句的虚拟语气用should + 动词原形或者省略should,故选B。31. D) 题意：经理宁愿其女儿不在同一个办公室工作。 解析：would rather后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选D。32. A) 题意：酒店招待确保客人登记无误是很重要的。 解析：“it is important + that从句 ”的虚拟语气用should +动词原形，should可以省略。所以选项A是正确答案。33. C) 题意：如果涉及到的上百万的计算用人工完成，那么等算完时早已失去其实用价值。 解析：if引导的虚拟从句与过去事实相反，从句用“had +过去分词”形式，if省略，had提前，并以插入语的方式置于句中，主句用“would + have +过去分词”形式，所以选项C为正确答案。34. A) 题意：杰克常希望他上大学时学的是商业而不是历史。 解析：wish引导的宾语从句的虚拟语气如表示对过去情况的假设，动词形式用过去完成式（had +过去分词）或could + have +过去分词的形式，所以选项A)had studied是正确答案。35. C) 题意：这篇文章建议，当一个人处于不寻常的压力下时，他应该尤其注意自己的饮食平衡。 解析：suggest引出的宾语从句的虚拟语气用should +动词原形或省略should的形式，但本句的考查点却不是宾语从句的主句（he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced diet）,而是宾语从句中一个由when引导的时间状语从句，不需用虚拟语气，因此选项C) is是正确答案。36. D) 题意：许多代表都赞成他的提议即设立一个专门委员会来调查此事故。 解析：proposal引出的同位语从句的虚拟语气用should + 动词原形或者省略should,该句是被动语态，故选D。37. A) 题意：如果那位母亲坚持不放弃抚养婴儿的权利，那事情可能还要糟糕的多。 解析：if引导的与过去情况相反的假设，从句用had + 过去分词的形式，主句用would/could+ have + 过去分词，故选项A是正确答案。第二讲 非谓语动词I考点分析非谓语动词包括现在分词、过去分词、不定式和动名词。非谓语动词既是四级考试的重点也是四级考试的的难点。因为非谓语动词的用法很复杂，它既含有时态语态的变化、又有否定形式。例如：He seemed to have waited there for a long time. (不定式的完成时态)He seemed to be waiting for someone. (不定式的正在进行时)He seemed to have not known the place very well. (不定式的完成时态的否定形式)He seemed to have been told about it. (不定式的被动语态)一、非谓语动词不同形式的基本用法。1. 现在分词可以用作状语、定语和表语。例如：The film is exciting. (表语)The exciting film attracted the children very much. (定语)Having finishing the homework, children went to the playground to play basketball. (状语)The problem being discussed is what they are concerned with. (定语)2. 过去分词的用法与现在分词大体相当，可以用作状语、定语和表语。只是表示的意义有所不同。例如：Children are excited at the film. (表语)The excited children sang and danced to the midnight. (定语)Excited at the news, children went to the playground to play basketball. (状语)This was the problem discussed at the meeting yesterday. (定语)3. 不定式有两种形式：带to的不定式和不带to的不定式, 不定式有进行体、完成体和被动语态。不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、补语、定语和状语等。It is of Importance to have good friends. (逻辑主语)To see is to believe. (主语)I expect him to come back soon. (宾语补语)I dont know how to get there. (宾语)We need someone to help us. (定语)To get there earlier, we started at 6 oclock. (状语)The room seemed to have been cleaned. (表语)4. 动名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、补语。I dont liking talking with her. (宾语)Smoking is dangerous for health. (主语)Her hobby is collecting coins. (表语)二、 四级考试中的非谓语动词考点1. 非谓语动词的时态和语态The two buildings being repaired now are the students dormitories. (正在进行时表示动作正在发生，被动语态表示被动)The two buildings repaired during the summer vacations are the students dormitories. (过去分词作定语，表示动作完成)The two buildings to be repaired are the students dormitories. (不定式表示动做未发生，将要发生)2. 非谓语动词的否定形式和物主代词的用法Not knowing what to do next, he asked me for help. (分词作状语的否定形式)I regret not telling her the news earlier. (动名词作宾语的否定形式)I dont mind your being late. (动名词作宾语的物主形式)I persuade him not to stay there too long. (不定式作补语的否定形式)3. 现在分词和过去分词区别：现在分词表示现在和主动的意思；过去分词含有被动和完成的意思。例如；Originally cultivated In India, the banana brought to the Americas by the Portuguese who found It In Africa.句中主语the banana和cultivate的关系应属被动关系，用过去分词Originally cultivated。The lost child was found hiding in the cave.句中hiding in the cave与其主语the child是主动关系，用现在分词。4. 不定式和动名词的区别：不定式和动名词都可以作宾语，但在英语中不同的动词要求后边的宾语形式不同。有些动词要求动名词所宾语，有些动词要求不定式所宾语，还有些动词既可以用动名词又可以用不定式作宾语，但所表达的意思却不同。所以大家要记住这些特殊的动词。要求不定式所宾语的动词有：expect, urge, Intend, persuade, prefer, cause, encourage, tell, ask, make, let, , 要求动名词所宾语的动词有：mind, quit, resent, mention, appreciate, postpone, consider, enjoy, deserve, delay, avoid, escape, deny, resist, admit, fancy, give up, cannot but, need, want，feel like下列动词既可以用动名词又可以用不定式作宾语：remember, forget, regret, mean, like, hate, love, stopremember, forget, regret后接不定式表示动作尚未发生；接动名词表示动作已经发生。like, hate, love 后接不定式表示具体的或一次性的动作；接动名词表示习惯性或抽象性的动作。stop 后接不定式表示停下现在动作去做另一件事；接动名词表示停下现在所进行的动作。mean 后接不定式表示打算去做一件事；接动名词表示意思是什么。5. 几种特殊的句型1） It is no good (use)+ doing sth.It is no use arguing with her about the matter.2） There Is no _ doing sth.There is no telling when to start.3） But + (to)do: 介词前动词若是实义动词do， 省略to; 介词前动词若不是实义动词do， 则不能省略to。Our parents required us of nothing but to study hard.He said nothing but to cry.He did nothing but cry.4） 分词的固定搭配词组：judging from, generally speaking, considering, takinginto consideration, compared to (with)6. 独立主格结构独立主格结构是带有逻辑主语的分词短语，它有以下几种形式：1） 主语分词The problem being solved, he went back home.Time permitting, we will go outing this weekend.The report having been read a lively discussion began.2） With + 逻辑主语+分词（形容词、副词或介词短语等）The old man came In with a book under his arm.They went home with the lights on.三、 非谓语动词考点例题 l 时态1 As a public relations officer, he is said _some very influential people. （01/6/34）【A】 A) to know B) to be knowing C) to have been knowing D) to have known2. The ancient Egyptians are supposed _rockets to the moon. （96/6/37）【C】 A) to send B) to be sending C) to have sent D) to have been sendingl 语态1. Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection _to the nation. （96/6/24）【D】 A) has left B) is to leave C) leaves D) is to be left2. If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one _.（96/6/28）【D】 A) to correct B) correcting C) having corrected D) being corrected3. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _ in Cuba. （00/1/45）【B】A) having cultivated B) being cultivated C) been cultivated D) cultivatingl 作状语（不定式,分词）1. Could you find someone _.（94/4/63）【A】A) for me to play tennis with B) for me to play tennis C) play tennis with D) playing tennis with2. _a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a masters degree.（95/1/48）【A】A) To become B) Become C) One become D) On becoming3. This programme will examine the writers books in detail _an introduction to h