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英语数词的用法全归纳数词的概述英语中用来表示事物的数量或顺序的词叫做数词。根据数词的特征,可将数词分为基数词和序数词;根据数字是否为整数,有可将它分为整数、分数和小数;根据数字所表示的数是否确定,有可分为定数和概数。数词在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语等。在表示基数词时,要特别注意hundred, thousand, million, billion等几个词的用法:若其前用了基数词,则不论其面是否有of,都必须用单数形式(此时若带of则通常表示特定范围中的一部分);若泛指数百、数千、数百万等,则用 hundreds of, thousands of, millions of 等这样的结构。一、用英语表示生日的常用方法有时简单地从汉语字面意思来看,看不出是用基数词还是序数词,此时不要想当然地乱用。如:今天是我爷爷的60大寿。误:Today is my grandfathers sixty birthday. 正:Today is my grandfathers sixtieth birthday. 汉语说“三十岁生日”“六十大寿”等,其实指的是过第30个生日,过第60个生日等,所以要用序数词而不用基数词。二、用英语表示年龄的常用方法 (1) 一般直接用基数词表示,如:Her daughter is eighteen. 她的女儿18岁。 (2) 用“基数词 + years old”表示,有时可将years old 换成years of age。如:Her daughter is eighteen years old. / Her daughter is eighteen years of age. 她的女儿18岁。 (3) 用“基数词-year-old”表示,此结构常做(前置)定语。如:Her 18-year-old daughter is now in the university. 他18岁的女儿现在上大学。(4) 用“at the age of +基数词”表示“在“在年龄”。如:Her daughter got married at the age of eighteen. 她的女儿18岁就结了婚。 (5) 用“of + 基数词”表示,此结构常做后置定语。如:Her daughter is now a pretty girl of 18. 她女儿现在一个18岁的美少女了。 (6) 用“aged +基数词”表示,此结构常做后置定语。如:Lying on the floor was a boy aged about seventeen. 躺在地板上的是一个约莫十七岁的男孩。 (7) 用“be in ones +几十的复数形式”表示某人大概的年龄。如:He went to the United States in his fifties. 他五十多岁时去了美国。三、用英语表示倍数的方法表示倍数时通常借助half, double, twice, three times等之类的词:Half (of) the apples are bad. 一半苹果是坏的。His homework is not yet half done. 他的作业还没完成一半。He eats twice what I eat. 他的食量是我的两倍。比较以下三句,虽然表达形式不同,但含义相同:(1) This rope is three times as long as that one. 这根绳子是那根的三倍长。(2) This rope is three times longer than that one. 这根绳子是那根的三倍长。(3) This rope is three times the length of that one. 这根绳子是那根的三倍长。第(1)句和第(3)句的意思比较清楚,但第(2)句常容易误解,有人认为它与其他两句意思不同,应理解为“这根绳子比那根绳子长三倍”,但绝大多数语法学家并不这样认为,而是认为以上三句意思相同。四、用英语表示分数的方法分数由基数词和序数词构成分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子超过“1”时,分母用复数:a one sixth = 1/6two thirds = 2/3three fifths = 3/5Three quarters of the students have passed the exam. 四分之三的学生考试及格了。The WTO cannot live up to its name if it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind. 如果世贸组织不能容纳占世界人口五分之一的国家,那它就算不上世界贸易组织了。几点注意: (1) 1/2 通常读作 a one half,一般不读作a second。 (2) 1/4 可读作 a one fourth,也可读作 a one quarter。 (3) 分子超过“1”分母之所以用复数可以这样理解:“三分之二”即两个(two)三分之一(third),既然是两 个“三分之一”,那“三分之一”当然要用复数,即用thirds。 (4) 在数学上,为了简洁起见,分子和分母均可用基数词,其间用介词over:3/4 读作three over four(对于比较复杂的分数通常采用此读法) (5) 带分数的读法:在整数与分数之间用and连接:five and two thirds (6)分数词用作状语,分数词主要有作定语,或是主语、宾语等,但有时也可用作状语。如:China isone-sixth larger than the United States. 中国比美国大六分之一。It was one-fourth cheaper than the market price. 它比市场价格低四分之一。Houses cost one third more this year than they did five years ago. 今年房价比五年前上涨了三分之一。The bottle had been about three-quarters full then. 那时瓶子里约莫四分之三满。This substance reactsone-tenths as fast as the other one. 这种物质的反应速度是另一物质的十分之一。五、用英语表示小数小数点前的数按总数念,同其它基数词读法一样,小数点用point,小数点后面的数按基数词一个一个单独念。如9.65读作nine point six five。218.39读作two hundred and eighteen point three nine。六、百分数的用法百分数的用法百分数由“基数词+percent”构成。如:With production up by 60 percent, the company has had another excellent year. 因为产量提高了60%,所以公司那年又取得了很好的效益。About 60 percent of the workers in this company are young people. 这个公司约60%的工人是年轻人。七、用数词表示约数的五类方法 1、表示笼统数目的方法可用 tens of, dozens of, scores of, hundreds of, thousands of, millions of 等表示“几十、几百、上千、成千上万”等。如:Ive been there dozens of times. 我去那儿去过几十次了。Thousands of people were gathered at the airport. 数千人聚集在机场。There were hundreds of people on the beach. 海滩上有成千上万的人。Millions of dollars have gone into the building of this factory. 数以万百计的美金被投入修建这座工厂。 2、表示“少于”“接近”的方法可用 less than, under, below, almost, nearly, up to 等来表示少于或接近某个数目。如:It cost me less than 10 pounds. 我买它没花上10英镑。Theres nothing below 5 dollars. 没有一样东西价钱在5美元以下。Almost Nearly all the students passed the exam. 差不多所有的学生都通过了考试。 3、表示“多于”“超过”的方法可用 more than, beyond, or more, over, above 等来表示超过或多于某个数目。如:He was away for more than a month. 他离开了一个多月。There are ten chairs or more in the room. 房间里有十多把椅子。The temperature is two degrees above zero. 温度是零上2度。You have to be over 18 to see this film. 超过18岁的人才能看这部电影。 4、表示“大约”“左右”的方法可用 or, or so, about, around, some, more or less 等表示。如:They arrived around round 5 oclock. 他们是大约5 点钟到的。Its an hours journey, more or less. 大约有一个钟头的路程。Take this medicine. Youll feel better in an hour or so. 把药吃了,过一个多小时你会感觉好些的。 5、“一两个”的表法方法英语中要表示“一两个”,有两种常用表达,一是“a+名词+or two”,二是“one or two+名词”,注意两者不可混用(尤其注意不能将 a 与 one 用混)。如:After a minute or two we saw him. 一两分钟后我们看见他了。May I borrow the book for a day or two? 这本书我可以借一两天吗? I would like to use the computer for an hour or two. 我想用一两个小时的电脑。I want to put you right on one or two matters. 我想给你纠正一两个错误。There is one or two things Id like to know about. 有一两件事我很想知道。表示在某个世纪的几十年代,用“in the +逢十的基数词的复数”。基数词的复数若用阿拉伯数字表示,可直接加s,也可加s。如“在20世纪80年代”是in the 1980s或in the 1980s,读作:in the nineteen eighties。 注意:不要漏掉the八、用英语表示年代表示某个世纪的几十年代,用“in the +逢十的基数词的复数”。基数词的复数若用阿拉伯数字表示,可直接加s,也可加s。如“在20世纪80年代”是in the 1980s或in the 1980s,读作:in the nineteen eighties。表示整十的基数词用复数形式可以表示人的岁数或年代:in the sixties 在60年代 in ones thirties 在某人30多岁时注意:不要漏掉the九、表示年代的1960等可用作定语吗类似1960这样表示年代的词语有时可用于名词前作定语。请看以下实例:He was awarded the 1960 Nobel Prize for peace. 他荣获1960年诺贝尔和平奖。This is a 1979 recording with Ellison on bass guitar. 这是一部1979年埃利森演奏低音吉他的录音。The new film is just a souped-up version of the 1948 original. 这部新电影只不过是在1948年的原版片中做些更动而已。The 1992 Summer Olympics were held in Barcelona and the Winter Olympics were held in Albertville. 1992年夏季奥运会在巴塞罗那举行,冬季奥运会在阿尔贝维尔举行。有时还可用1980s或1980s这样的形式(表示几十年代)作定语。如:Its an update of an old 60s movie. 那是60年代一部老影片的更新版。At that time, there was a great rage for 1920s clothes. 当时,20年代的服饰非常流行。They decided to revive a 1930s musical. 他们决定重新上演20世纪30年代的一个歌舞喜剧。十、如何用英语编号1. 房号13第305号房间:Room 305第126号房间:Room 126第1105号房间:Room 1105第2805号房间:Room 28052. 页码第126页:page 126第308页:page 308第889页:page 889第902页:page 9023. 路牌号五一路2230号:2230 Wuyi Road八一路696号:696 Bayi Road蔡锷路195号:195 Caie Road中山路256号:256 Zhongshan Road4. 公共汽车第111路公共汽车:Bus Number 111第103路公共汽车:Bus Number 103第905路公共汽车:Bus Number 905第704路公共汽车:Bus Number 7045. 厂名第一拖拉机厂:The No. I Tractor Works第九玻璃厂:The No. 9 Glass Works第三造纸厂:The No. 3 Paper Factory6. 车厢号第10号车厢:Carriage No. 10第12号车厢:Carriage No. 12第18号车厢:Carriage No. 18三号和四号卧铺:Berths 3 and 4十一、常用数学公式的表示方法5+6=11 Fiveplus six is eleven.102=8 Tenminus two is eight.25=10 Two times five (Twomultiplied by five) is ten.93=3 Nine divided by three is three.ab a is more than b.ab a is less than b.ab a approximately equals to b.ab a is not equal to b.十二、用英语表示日期的方法 日期的表示法英语和美国稍有不同,英国通常表示为“日月年”,美国通常表示为“月日年”。如“10月10日”可表示为 October 10, 1985(美)或10(th) October, 1985(英)。注意:最好避免把整个日期都写成数字, 这在英美语中表示的含义并不相同:如“2. 7. 97”、“2-7-97”、“2/7/97”这类表达,在美国英语中表示“1997年2月7日”,而在英国英语中则表示“1997年7月2日”。 英语中“年”的读法:四位数以下的年份,按基数词的读法读,如“(公元)689年”直接读成 six hundred and eighty-nine;满四位数年份,一般是两位两位地读,即读作“几十几,几十几”,如“1986年”通常读作 nineteen eighty-six。 注意:若是整数百的年份,通常读作“the year几十几hundred。如“1900年”读作 the year nineteen hundred;若是整数千的年份,通常读作“the year 几千”,如“2000年”读作 the year two thousand。类似地,“2005年”可读作 two thousand and five。十三、用英语表示钟点半小时用half,一刻钟用a quarter,半小时以内用past,超过半小时用to。08:00 eight oclock或eight09:15 nine fifteen或a quarter past/after nine02:30 two thirty或half past/after two05:45 five forty-five或a quarter to six14:15 fourteen fifteen=2.15 p. m.23:05 twenty-three oh five24:00 twenty-four hundred hours=midnight十四、长度等的表示方法要表示长度、宽度、高度、深度等,可用“基数词 + 单位名词(复数)+ 形容词”结构。如:We need a rope about 10 meters long. 我们需要一根约10米长的绳子。The well is about 30 meters deep. 这口井约30米深。有时也可用“基数词 + 单位名词(单数) +in + 长度或重量的名词”表示长度、宽度、高度、深度等。如:He is six feet in height. 他身高六英尺。The fish is two feet in length. 这条鱼有两英尺长。注意:表示重量时,可用 in weight 结构,但heavy结构,如要表示“这个箱子重10公斤”,可说The box is 10 kilos 或The box is 10 kilos in weight,但习惯上不说 The box is 10 kilos heavy。十五、dozen,score,hundred,thousand,million用法要点这些词的用法极为相似,需注意的用法有: 1. 当这些词与具体数字连用时,通常不加复数词尾-s, 也不后接介词 of。如:I want three score eggs. 我要60只鸡蛋。He is a man of three score years. 他六十岁。Two hundred (thousand) students went there. 有两百(千)学生去了那儿。About three million workers were on strike. 参加罢工的大约有三百万工人。注:有人认为 score, dozen 之后有时也接 of, 但惯用法认为省略 of 则常见。另外,当 million 用作中心词(即其后不接名词或数词)时,有时也可带复数词尾-s。如:The population of New Zealand is now three million(s). 新西兰现有人口三百万。 2. 当这些词不与具体数字连用,而是表示不确定的泛指数时,则不仅要加复数词尾-s, 而且要后接介词 of, 然后才能接名词。如:Ive read it dozens (scores) of times. 我读过它几十次。Thousands of students entered the contest. 数千名学生参加了这次比赛。Millions of people died in the war. 有数百万人在这次战争中丧生。注:若不出现名词,则不用介词 of。如:Millions (of people) are homeless. 千千万万的人无家可归。 3. 当这些词与 a few, several, many 等数目不很具体的词连用时,带不带复数词尾 -s 均可,但是注意:若不带复数词 -s, 其后的介词 of 可以省略;若带复数词尾-s, 则其后介词 of 不能省略。如:在那儿我见到了数百外宾。正:There I saw several hundred(s) of foreign guests. 正:There I saw several hundred foreign guests. 注意 some hundred persons 与 some hundreds of persons 含义不同:前者指“大约一百人”,其中 someabout a;后者指“几百人”。 4. 当这些词后面的名词有了 the, these, those等特指限定词修饰时,或其后的接的是 us, them 这样的人 称代词时,则此时必须用介词 of。如:two dozen of them 它们中的两打three scores of these eggs 这些鸡蛋中的三打 five hundred of the workers 这些工人中的五百人 5. 注意以下与介词 by 连用的例子(from www.yygrammar.com):The eggs are sold by the dozen. 鸡蛋按打出售。The ants arrived at the picnic by the hundred(s). 成群的蚂蚁来到野餐的地方。They were sold by the thousand(s). 它们被大批大批地(论千地)出售。比较:Pack them in dozens. 把它们成打地包起来(即每12个一包)。 6. dozen与score的用法 (1) 基本用法:dozen, score的用法与hundred, thousand等的用法相似。前面有基数词时,只能用单数作定语;若表示“几十”“许多”时,用复数加of。如:I bought a dozen eggs and every one of them was bad. 我买了一打鸡蛋,每个都是坏的。I said it was a secret but shes told dozens of people. 我说那是一个秘密,可她告诉了好几十个人。They received scores of letters about their TV programmes. 关于他们的电视节目,他们收到了大批来信。 (2) 接of的问题:上面提到,表示泛指意义的“许多”时,它们不仅要用复数,而且要接介词of,方可后接名词。但表示具体数量时,它们后面该不该加介词of呢?原则是这样的:dozen后不加,但score后可以加也可不加。如:We need to borrow two dozen coffee cups for the party. 我们必须去借2打咖啡杯,以备宴会之用。The Tuscan coastline has a score (of) popular resorts. 托斯卡纳海岸线上有20个旅游胜地。但是,当这些词后面的名词有了the, these, those等特指限定词修饰时,或其后接的是us, them 这样的人称代词时,则此时必须用介词 of。如:I want three dozen of these. 这我要三打。十六、有关数词用法的几个易错点 “一两天”之类的表达“一两天”可说a day or two或one or two days。但不能说成 one day or two或a or two days。类似的有:a year or two / one or two years 一两年 / a month or two / one or two months。“一个半”之类的表达表示“一个半”可用aand a half或one and a half 如:We waited for an hour and a half. / We waited for one and a half hours. 我们等了一个半小时。“每隔几”的表达法如“每隔一天”的说法有every two days, every second day, every other day,“每隔3天”的说法有every three days或every third day。“另外几”的表达法如“另加2个星期”可说another / a further two weeks或two other / more weeks。十七、“数词+more”与“another+数词”The schools music group will be giving a big show tomorrow night and two _ on the weekend. A. moreB. otherC. elseD. another此题答案选A。two more的意思是“另外两场”。more用于数词后,表示数量的增加,即表示在原有基础上又增加了若干数量。注意不要选D,因为another与数词搭配时,总是要放在数词之前。下面我们来看看这两个结构的用法:1、“数词+more”的用法Three more of the missing climbers have been found. 失踪的登山者又找到了3个。How many more stamps do you want?Four more please. 你还要多少张邮票?请再给4张。If he had received six more votes, he would be our chairman now. 如果他多得六票,现在就是我们的主席了。2、“another+数词”的用法I shall stay another five months. 我将再待五个月。They drove for another three hours. 他们又行驶了3个小时。The strike may last another six weeks. 罢工可能还要持续六个礼拜。China picked up another ten gold medals. 中国又获得了10枚金牌。The last time we talked he said he needed another two days. 上次我们谈话时他说他还需要两天。3、两点用法说明(1). 当其中的数词为one时,我们可以说one more,但一般不用another one。如:He decided to have one more try. 他决定再试一次 (自www.yygrammar.com)。Surely you can put it off one more week. 肯定你可以把它再推迟一个礼拜。I was wondering if I must ask you one more question. 我不知道我是不是还需要再向你提一个问题。(2)在意义上该用another one的地方,英语通常只用another。如:Shes going to have another baby. 她又快有孩子了。Its cold I need another blanket. 太冷了我再要一条毯子。注意:(A)不过,如果其中的one不是数词,而是代词,则可以用another one。如:This pen doesnt work. I must buy another one. 这支钢笔坏了。我该另买一支了。Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one. 我在外面看见你的汽车了,它给另一辆车撞了。If you children closed up a bit thered be room for another one on this seat. 你们几个孩子要是挤一挤,这座位上还能加一个人。(B)即使其中的one不是数词而是代词,英语也通常省略another one中的one。如:I didnt like the red skirt, so I asked to see another (one). 我不喜欢那条红裙子,所以我要求看另外一条。(3). 当其中的数词为few时,英语可以说another few。如:Im staying for another few weeks. 我还要再呆几个星期。I need another few days before l can make up my mind. 我还需几天才能决定。对于more而言,英语通常的搭配是a few more。如:I advise waiting a few more days. 我建议再等几天。Wet weather may continue for a few more days. 多雨的天气可能还要持续好几天。十八、序数词前使用冠词应注意的两点 第一点:序数词前通常要用定冠词Its the third time Ive been here. 这是我第三次来这儿。The second is better than the first. 第二个比第一个好。【注意】 表示考试或比赛等的名次时,通常省略定冠词:She was (the) third in the exam. 她考试得了第三名。 序数词用作副词时也通常不用冠词:He came first. 他先来。Ill have to finish my homework first. 我得先把作业做完。 有些习语中的序数词前没有冠词:at first 开始 at first sight 乍看起来first of all 首先 但若序数词前用了物主代词或名词所有格,则不能再用定冠词:his second wife 他的第二个妻子 Toms third book 汤姆的第三本书第二点:序数词前有时可用不定冠词,表示次第在原有基础上的增加:A second student stood up. 又一个(第二个)学生站了起来。I want to read the book a third time. 这本书我想读第三次。序数词前用定冠词和不定冠词的区别在于:定冠词表特指,不定冠词表泛指,有类似another的意思,但比another 的意思更明确。比较:I like the third girl. 我喜欢第三个女孩。(至少有三个女孩供选择,特指)I saw a third girl. 我又看见了第三个女孩。(暗示原来已看见两个,这已是第三个)十九、忽略数词与其他词的搭配数词本身的用法并不复杂,但它们与其他词搭配时往往有不少值得注意的地方,如数词与other连用时,通常要将other放在数词之后;但是,若有定冠词修饰,则也可放在数词之前。如:他又买了两本英语词典。误:Hes bought other two English dictionaries.正:Hes bought two other English dictionaries. 我不喜欢另外的那两本书。正:I dont like the other two books. 正:I dont like the two other books. 二十、数字习语:at sixes and sevensat sixes and sevens 为习语,意为:乱七八糟,七上八下,杂乱无章,一片混乱。如:The boy made the room at sixes and sevens. 这男孩把房间弄得乱七八糟的。 I havent had time to arrange everything so Im all at sixes and sevens. 我没来得及把每件事都安排好,因此心里七上八下的。They held a party last night and everything was at sixes and sevens when the guests left.昨晚他们开了一个家庭聚会。当客人散尽之后,一切物品都挪了位置。 After the captain of the team broke his leg, the other players were at sixes and sevens. 球队队长摔断了腿,其他队员陷入了一片混乱。 The members couldnt come to an agreement. They were at sixes and sevens. 委员们不能达成一致意见,他们各持己见。 二十一、不能连用数字的几种常见情况far 用作形容词,表示“遥远的”,通常不与具体数字连用。如:车站离我家5英里。误:The station is five miles far (away) from my home.正:The station is five miles distant from my home.正:The station is five miles away from my home.析:far 通常不可以与数字连用,此时需用 distant。both 一般不与数词 two 连用,以免语义重复。如:这两个男孩子都很聪明。误:Both the two boys are clever.正:Both the boys are clever.正:The two boys are clever.clothes(衣服)虽然是一个没有单数形式的复数名词,但它却 不能与直接与数词连用。她为我买了两套衣服。误:She bought me two clothes.正:She bought me two suits of clothes.goods(货物)是一个没有单数形式的复数名词,但是却不能直接用数词修饰,要表示“货物”的件数,通常借助 piece。如:他发现有两件货被偷了。误:He found two goods had been stolen.正:He found two pieces of goods had been stolen.troops 侧重指构成军队的士兵成员,但并不指个别士兵,因此它一般不与数字(尤其是较小的数字)连用。比如:“两个士兵”一般不说 two troops, 可说 two soldiers。不过 troops 有时可与较大的数词连用。如可说:a hundred troops 一百个士兵Forty-four troops were killed. 44名士兵阵亡。二十二、含有数字one的英语成语one by one 一个个地He went through the items on a list one by one. 他逐个处理单子上的项目。Students went out of the classroom one by one as soon as the bell rang. 下课铃一响,学生们一个个从教室里走出来。 in one 合为一体Hes President, Treasurer and Secretary in one. 他身兼会长、司库和秘书三职。Its a book of English phonetics,grammar and usage in one. 这是一本英语语音、语法和习惯用语结合为一体的书。 one too many 多余的,不需要的I found myself one too many among them. 我发现自己在他们当中是个多余的人。 one in a thousand 优秀的人(或事物)My brother is a one in a thousand. 我的兄弟是位优秀人物。 二十三、含有数字two的英语成语two-way 双向的We need a two-way switch. 我们需要一个双路开关。He invented a two-way recorder. 他发明了两用收录机。 in twos 两个两个地The children walked in twos with one teacher in front and one behind. 孩子们排成两行走,前后各有一位老师。in twos and threes 三三两两地Applications for the job are coming in slowly in twos and threes. 申请这份工作的信件三三两两来得很慢。in two twos 立刻;一转眼My pen was lost in two twos. 我的钢笔一转眼就不见了。 put two and two together 根据所见、所闻等推测出真相He is rather inclined to put two and two together and make five. 他一推测就出圈儿。They came to the conclusion that he hadnt run out of their city, putting two and two together. 根据事实推断,他们得出这样的结论,他还没有跑出这座城市。二十四、含有数字three的英语成语by twos and threes 三三两两We went to the station by twos and threes. 我们三三两两地走向车站。 三三两两 in twos and threesThey arrived in twos and threes. 他们三三两两地来了。three-bottle man 大酒徒His grandfather is a three-bottle man. 他外公是个大酒徒。 二十五、含有数字four的英语成语four square 直率的;坦白的The girl is four square. 这女孩很直率。 on all fours 爬着The baby was crawling about on all fours. 婴儿那时正在满处爬。four-lettered words 下流话These books are full of four-lettered words. 这些书里脏话连篇。 in fours 每组四个Group together in fours! 每四人一组! Students are standing in a line,in fours. 学生们每组四人排成队。
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