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1112011-2012学年高一英语必修1（冀教版）素材（含教案和练习）Unit 2 Friendship （2）一. 教学内容：Unit 2 Friendship（II）二. 语法讲解I. 定语从句在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句（Attributive Clauses）。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句由关系代词和关系副词引出。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成分。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which关系副词有：when, where, why （1）关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) the cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语） The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语) （2）关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。when, where, why关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。例如：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？注意：先行词表示地点或时间时，有时用where或when，有时用that(which)引导定语从句，这时要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的。如果是及物的就用that(which)，否则用where或when。例如：This is the house where he lived last year.这是他去年住过的房子。This is the house that (which) he visited last year.这是去年他参观过的房子。I thought of the happy days when I stayed in Beijing.我想起了我在北京呆过的快乐日子。I have never forgotten the day which we spent together.我永远不会忘记我们一起度过的日子。that代替关系副词that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如：His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年去世了。He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。I dont like the way (that/in which) he talked to his mother.我不喜欢他同他母亲说话的方式。（3）限制性和非限制性定语从句定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。（4）介词+关系词 介词后面的关系词不能省略。that前不能有介词。某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如：This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago.这是我两年前住过的房子。Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club?你是否记得我们加入俱乐部的那一天？（5）as引导的限定性定语从句：as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限定性定语从句，并在从句中作主语、表语或状语，构成the sameas, suchas等结构。例如：I like the same book as you do. (as作宾语)我和你一样，喜欢同一本书。I shall do it in the same way as you did.（as作状语）我会用和你同样的方式去做的。I want to have such a dictionary as he has. (as作宾语)我想和他一样有一本这样的字典。as引导非限定性定语从句。as在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，这个定语从句说明整个句子，可以放在主句之前。例如：As we all know, he studies very hard.（as代表整个句子，作宾语）他学习非常用功，正如我们大家都知道的。As is known to all, he is the best student in our class.（as代表整个句子，作主语）众所周知，他是我们班最好的学生。常用的这种类似插入语的句式有as is said above, as is already mentioned above, as is known to all, as it is, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等。（6）as, which 非限定性定语从句由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。as一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.正如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.太阳加热地球，这对我们非常重要。典型例题： a) Alice received an invitation from her boss, _ came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. whichD. he 解析：答案C。此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which，it和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。 b) The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it解析：答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。that 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。c) It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.A. that B. whichC. as D. it解析：答案B。as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点： . as引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。. as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。（7）必须用that而不用which引导定语从句的情况：先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等。例如：All that we have to do is to practice every day.我们必须做的全部是每天练习。先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。例如：The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten. 我学的第一门课永远难忘。This is the best film Ive ever seen.这是我曾经看过的最好的电影。先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰。例如：I have read all the books (that) you gave me.我读完了你给我的所有书籍。先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时，例如：He is the only person that/(who) I want to talk to.他是我唯一想交谈的人。先行词既有人又有物时，例如：They talked of things and persons that they remembered.他们谈起所记得的人和事。当句中已有who时，为避免重复。例如：Who is the man that is talking to John?和约翰谈话的那个人是谁？用作关系代词，修饰表示时间的名词如day, time, moment等，代替when。例如：It happened on the day that/when I was born.那件事是在我出生的时候发生的。如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已用，则另一个用that。例如：Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.爱迪生建立了一家生产从未被人见过的东西的工厂。【模拟试题】（答题时间：40分钟）一、阅读理解（共20小题，每小题2分，满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中，选出最佳选项。AToo many people want others to be their friends, but they dont give friendship（友谊）back. That is why some friendships dont last very long. To have a friend, you must learn to treat your friend the way you want your friend to treat you. Learning to be a good friend means learning three rules: be honest; be generous（宽宏大量的）; be understanding.Honesty is where a good friendship starts. Friends must be able to trust one another. If you dont tell the truth, people usually find out. If a friend finds out that you havent been honest, you may lose your friends trust. Good friends always count on one another to speak and act honestly.Generosity（大度）means sharing and sharing makes a friendship grow. You dont have to give your lunch money or your clothes, of course. Instead you have to learn how to share things you enjoy, like your hobbies（嗜好）and your interests. Naturally you will want to share your ideas and feelings. These can be very valuable to a friend. They tell your friend what is important to you. By sharing them you help your friend know you better.Sooner or later every one needs understanding and help with a problem. Something may go wrong at school. Talking about the problem can make it easier to solve（解决）. Turning to a friend can be a first step in solving the problem. So to be a friend you must listen and understand. You must try to put yourself in your friends place so you can understand the problem better.No two friendships are ever exactly alike（相同）. But all true friendships have three things in common. If you plan to keep your friends, you must practise honesty, generosity and understanding.1. Some friendships dont last very long because _.A. there are too many people who want to make friendsB. they dont know friendship is something seriousC. those who give others friendships receive friendships from othersD. those who never give others friendships receive no friendship from others2. According to the passage honesty is _.A. as important as moneyB. more important than anything elseC. something countableD. the base of a friendship3. Which of the following isnt mentioned in the passage?A. A friend who gives you his lunch money is a true friend.B. Always tell your friend the truth.C. Discussing your problems with your friend often helps to solve the problem.D. Sharing your mind with your friend is of great value.4. The best title of this passage is _.A. A Friend in Need Is a Friend IndeedB. Honesty Is the Best HabitC. How to Be a FriendD. Three Important Points in lifeBIn the past, when people had problems, they went to their families or friends to get advice. Today it is possible to get advice from radio shows, TV programs and telephone hot lines, too. A hot line is a telephone line that offers a direct way of getting in touch with advisers. Most hot lines are completely anonymous-callers do not have to say their names or telephone numbers. Most hot lines are usually free, too. Callers do not have to pay for the advice or the phone calls-even if the calls are long distance（距离）. At some hot lines, the advisers are volunteers（志愿者）. Other hot lines pay their advisers for their work. Usually the advisers are full-job people with years of education and experience, but sometimes, the advisers have only taken a short class before starting to work on the hot line. All the advisers listen to people and help them solve（解决） their problems.5. A hot line is a telephone line _.A. that isnt hotB. through which people get adviceC. whose number no one knowsD. through which callers take a short class6. When people call the hot line advisers, they_.A. often give their names and telephone numbersB. generally have to pay for the long distance callsC. usually pay nothing for most of the calls and adviceD. always try to get in touch with the volunteer advisers7. The advisers working at hot lines _.A. are not all paidB. are all volunteersC. all have years of education and experienceD. have all been trained for a short time8. The writer of the article seems to think that _.A. with hot lines people wont get advice from their families or friendsB. hot lines help the callers a lotC. people had, better pay for the advice and phone callsD. the hot line advisers will solve all of the callers problemsCBetty and Harold have been married for years. But one thing still puzzles（困扰）old Harold. How is it that he can leave Betty and her friend Joan sitting on the sofa, talking, go out to a ballgame, come back three and a half hours later , and theyre still sitting on the sofa? Talking?What in the world, Harold wonders, do they have to talk about?Betty shrugs, talk? Were friends.Researching this result called friendship, psychologist Lillian Rubin spent two years interviewing more than two hundred women and men. No matter what their age, their job, their sex, the results were completely clear: women have more friendships than men, and the difference in the content and the quality of those friendships is “marked and unmistakable”.More than two-thirds of the single men Rubin interviewed would not name a best friend. Those who could were likely to name a woman. Yet three-quarters of the single women had no problem naming a best friend, and almost always it was a woman. More married men than women named their wife/husband as a best friend, most trusted person, or the one they would turn to in time of emotional distress（感情危机） “Most women, ”says Rubin, “identified（认定）at least one, usually more, trusted friends to whom they could turn in a trouble moment, and they spoke openly about the importance of these relationships in their lives.”“In general,” writes Rubin in her new book, “womens friendships with each other rest on shared emotions and support, but mens relationships are marked by shared activities.” For the most part, Rubin says, interactions（交往）between men are emotionally controlled-a good fit with the social requirements of “manly behavior.”“Even when a man is said to be a best friend, ”Rubin writes, “the two share little about their innermost feelings. Whereas a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on a sofa.”9. What old Harold cannot understand or explain is the fact that _.A. he is treated as an outsider rather than a husbandB. women have so much to shareC. women show little interest in ballgamesD. he finds his wife difficult to talk to10. Rubins study shows that for emotional support a married woman is more likely to turn to _.A. a male friend B. a female friendC. her parents D. her husband11. Which of the following statements is best supported by the last paragraph?A. Men keep their innermost feelings to themselves.B. Women are more serious than men about marriage.C. Men often take sudden action to end their marriage.D. Women depend on others in making decisions.12. The research done by psychologist Rubin centers around _.A. happy and successful marriagesB. friendships of men and womenC. emotional problems in marriageD. interactions between men and women DA close friend of mine lives with six hundred wild animals on the Greek Island of Kyklos. Ever since he left school（where I first knew him）, he has traveled all over the world collecting animals for his very own zoo. He hoped to collect at least two examples of every sort of animal on his island before the Great Flood. But the flood that my friend was afraid of, was a flood not of water, but of people. I expect you have heard of my friend: he writes books about his travels, and about the wild and wonderful animals that he collects. The money from the books helps to pay for all the food that these animals eat.My friend told me that when he was out looking for water last week,（there is not enough water on island, though there is plenty all round it,）he found oil. He needs money for his travels, and for his zoo, and a little oil would buy enough water for a life-time; but he knows that if he tells anybody else about it, it will be the end of his zoo, and his lifes work.So, if I know my friend, he will not tell anybody（but you and me）about what he foundbecause oil and water do not mix.13. My friend lives _.A. on an island in the middle of great floodB. at the school that we used to go to, on KyklosC. on a Greek island with six hundred animalsD. all over the world; he is always traveling14. The flood, of which my friend was afraid, was _.A. a flood of too many peopleB. a great flood of waterC. a flood of too many animals on his islandD. a flood of oil15. He pays for the food the animals eat by _.A. collecting two examples of every animalB. traveling all over the worldC. writing and selling booksD. selling the oil on his island16. If he tells anybody about the oil, _.A. it will be the end of his lifes workB. he will have as many animals as he needsC. he will not write any more booksD. people will no longer come and visit his zooEWhat to do if you dont feel popular?Try to take part in activities. Call your friends. Plan to do something. The worst feeling is staying home alone, because it makes you feel even more lonely.Try to make new friends. Choose friends carefully, not just because you think theyre popular. And remember, making good friends takes time. Choosing a popular person to be friends with is okay. If they are nice.Be yourself（保持独立）, if you want to become friends with someone whos popular, dont make yourself into someone you are not just to impress that person.Be nice. Be friendly. Be outgoing（开朗的）. But dont overdo（做过头）it! Talk to trusted friends if you are feeling really bad. Or you might want to write it down in a journal（期刊）or diary.Do something special for yourself. You could take pictures of your friends, or collect their school pictures, and take a collage（拼贴画）to hang on your wall. This will remind（提醒）you, when you are feeling unpopular, that you really do have friends.Think up your own ideas. These suggestions might not work for everyone.What to do if you have a problem with your teacher?Talk to your parents, or another adult who will listen to you and perhaps can help. Talk to your friends. Maybe they have had problems with the same teacher, too.Dont give the teacher a reason to have problems with you. Do your work, complete your task, attend the class seriously and take notes. Maybe you just need to give the teacher a chance（机会）.Try to find out what the problem is.Talk to the teacher if you feel comfortable doing this. Dont be nasty（闹别扭的）, but express your concerns（关心）. Listen to the teacher, as well.Just accept the fact that youre not going to love all your teachers.17. What do we mean by saying “not feeling popular”?A. Not liked by our classmates or workmates.B. Not doing what we want.C. Not showing any interest in anything.D. Not so happy.18. According to the writer, if we overdo what he says in the article, we _.A. will make too many friends to easilyB. will sometimes pretend to be a nice, friendly person who is also outgoingC. will feel really too badD. will not listen to any advice from others19. The writer _.A. believes that your friend will help you out if you take their picturesB. suggests that you discuss the reason of problem with your teacher when you feel uncomfortableC. wants you to know that students usually hates teachersD. is not too sure if his advice will certainly work on you20. Whats the best title of this passage?A. Why We Have Problems at School?B. Always be Yourself.C. How to Handle Problems at School?D. Dont Be Afraid of Problems With others. 二、写作（共两节，满分35分）第一节：短文改错（共10小题，每小题1分）此题要求改正所给短文中的错误。对标有题号的每一行作出判断。如无错误，在该行右边横线上划一个勾（）；如有错误（每行只有一个错误），则按下列情况改正：该行多一个词：把多余的词用斜线（）划掉，在该行右边横线上写出该词，并也用斜线划掉。该行缺一个词：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（），在该行右边横线上写出该加的词。该行错一个词：在错的词下划一横线，在该行右边横线上写出改正后的词。注意：原行没有错的不要改。I will never forget the time I spent in British. 21. _ At the first day, we all went to attend assembly. 22. _The headmaster told us the best way to earn 23. _respect was work hard. The homework was less than24. _what I was used to get in my old school. Every 25._day I spent an hour read English books. 26. _I often go to our school computer club to send 27. _e-mails to my friends Free. Students there have 28. _to study some subjects, and can drop some. 29. _Though the life there was not easy, but I 30. _enjoyed it.第二节：书面表达（共25分）假如你是李华。国际中学生友谊俱乐部根据你的请求，把一名美国中学生汤姆介绍给你，希望你们成为笔友。现在由你给汤姆写信，信的内容要点如下：1. 个人情况：年龄：16岁，济钢高中高一学生。2. 业务爱好：读书；踢足球，上网已经两年。3. 希望了解：美国中学生的校内校外生活；他们最喜欢和最不喜欢的事；家长如何看待孩子的学习成绩。4. 希望对方回信，或发电子邮件。你的邮箱地址：Lihuajn9mb. edu. cn注意：（1）词数100左右。（2）信的开头已经给出。Dear Tom,I was very happy to receive your letter and Id very much like to be your pen pal.【试题答案】一、 阅读理解1. 解析：句意理解题。文中第一段第一句可作提示。答案：D2. 解析：综合推断题。文中说友谊从诚实起，朋友间应相互信任。答案：D3. 解析：采取这个排除法筛选出答案A。答案：A4. 解析：主旨概括题。因为整篇文章都是讲关于朋友、友情，所以答案C符合要求。答案：C5. 解析：理解“hot line”时不能单凭字义，英语中有许多词，像“greenhouse”发生了转义，不指“绿房子”，而意为“温室”。“hotline”就像我们常说的“热线电话”，是专门为人排忧解难、提供建议的。答案：B6. 解析：文章“anonymous”一词对同学们来说可能陌生，但看了破折号后的解释应明白意为“匿名的，不留名的”。所以A项不对。热线电话是一种服务性组织，因此通常是不计费的。答案：C7. 解析：文中
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