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111Period 1: ReadingWords, words, words and othersObjectivesl To help students learn to compare texts l To help students learn some useful words and expressions in the textl To help students get to know more about British and American EnglishFocusWordsaccent, obvious, compare, omit, variety, differ, remark, variation, switch, structure, announcement, edition, cute, add, present, refer, attempt, simplify, distinctive, look, criticize, standard, referenceExpressions havein common, make a difference, get around, be similar to, have difficulty in doing sth., lead to, in favour of, refer toas, thanks to Patterns 1. The British use prepositions where Americans sometimes omit them.2. The accent, which is most similar to British English, can be heard on the East Coast of the US. 3. When the Irish writer George Bernard Shaw made the famous remark that the British and the Americans are two nations divided by a common language, he was obviously thinking about the differences. 4. But it has also led to lots of American words and structures passing into British English, so that some people now believe that British English will disappear.AidsMultimedia facilities, tape-recorder, photos, diagramsProceduresWarming up by learning about the English languageEnglish is a West Germanic language that originates from England and is spoken in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, and many other countries. English is now the third-most spoken native language worldwide (after Chinese and Hindi), with some 380 million speakers. It has lingua franca status in many parts of the world, due to the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence of the British Empire in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries and that of the United States from the mid-20th century to the present. Through the global influence of native English speakers in cinema, airlines, broadcasting, science, and the Internet in recent decades, English is now the most widely learned second language in the world. Many students worldwide are required to learn some English, and a working knowledge of English is required in many fields and occupations.Before you readBefore we take up the text please go over the word list for this module, paying attention to the pronunciation of the word, the relationship between its pronunciation and its spelling.While you readWhile reading the text try to cut/ the sentences into thought groups, blacken the predicates, underline the useful expressions and darken the connectives.Words, words，wordsBritish and American English are different/ in many ways. The first and most obvious way/ is in the vocabulary. There are hundreds of different words/ which are not used/ on the other side of the Atlantic, or which are used/ with a different meaning. Some of these words are well known - Americans drive automobiles/ down freeways/ and fill up /with gas；the British drive cars/ along motorways/ and fill up/ with petrol. As a tourist, you will need to use the underground/ in London/ or the subway/ in New York, or maybe/ you will prefer to get around the town/ by taxi (British) or cab (American)Chips or French fries?But other words and expressions are not so well knownAmericans use a flashlight, while/ for the British，its a torch. The British queue up; Americans stand in line. Sometimes/ the same word has a slightly different meaning, which can be confusing. Chips, for example, are pieces of hot fried potato/ in Britain; in the States/ chips are very thin/ and are sold/ in packets. The British call these crisps. The chips/ the British know and love/ are French fries/ on the other side of the Atlantic.Have or have got?There are a few differences/ in grammar, too. The British say Have you got？while Americans prefer Do you have ？An American might say My friend just arrived, but/ a British person would say My friend has just arrived. Prepositions, too, can be different: compare on the team, on the weekend (American) with in the team, at the weekend (British). The British use prepositions where Americans sometimes omit them (Ill see you Monday; Write me soon!).Colour or color?The other two areas/ in which the two varieties differ/ are spelling and pronunciation. American spelling seems simpler: center, color and program/ instead of centre, colour and programme. Many factors have influenced American pronunciation/ since the first settlers arrived four hundred years ago. The accent, which is most similar/ to British English, can be heard/ on the East Coast of the US. When the Irish writer George Bernard Shaw made the famous remark/ that the British and the Americans/ are two nations/ divided by a common language, he was obviously thinking about the differences. But/ are they really so important? After all, there is probably as much variation of pronunciation/ within the two countries as between them. A Londoner has more difficulty/ understanding a Scotsman /from Glasgow/ than understanding a New Yorker.Turn on the TVSome experts believe that/ the two varieties are moving closer togetherFor more than a century/ communications/ across the Atlantic/ have developed steadilySince the 1980s，with satellite TV and the Internet，it has been possible/ to listen to British/ and American English/ at the flick of a switchThis non-stop communication, the experts think，has made it easier/ for British People and Americans/ to understand each other. But/ it has also led to lots of American words/ and structures/ passing into British English, so that/ some people now believe that British English will disappear.However, if you turn on CNN，the American TV network, you find newsreaders and weather forecasters/ all speaking with different accents-American, British, Australian, and even Spanish. One of the best-known faces, Monita Rajpal, was born/ in Hong Kong, China, and grew up speaking Chinese/ and Punjabi, as well as English.This international dimension suggests that in the future, there are going to be many “Englishes”，not just two main varieties. But/ the message is Dont worry. Users of English will all be able to understand each other-wherever they are.After you readAfter reading you may copy all the useful expressions into your Expression Book and make your own sentences with them.Words, words，wordsBritish and American English, be different in many ways, the first and most obvious way, in the vocabulary, hundreds of different words, be used on the other side of the Atlantic, be used with a different meaning, drive automobiles down freeways, fill up with gas, drive cars along motorways, fill up with petrol, as a tourist, use the underground in London or the subway in New York, prefer to get around the town by taxi (British) or cab (American)Chips or French fries?use a flashlight, queue up, stand in line, have a slightly different meaning, pieces of hot fried potato in Britain, in the States, be sold in packets, French fries, on the other side of the AtlanticHave or have got?a few differences in grammar, compare with, on the team, on the weekend (American), in the team, at the weekend (British), use prepositions, omit themColour or color?The other two areas in which the two varieties differ are spelling and pronunciation. American spelling seems simpler: center, color and program instead of centre, colour and programme. Many factors have influenced American pronunciation since the first settlers arrived four hundred years ago. The accent, which is most similar to British English, can be heard on the East Coast of the US. When the Irish writer George Bernard Shaw made the famous remark that the British and the Americans are two nations divided by a common language, he was obviously thinking about the differences. But are they really so important? After all, there is probably as much variation of pronunciation within the two countries as between them. A Londoner has more difficulty understanding a Scotsman from Glasgow than understanding a New Yorker.of the Atlantic.Turn on the TVmove closer together, for more than a century, communications across the Atlantic, develop steadily, since the 1980s，with satellite TV and the Internet，listen to British and American English, at the flick of a switch, non-stop communication, make it easier forto do, understand each other, lead to, lots of American words and structures, pass into British English, turn on , speak with different accents, the best-known faces, grow up speaking Chinese, the international dimension, in the future, two main varieties, users of English, understand each other Reading again to transfer informationYou are to read the text once again to complete the table with necessary information from it.British and American EnglishHow are British and American English different in the vocabulary?Some of these words are well known - Americans drive automobiles down freeways and fill up with gas；the British drive cars along motorways and fill up with petrol.But other words and expressions are not so well knownAmericans use a flashlight, while for the British，its a torch. The British queue up; Americans stand in line.How are British and American English different in grammar?The British say Have you got？while Americans prefer Do you have ？An American might say My friend just arrived, but a British person would say My friend has just arrived. Prepositions, too, can be different: compare on the team, on the weekend (American) with in the team, at the weekend (British). What about spelling and pronunciation in which the two varieties differ? American spelling seems simpler: center, color and program instead of centre, colour and programme. Many factors have influenced American pronunciation since the first settlers arrived four hundred years ago. The accent, which is most similar to British English, can be heard on the East Coast of the US. Is it right to say that the two varieties are moving closer together?For more than a century communications across the Atlantic have developed steadilySince the 1980s，with satellite TV and the Internet，it has been possible to listen to British and American English at the flick of a switch. This non-stop communication has made it easier for British People and Americans to understand each other. Closing down by learning about the longest word in EnglishOfficial longest wordThe Guinness Book of Records, in its 1992 and subsequent editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification at 29 letters. Defined as the act of estimating (something) as worthless, its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741. In recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Jesse Helms, and at the White House by Bill Clintons press secretary Mike McCurry, albeit sarcastically. It is the longest non-technical word in the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. The acceptability of the 33-letter adverbial form floccinaucinihilipilificastically is subject to controversy.Additional MaterialsComplete the article with one word in each blank:British English differ from _1_ English in many ways. The first and most obvious _2_ lies in the vocabulary. It is easy to find a few differences in _3_, too. The British say Have you got a pen? _4_ Americans prefer Do you have a pen?The two varieties differ also in _5_ and pronunciation. American spelling seems _6_ while British spelling seems more complicated. Some experts _7_ that the two varieties of English _8_ moving closer to each other Some experts _9_ think that they are moving further and further away _10_ each other. But we are told that Dont worry. Users of _11_ throughout the world will all be able to understand _12_ other-wherever they are.(key: 1.American 2.difference 3.grammar 4.while 5. spelling 6. simpler 7. think . are .believe 10.from 11. English 12.each)Study the notes to the difficult sentences:1. Chips, for example, are pieces of hot fried potato in Britain; in the States chips are very thin and are sold in packets. 薯片，比如，在英国是炽热的油炸土豆片，在美国，却成了极薄的袋装出售的薯条。pieces of 是量词短语，类似的还有：a piece of , a cup of, a ton of , a box of。2. The British use prepositions where Americans sometimes omit them.英国人用介词的地方美国人却省略不用。Where在句子中引导的是地点状语从句，它通常由where, wherever 引导：Where I live there are plenty of trees.我住的地方树很多。Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。3. The accent, which is most similar to British English, can be heard on the East Coast of the US. 这种与英国英语及其相似的口音可以在美国东海岸听见。 含有similar的例句有：We have very similar interests. My teaching style is similar to that of most other teachers. The two houses are similar in size. The brothers look very similar. All our patients have broadly similar problems. The disease attacks the immune system in a similar way to AIDS. Stir the paint with a piece of wood or something similar. 4. When the Irish writer George Bernard Shaw made the famous remark that the British and the Americans are two nations divided by a common language, he was obviously thinking about the differences. 当爱尔兰作家乔治萧伯纳提出他的著名论断英国人和美国人是由于一种共同的语言而分裂的两个民族的时候，他心理想的显然是这种语言的差异。That引导的是同位语从句。同位语从句中的that并不是从句结构中的一个成分，而是一个连接词，只起连接作用，无具体词义，但一般不能省略。在形容词从句中that 是一个关系代词，在从句中充当一定的成分，并有相关的词义。例如：-The news that appeared in the papers this morning was well received. （that指news，在从句中做主语。）；-The news that the team has won calls for a celebration. （同位语从句中that只起引入从句的作用。）。 用在同位语从句前的先行词通常是一个概括性抽象名词: answer，appeal，belief，conclusion，decision，discovery，fact，idea，message，news，promise，proposal，question, remark，reply，report，saying，statement，thought，understanding，truth。例如：-The fact that he wrote a letter to her suggests that he knew her. -The belief that no one is infallible is well-grounded. -I agree with the old saying that absence makes the heart grow fonder. 同位语从句和先行词之间的关系也相当于系动词，可以用be把它和主要名词词组连接起来。以上面的三句为例：-The fact is that he wrote a letter to her. -The belief is that no one is infallible. -The old saying is that absence makes the heart grow fonder. 带有that-分句作同位语的句子，如果谓语动词及其补足成分较短或同位的主要名词词组带有其他修饰语，则that-分句可与该主要名词词组分隔。例如：-The fact remains that there is no filling station here. -Suddenly the thought came to me that he could go blind. -Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position. that既可以用在非限制性同位语从句中，也可以用在限制性同位语 从句中。-The ugly fact that he was holding a gun indicated his guilt. -The more relevant fact, that the gun had not been fired, was curiously ignored. 5. But it has also led to lots of American words and structures passing into British English, so that some people now believe that British English will disappear.但是它却让许多美国英语词汇和结构进入英国英语，所以人们相信英国英语将要消失。led to看成复合及物短语动词，后面的passing into到句号是宾语补语。Answer the reading comprehension questions:1. In what ways are British and American English different?A: They are different in the vocabulary.B: They are different in grammar.C: They are different in spelling and in pronunciation.D: All of the above.2. Which one of the followings is not American?A: colorB: program C: pants D: autumn3. Why are the two varieties moving closer together? A: Because communications across the Atlantic have developed steadilyB: Because satellite TV and the Internet have been used in communication.C: Because modern transportation is making the world smaller.D. All of the above.4. What does the author mean by “Englishes”?A: He means each nation might turn out its own “English”.B: He means each nation might make its own language a world language.C: He means the American nation might be divided.D: He means the British nation might be divided.(keys: DDDA)Absorb information concerning National College Entrance Examination: 短语动词1. Its ten years since the scientist _on his lifes work of discovering the valuable chemical. (2004江苏)A. made for B. set out C. took off D. turned up2. We wanted to get home before dark, but it didnt quite _ as planned. (2004浙江)A. make out B. turn out C. go on C. come up3It is certain that he will_ his business to his son when he gets old. (2004福建)Atake over Bthink over Chand over Dgo over4Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time_ the exam. (2004福建)Apass Bto pass Cpassed Dpassing5. Helen always helps her mother even though going to school _ most of her day. (2004广东)A. takes up B. makes up C. saves up D. puts up6. To keep healthy, Professor Johnson_ cycling as a regular form of exercise after he retired. (2004上海)A. took up B. caught on C. carried out D. made for 7.Yoou can take anything from the shelf and read, but please _ the books when youve finished with them.A put on B put down C put back D put off8.The forest guards often find campfires that have not been_ completely. A turned down B put out C put away D turned over9. The company is starting a new advertising campaign to _ new customers to its stores. (2005上海)A. join B. attract C. stick D. transfer10. I was just talking to Margot when Jackson _. (2005 湖南)A. cut inB. cut downC. cut outD. cut up11.You will find as you read this book that you just cant keep some of these stories to _. You will want to share them with a friend. (2005 湖南)A. itself B. yourself C. himself D. themselves12. His idea of having weekly family meals together, which seemed difficult at first, has _many good changes in their lives. (05重庆)A. got through B. resulted from C. turned into D. brought about13. Kathy_ a lot of Spanish by playing with the native buys and girls. (2005安徽)A. picked up B. took up C. made up D. turned up 14. Its the present situation in poor areas that _ much higher spending on education and training. (2005北京)A. answers for B. provides forC. calls for D. plans for15To understand the grammar of the sentence, you must break it _ into parts. (2005湖北)AdownBupCoffDout16This picture was taken a long time ago. I wonder if you can _ my father. (2005湖北)Afind outBpick out Clook outDspeak out 17. Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and _ jokes.（2005江苏）A. turning up B. putting up C. making up D. showing up18The dictionary is being printed and it will soon_ . （2005福建）Aturn outBcome outCstart outDgo out19. What shall we use for power when all the oil in the world has _? （2005山东）A. given out B. put out C. held up D. used up（keys:1-5BBCDA,6-10ACBBA,11-15BDACA,16-19BCBA）111
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