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111Unit 1 Great scientists(共7节时) 知识结构 1. Describing people ( characteristics and qualities )2. Persuasive writing : letter3. The Past Participle (1) as the Predicative & Attribute 目标建构 单词characteristic radium analyse attend expose absorb severe valuable pump pub blame immediately handle addition link instruct virus construction contribute positive spin enthusiastic cautious reject短语steam engine, put forward, make a conclusion, in addition, linkto, apart from, be strict with, lead to, make sense, point of view会话(describing people: characteristics and qualities)How will I recognize you?You can recognize me becauseWhat will you wear?What do you look like?What special features do you have?Im tall/short/fat/thin/young/oldHow will I know you?I have large/small/brown/green/black eyes with话题How to organize a scientific research: contributions of scientists语法The Past Participle (1) as the Predicative & Attribute文化Know the stories of John Snow, Qian Xuesen and Copernicus and their achievementsThe First Period ( Warming up & Pre-reading )Teaching procedures & ways:Step 1 Lead-in1. Can you name some famous scientists?2. In your opinion, what qualities should a scientist have?(Common characteristics: bright/ brightness; creative; cautious; persuasive; strict; positive; co-operative; enthusiastic; etc.)3. What kind of scientists do you know?(geologist; geographer; mathematician; physicist; chemist; agriculturist; astronomer; botanist; biologist; inventor )Step 2 Warming up1. Page 1, SB. Ask Ss to finish the quiz and find out who knows most.2. Show some pictures of these great scientists and have a brief introduction to them.Step 3 Pre-reading (Discussion)1. What do you know about infectious diseases? What kind of infectious diseases do you know?(Infectious diseases can be spread easily, they have unknown cause and may do great harm to people. SARS; Bird flu; AIDS; etc.)2. What do you know about cholera? (T can introduce this disease by using slides)3. Do you know how to prove a new idea in scientific research? Discuss in small groups the stages in examining a new scientific idea. What order would you put them in?(Find a problemMake up a questionThink of a methodCollect resultsAnalyse the resultsRepeat if necessaryDraw a conclusion)Step 4 Language points1. discover vt. to be the first to find, learn of, or observe 发现，发觉discover 通常指被探索或被揭示物早就客观存在着；invent指的是发明原先不存在的东西。如：Columbus discovered America in 1492.Alexander Graham Bill invented the telephone in 1876.2. as conj.(1) used in comparisons 用于比较：像一样Hes as old as I am.(2) in the same manner or way that 照的方式Do as I say.(3) while; whenHe saw her as she was getting off the bus.(4) because As she has no car, she cant get there easily.(5) thoughTired as I was, I tried to help them.(6) as it is: in reality; in fact 事实上I hope things would get better, but as it is they are getting worse.(7) as it were: so to speak; in a certain way 可以说; 跟一样He is my best friend, my brother, as it were.3. characteristic(1) n. a special and easily recognized quality of someone or something 特色, 特性A characteristic of this animal is its ability to live for a long time without water.(2) adj. typical; representing a persons or things usual character 独特的I heard my friends characteristic voice.4. the way of doing sth. 意为“做的方法”，还可以表达为 the way to do。如：She showed us the way of cleaning it. = She showed us the way to clean it.I dont like the way (that / in which) you speak to your father.5. put sth. forward: (1) to offer (an idea, suggestion etc.) for consideration 提出He put forward a new plan.(2) 拨快 Put the clocks forward. 将时钟拨快(3) 推荐某人或自己任职位; 提名May I put your name forward as a possible chairman of the committee?我能否提名你当委员会主席吗?6. infectious adj.(1) capable of causing infection 传染的,能够导致传染病的Cholera is an infectious disease.(2) caused by or capable of being transmitted by infection传染性的, 由传染引发的Colds are infectious, and so are some eye diseases.(3) easily or readily communicated 有感染力的，容易或快速传播的an infectious laugh有感染力的微笑(4) infect vt. 传染, 感染 infectant n. 污染物,传染物 adj. 传染的, 污染的 infected adj. 被感染的 infection n. 传染, 传染病, 影响, 感染7. if necessary 是一种省略句式。在while，when，until，unless，if，once等引导的状语从句中，如从句的主语和主句的主语相同，且从句的谓语部分含动词be时，可以省略从句的主语和动词be。 When (I was) a boy, I looked at such things quite differently. Dont speak until (you are ) spoken to.Step 5 Assignments1. Revise the words in “Warming up”.2. Learn the words from “attend” to “ strict”.3. Prepare “Reading”.The Second and Third Period( Reading & Comprehending )Teaching procedures & ways:Step 1 Teaching the new words. ( slides)Step 2 Reading1. Fast reading(1) Whats the main idea of the passage? (D)A. John Snow was a well-known doctor in London.B. The cause of Cholera was polluted water.C. The source of all drinking water should be examined.D. How John Snow collected, analyzed data and found the cause of the disease and solved it .(2) What are the two theories explaining how cholera killed people? (Para 2)(3) What helps John Snow find the clue about the cause of the disease? ( A map of London)(4) When was John Snow able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried disease? (After he found two deaths in another part of London that were liked to the Broad Street outbreak.)2. Careful reading (1) Read the text carefully and find out the general idea ( or topic sentence) of each paragraph to match the stage .ParaStageGeneral ideas1Find a problemJohn Snow wanted to use his knowledge to solve cholera.2Make up a questionHe got interested in two theories explaining3Think of a method & collect resultsHe believed in the second theory but needed to proved he was correct.4Analyse resultsHe found out that dirty water was the cause of cholera.5Repeat if necessaryPolluted water carried the disease.6Make a conclusionFinally “King Cholera” was defeated.(2) Fill in the chart in Ex 1, Comprehending.3. Post readingRead the text again and answer these questions. (slides)(1) Cholera was a 19th century disease. What disease do you think is similar to cholera today?(2) John Snow believed Idea 2 was right. How did he finally prove it?(3) Do you think John Snow would have solved this problem without the map? Give a reason.4. Listen to the tape and understand it.Step 3 Language points1. attend v. (1) to be present at; go to 出席，参加He decided to attend the meeting himself.(2) to give ones attention; listen 注意，倾听(常跟to连用)Are you attending to what is being said?(3) to look after; serve 照顾，护理I have a good doctor attending me. (4) to go with 伴随，陪伴Danger attended everything he did. 他做的每一件事都带有危险。attendance n.照顾：出席人数There is a doctor in attendance. 有一位医生照顾。There was a large attendance at the concert. 音乐会听众很多。2 ease v.(1) to free from pain, worry 减轻；缓和The doctor gave him some painkillers to ease the pain.The relationship between the two countries has eased.(2) to relax 放松Its time for your father to ease up on his work a bit. Hes getting old.(3) n. the condition of being comfortable 舒适; freedom from difficulty, or hardship不费力a life of ease 舒适的生活with ease 毫不费力地，轻而易举地to jump over with ease 很容易跳过去He passed the examination with ease. 3. expose v.(1) to make visible 暴露New fashions are exposing more and more of the body.与to连用He exposes his skin to the sun.(2) to reveal the guilt or wrong doing of 揭露He exposed their plot. 他揭露了他们的阴谋。The crime of the corrupt officials must be exposed without any reserve.对贪官污吏的罪行一定要毫无保留地予以揭发。4. every time ：连词，引导时间状语从句，后省略when；类似的还有 immediately，the moment，directly, instantly.Every time I meet him, I always think of the things happening between us.I will give the report to him immediately I see him.I came directly I got your message.5. outbreak n. (1)a sudden increase 突然发生Police quelled the outbreak of violence. (2) a sudden eruption; an outburst 突然爆发 There has been an outbreak of measles on town.6. control v. & n.(1) v. to have power over, rule, direct 统治；控制The government tries its best to control prices. 政府努力控制物价。He cannot control his anger. 他无法抑制自己的愤怒情绪。(2) n. 控制；统治；掌握lose control of / be (go) out of control 失去控制The diver lost control of his car and it knock into a tree. 司机失去控制,车撞到树上。 The car was out of control and ran into a wall. 车失去控制,撞到了墙上。 in control of 在控制下Mr Brown is in control of the money. 布朗先生管理钱财。under the control of 被控制着The money is under the control of Mr Brown. 钱由布朗先生掌管。7. reason / causereason用来解释某种现象或结果的理由，后接 for sth./ doing sth.;cause 指造成某一事实或现象的直接原因，后接 of sth./ doing sth.。如：The reason why she was late is that she didnt get up on time.The cause of the fire is unknown.8. suggest vt. (1) to offer for consideration or action; propose （常与that连用）提议；提出；建议。如：I suggested that we should travel by train.(2) to make evident indirectly; intimate or imply 暗示；显出。如： It suggested that you did not catch the 8 oclock train, but you caught the 8:25 train.(3) suggest后跟从句时，如果表示建议的语气，其后要用虚拟语气。若表示暗示或表明时，不用虚拟语气。9. absorb vt. & vi. (1) to take or suck in (liquids) 吸收 absorbintoA sponge absorbs water.海绵吸水。The big company has gradually absorbed these small companies into its own organization. 这家大公司渐渐把这些小公司吞并了。 (2) to take in (knowledge, ideas) 专心于 The little girl was absorbed in reading a tale. 这个小姑娘正在全神贯注地阅读一篇故事。10. severe adj. (1) so serious; so bad （人；纪律）严厉的；严格的 I think you are too severe on the boy. 我认为你对那个孩子太严厉。 His severe looks frightened me. 他的严厉表情使我恐慌。(2) very harmful or painful; serious or uncomfortable （疼痛）剧烈的SARSsevere acute respiratory syndrome （严重的、急性的呼吸道综合病）He has a severe pain in his leg. 他的腿痛得厉害。(3) be severe withbe strict with 对要求严格He is severe with himself. 他严格要求自己。11. especially adv. (1) to an extent or degree deserving of special emphasis 特别；格外。如：I love Italy, especially in summer.There is one part of the country with an especially large Indian population. That is southwest.(2) particularly 专门。如：This crown was made especially for the King.(3) 辨析specially与especiallyspecially意为“非一般的，非广泛的”，主要含义为专门；especially意为“特殊，特别”。指的是非普通，非寻常的，主要解释为尤其。如：I came here specially to see you.It has been especially hot today.12. It seemed the water was to blame. 看来水是罪魁祸首。be+动词不定式，可表示该做或不该做的事情，相当于must, should, ought to等。You are not to drop litter in this park.13. in addition (to) 此外（还）In addition, the course also provides practical experience. 此外，这门课程还提供了实践的经验。We saw a Mickey Mouse cartoon in addition to the cowboy movie.我们除了西部牛仔还看了一个米老鼠动画片。14. linkto 把与连接；联系Fingerprints linked the suspect to the crime. 指纹证实了嫌疑犯的犯罪行为。15. announce v.(1) to make known publicly 发表、告知、宣布The government announced its new economic policies. 政府封闭了新的经济政策。(2) to state in a loud voice 宣布（客人的名字、到达等）His servant announced Mr. and Mrs. White. 他的仆人通报怀特夫妇驾临。(3) to make clearly known （）事情显示Warm sunshine announces the coming of spring. 温暖的阳光预示春天即将来到。16. deal with(1) 意为“处理”。如：I dont know how to deal with the problem.At the beginning of this term, we will have many difficulties to deal with.(2) 辨析deal with 与do with两个词组都有“处置”的意思。do with常与连接代词what连用，表示（怎样）处理，安排；和can等连用，表示“有就行了”，“凑合用”；和cant连用，表示“受不了”“不能”“不便”；和have to连用表示“有关系”。如： I cant remember what I did with my purse. Can you do with a five-pound note? I cant do with him and his temper. Hw has to do with all sorts of people. deal with 常与连接副词how连用,表示“对付”“处理”“安排”“讨论”“涉及”等。如： I dont know how to deal with these bad children. Im used to dealing with matters of this sort. This book deals with questions of Political Economy.17. apart from (Page 4)(1) without considering, besides, except for 除以外Apart from them, I had no one to talk to.Apart from that, all goes well.(2) as well asApart from being too large, the hat doesnt suit me.除了太大以外, 这顶帽子我戴也不合适。Step 4 Consolidation Complete the summary of the text. (slides)John Snow was a well-known doctor in London-so famous that he _ Queen Victoria to the birth of her babies. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people to cholera. It was the most deadly disease_. He got interested in two theories explaining how cholera killed people. The first suggested cholera _ in the air without reason. The second suggested that people _ this disease _ their bodies with meals. He _ the second theory. So when another outbreak _ London he was ready to _ them .He _ to find why .He _ on a map where the dead people had lived. Next ,he _ the source of the water for these streets. he found it _ the river ,polluted by the dirty water from London .Immediately John Snow told the people in Broad Street to remove the _ so it could not be used. Soon the disease _.With evidence, John Snow was able to _ with certainty that polluted water carried the disease. Finally “king Cholera” was _.( attended; ease; exposed; of its day; multiplied; absorbed; into; believed in; hit; test; determined; marked; looked into; came from; handle; slowed down; announce; defeated)Step 5 Assignments1. Revise the vocabulary.2. Do Exx 13 in “Discovering useful words and expressions”.3. Preview “Discovering useful structures”.The Fourth Period(Discovering useful structures)Teaching procedures & ways:Step 1 Revision1. Read the vocabulary from beginning to “be strict with”.2. Check the homework.Step 2 Discovering useful structures1. Past Participle as Attribute (作定语) So many thousands of terrified people died. (Attibute)(T explains the above sentence and ask Ss to find two more examples in the reading passage.)(1) Doctor John Snow was a well-known doctor in London. (Attribute) (2) John Snow told the astonished people in Broad Street (Attibute)使用过去分词作定语要注意： (1)及物动词（vt.）的过去分词，既表示被动意思又表示动作的完成；不及物动词（vi.）的过去分词只表示动作的完成。 the fallen leaves落叶 the gone days逝去的时光(2)单个或并列的过去分词做定语，放在它所修饰的词前面；但有时为了强调动作，也可以放在名词后面。过去分词短语作定语，放在它所修饰的词后面。 A broken cup is lying on the floor. 地上有一只被打破的杯子。Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the hall. 不久我们敬爱的领导人走进了大厅。What is the language spoken in Japan？The meeting held yesterday was very important. 昨天开的那个会非常重要。(3)过去分词修饰something, everything, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody，those 等不定代词时，要放在这些词后面。He is one of those invited.Nothing reported ( in the newspaper) interested him.注意：一般来讲，和分词作表语时一样，及物动词的现在分词修饰事物，过去分词修饰人。如：When they heard the exciting news, they got excited. Then the excited people shouted and cheered.(4)何时用过去分词作定语？因为过去分词只有一种形式，而它又包含完成和被动意味，因此要符合下列条件：过去分词表示的动作是在谓语动作表示的动作之前发生。如：This is a picture painted by my father.= This is a picture that was painted by my father.（分词painted所表示的动作发生在谓语is之前）The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.= The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.（分词mailed表示的动作发生在 reach之前）分词表示的动作是没有一定时间性的。如：Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China.进口的商品并不一定比国产的好。Is it a letter written in pencil? 这是用铅笔写的信吗？2. Past Participle as Predicative （作表语） But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people. (Predicative)(T explains the above sentence and ask Ss to find two more examples in the reading passage.) (1) He got interested in the two theories. (Predicative) (2) Neither its cause, nor the cure was understood. (Predicative)过去分词作表语，一般跟在be，get，become，look，sound，feel，keep，remain，grow，seem，appear等系动词后面；一般表示被动或主语所处的状态。含有“感到”的意思，主语多数情况下是人。作表语用的过去分词，许多是由能够表示人们某种情感或情绪的动词变化而来的。常见的有以下：interested，moved，discouraged，amused，astonished，frighten，excited，inspired，pleased，satisfied，tired，worried，completed，delighted，hurt，married，crowded。例如：- How did the audience receive the new play?- They got very excited.- How did Bob do in the exams this time ?- Well, his father seems pleased with his results.作表语的过去分词与被动语态中的过去分词的区别：这两种不同语法功能的句子在形式上是一样的，都是有“系动词be + 过去分词”构成的，有时候容易混淆。区别如下：被动态表示主语的动作；而作表语的分词表示主语所处的状态。如：The blackboard was broken ( has been broken ) by Li Ming. (被动语态, 表示动作)The blackboard is broken. (系表结构，表示主语blackboard所处的状态 broken)。从时态上来区分。系表结构只用于一般现在时，一般过去时，现在完成时和过去完成时；而被动语态除了不能用于完成进行时和将来进行时外，可用于其他时态。从时态的一致性来区分。被动语态的时态要求与相应的主动语态一致；系表结构不需要一致。如：The blackboard was broken by Li Ming.（被动语态）Li Ming broke the blackboard.（主动语态）The blackboard is broken. (系表结构)（表示状态则可用现在时，表示目前的状态，不必考虑其时态要与相应的主语语态一致。我们可以理解为黑板以前被李明打碎，现在它是碎的。）注意：有相应的形容词能说明状态时，则不用分词，而用形容词。如：The window is opened. The door is locked. ( x )The window is open. The door is locked. ( o )be + 不及物动词的过去分词，一般是系表结构，而不是被动语态。常用来作表语的不及物动词有：gone，come，fallen，known，arrived，educated，risen，learned，returned，excited，retired，astonished，mistaken，interested等。如：My watch is gone. 我的手表没有了。Its not my fault. You are mistaken. 这不是我的过错，你误会了。Step 3 Practice1. Do Exx 23 on Page 5.2. Do Ex 1 on Page 44.Step 4 Assignments1. Do Ex 2 on Page 44.2. Do Exx 34 on Page 43.3. Preview “Reading and Writing”.The Fifth and Sixth Period(Reading and Writing)Teaching procedures & ways:Step 1 RevisionCheck the homework.Step 2 Teaching the new words (from “Nicolaus Copernicus” to “logical”)Step 3 Reading1. Fast reading Read the passage and do Ex 1 on Page 7.Before Copernicus theoryShowing Copernicus theoryA diagram showing the solar system with the earth at its centreA diagram showing the solar system with the sun at its centre2. Careful reading Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions. (1) Why was Copernicus frightened and cautious? (Para 4)(2) Why could he not tell about his theory? (Para 1)(3) What was his theory about? (Para 1)(4) What had the astronomers noticed in the sky? (Para 2)(5) When did Copernicus complete his theory? (Para 3)(6) How did he explain changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars? (Para 4)(7) When did he publish his idea? (Para 4)(8) Why do people think there is a link between his theory and the work?3. Post reading If you were Nicolaus Copernicus, would you have hidden your theory for so many years? Give a reason.Step 4 Language points1. lead to 导致 Too much work and little rest often lead to illness. Only working hard leads to your success.2. only if 只有，只要 （only放句首时，主句要倒装。）Only if a teacher gives permission is a student allowed to enter the room.Only in this way can you learn English well. Only when one is away from home does one realize how nice home is.If only ： (expressing a wish) 如果就好了 (多用虚拟语气)If only she would come! 要是她来了,就好了。3. make sense / make sense of 懂；理解 make no sense 毫无意义This sentence doesnt make sense.I cant make sense of this sentence.Can you make sense of what the speakers says?What he says makes no sense.4. would have done (1)表示对过去的某种情况进行猜测, 或本来要做某事却因某种原因未做成，通常用来说明某一情况，但不象should或ought to 那样含有责备之意。如：I guess the poet would have been about 20 when she wrote her first poem.Another worker wouldnt have acted like that.(2) 相关知识总结：neednt have + 过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，相当于，译为“其实没必要 ”should have + 过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，译为“本应该 ”should not have + 过去分词，表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了，译为“本不应该”ought to have + 过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为“该”与should的完成式含义类似。5. work on 从事She is working on a new novel. (= She is writing a new novel.)The students worked on his composition for hours.6. complete vt. & adj. 完成；完整的；完成的 The workers havent completed the house yet. When will the work be complete?7. enthusiastic: having or demonstrating enthusiasm adj. 热心的，满腔热情的enthusiastic support 热情的支持be e
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