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111Book 3 Unit 1 Grammar (名词性从句详解)在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。其关联词有连接词that, if, whether; 疑问代词who, whom ,whose ,what, which, whoever , whatever , whichever 和疑问副词when, where, how, why , whenever , wherever , however .等。名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目，在历年的高考中几乎都涉及到，并且每年的命题各有变化。分析历届高考试题名词性从句考查的焦点主要有以下六个方面1. 考查名词性从句的语序问题 2. 考查引导词that与what的区别3. 考查it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法 4. 考查whether与if的区别5. 考查名词性从句中的疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的状语从句的区别 6. 考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题名词性从句之异同名词性从句可分别作主句的主语、宾语、表语和同位语。在英语英语和运用中经常遇到，是高中英语中主要学习内容。名词性从名在结构上有其许多相似之处，也有一些明显之不同。一、名词性从句的相同之处1相同的关连词A）连词that ,whether, if B) 连接代词who ,what ,which ,whose ,whoever , whatever 等。C) 连接副词when ,where ,why ,how 等。2名词性从句均不能用逗号和主句分开；名词性从句用陈述语序名词性从句相同句法结构表引导连词thatwhether主语从句That he will come is certain.（that 不可省略）Whether shes coming or not doesnt matter too much.（不能用if）宾语从句I think (that )hell be all right in a few days.I went in and asked if(=whether)they had a cheap suit.I wonder whether it is true or not.表语从句The fact is that I have never been there.The question is whether it is worth doing.同位语从句The fact that she had not said anything surprised all of us.They asked me the question whether the work was worth doing.连接代词whatwho/whomwhosewhich主语从句Who will help him is not known.What he said is very important.Which side will win is not clear.宾语从句(1)作及物动词的宾语。例如：I really dont know what he is doing.Do you know who/whom they are waiting for?He asked whose dictionary it was.He cant tell which method they will use for the experiment.(2)作介词的宾语。例如：Pay attention to what the teacher said.I wondered to whom he had given the letter.表语从句That is what he is worried about.The question is who will come here.The question is which team will win the match.连接副词WhereWhenWhyhow主语从句Where she has gone is not known yet.When they will start is not known yet.Why he did it wasnt quite clear.How he became a great scientist is known to us all.宾语从句I dont know where we are going to have the meeting.Please tell me when we shall discuss our work plan.Do you know why he said that?Will you tell me how I can get to the railway station?表语从句That is where he was born.His is why he is late.This is how he did it.The question is when he will be back.同位语从句I have no idea when he will come back.You have no idea how worried I was.The problem is where we can get so much money.二、名词性从句句法结构不同用法区别：主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。1.有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：1）It + be + 形容词（important , vital, necessary, essential , natural, strange, obvious, true, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain，probable, etc.）+ that 从句。例如：It is certain that she will do well in her exam.It is probable that he told her everything.2）It + be + 名词(词组)（time , the first time , no wonder ,an honor ,a good thing ,a pity , a shame , no surprise ,etc .）+ that 从句。例如：It is (high /about ) time that you started / should study seriously .Its a pity that he should refuse to accept the offer .Its no surprise that our team should have won the game.3）It + be + 过去分词（ said ,reported , thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, suggested, recommended , proposed , requested ,required , demanded , desired , insisted , ordered , commanded etc. ）+that 从句。例如：It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing.It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.It is desired that this rule be obeyed by everyone working here.4）It + seemed , happened, turned out , occurred to sb. 等不及物动词及短语+that从句。例如：It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.It happened that I was out that day.5) It + doesnt matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。例如：It doesnt matter whether she will come or not.It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.6) 当that 引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it 作形式主语，而将主语从句后置。例如：Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week?Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow?2连接代词 whoever, whatever, whichever 可引导主语从句。例如：Whoever comes will be welcome.Whatever he did was right.Whichever of you comes will receive a prize.宾语从句在复合句中作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句、表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。1如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用 it 作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。例如：We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.He has made it clear that he will not give in.2作介词的宾语连词 that 引导的名词从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in 后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词 that 引导，则需用 it 先行一步，作形式宾语。例如：He is a good student except that he is careless.Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us correct our mistakes.批评与自我批评是必要的，因为它可以帮助我们纠正错误。You may depend on it that they will support you.3某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有 sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied 等，连词 that 可省略。有的语法书上把这种从句称为状语从句。例如：I am not sure what I ought to do.Im afraid you dont understand what I said.Im surprised that I didnt see all that before.Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.4连词 whether ( or not)或 if 引导的宾语从句。1）if 和 whether 引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但 whether 常和 or not 连用，if 则不习惯与 or not 连用；宾语从句是否定句时，一般用 if 引导。例如：I wonder whether it is true or not.I dont care if it doesnt rain.2）用if 引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if 而用whether。试比较：Please let me know if you want to go.Please let me know whether you want to go.( if 从句既可理解为宾语从句，又可理解为条件状语从句。)3）作介词的宾语只能用whether, 不能用if。例如：Everything depends on whether (不能用if ) we have enough experience.5介词宾语不可以用which 来引导，而要用what 来引导。例如：Are you sorry for what ( 不能用which)youve done?6宾语从句的否定转移。在think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think 等动词变为否定形式。例如：I dont think you are right.I dont believe they have finished their work yet.I dont suppose he cares, does he?He doesnt expect we need worry.7suggest, recommend , propose, urge request ,require, demand, desire , insist, order , command 等动词后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。8连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever 可引导宾语从句。例如：Ill show you whatever you want to see.You may choose whoever you like.Ill take whichever fits the sockets(插座).9.有些动词需先接it , 再接宾语从句。I hate it when ; I dislike it when ; Id appreciate it if I hate it when people speak with their mouths full of food.Id appreciate it if you can help me .表语从句1连词as if （好象，仿佛）引导表语从句。能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look 等。例如：It looked as if it was going to rain.2连词because 可引导表语从句。例如：I think it is because you are doing too much.My anger is because he hadnt written to me for a long time.同位语从句同位语从句一般跟在某些表示抽象概念的名词之后，用以说明名词所表示的具体内容。常跟同位语从句的名词主要有：idea, news, fact, promise, answer, belief, condition, doubt, fear, hope, problem, proof, question, reply, report, suggestion, proposal order, thought, truth等。连接代词who ,what, whose, which 不能引导同位语从句。 由连词that引导的同位语从句。 That 既无语法功能，也无词汇意义，只是引导词。例如：We heard the news that our team had won.We must face the fact that we had spent all the money.The proposal that we should import more equipment is to be discussed. 由连词whether引导的同位语从句。Whether 无语法功能，但有词汇意义 “是否”。例如：The question whether we need it has not yet been considered. He asked the question whether his material can stand high temperature. 由连词when引导的同位语从句。When 在同位语从句中做时间状语，词意“什么时候”。例如：I have no idea when he will be back.Ive got the news when the new film will be on show. 由连词where引导的同位语从句。Where 在同位语从句中作地点状语，词意“什么地方”。例如：I have no idea where he has gone. The suggestion where we should build our new factory should be considered. 由连词how引导的同位语从句。How 在同位语从句中作状语，词意“怎样”。例如：He cant answer the question how he got the money.She didnt tell the truth how she managed to go abroad.同位语从句与定语从句的区别： 从意义上：同位语从句对名词或补充说明或进行解释，而定语从句进行修饰，限定，相当于一个形容词的作用。 从结构上：同位语从句由连接代词（副词）引导，最常用的连接词that 一般不省略，也不再从句中担任成分，而定语从句由关系代词（副词）引导，that 在定语从句中作主语不能省略，作宾语可省略。 从涵义上：同位语从句与所说明、解释的句词无逻辑关系，而定语从句所修饰的句词是该从句逻辑上的主、宾、表、定、状语等。例如：A The news that they had won the game arrived soon. 他们在比赛中获胜了，这个消息很快传开了。（同位语从句）（the news和that they had won the game无逻辑关系）B The news that you told me yesterday is true.昨天你告诉我的消息是真的。（定语从句）（the news 在定语从句中相当于told的逻辑宾语。） 同位语从句说明、解释的句词有所限制，大多是一些表示抽象概念的名词，而定语从句所修饰、限定的先行词无限制，即可指人、又可指物。运用名词性从句时的注意点：1) 关于that的省略一般情况下，宾语从句中的that是可以省略的。但在下列几种情况下，that一般不可省略。介词后面的that不能省。Peter is a good student except that he is sometimes careless.彼得是好学生，只是有时粗心。并列连词and连接两个或两个以上宾语从句，第二个及以后的宾语从句中的that不省略。My uncle says (that) he has served here for twenty years and that he is going to retire next month. 我叔叔说他在这儿工作已二十年了，下个月即将退休。主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。 He said that, if he could manage it, he would come for dinner. 他说，如果他安排得好的话，他会来吃晚饭的。宾语从句中有其他从属连词时，that不能省略。He told me that if it was necessary they would work all night. 他告诉我，如果需要的话，他们就干个通宵。2) 名词性从句的词序名词性从句在句中要用陈述句语序。如：He asked me what was the matter with me.Weve heard the news that well move into the new house.Whatever you say will interest us all.3) whether和if的用法关联词只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情况如下：A)在表语从句和同位语从句中。例如：The question is whether the film is worth seeing（or not）.The question is whether or not the film is worth seeing.The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.B)在主语从句中，用It作形式主语时，whether 和if都能引导主语从句。否则，就只能用whether。例如：It hasnt been decided whether (if) we shall attend the meeting.Whether we shall attend the meeting hasnt been decided yet.C)在介词之后。（介词往往可以省略）例如：It all depends (on) whether they will support us.D)后面直接跟动词不定式时。例如：He doesnt know whether to stay or not.E)后面紧接or not时。例如：We didnt know whether or not she was ready.F) 在动词discuss 后。We discussed whether we should close the shop.关联词if, whether均可使用的情况如下：A)引导宾语从句。例如：I wonder if (whether) the news is true or not.B)在“be + 形容词”之后的宾语从句。例如：He was not sure whether (if) it is right or wrong.关联词只能用whether或if, 不能用that的情况如下：若doubt一词作“怀疑”解接宾语从句时，主句为肯定句用whether或if, 主句为否定句或疑问句用that.例如：I doubt whether he will come soon.I do not doubt that he will come soon.Do you doubt that he will come soon?注意：下面这个例句中doubt的含义为“认为未必可能”。I doubt that he will come.4) 疑问代词 + ever和no matter + 疑问代词的区别。疑问代词 + ever可引导名词性从句，在从句中要充当一定的部分。如：Whoever breaks the rule must be punished. (在主语从句中作主语)任何违反规定的人必须受罚。You can choose whatever you like in the shop. (在宾语从句中作宾语)你可以在商店中选择你喜欢的任何东西。疑问词 + ever还可引导让步状语从句。如：Whoever breaks the rule, he must be punished. 无论谁违反规定，都必须受罚。Whatever you do, you must do it well. 不管你做什么，你必须把它做好。no matter + 疑问词只能引导让步状语从句。如：No matter what you do, you must do it well. 不管你做什么，你必须把它做好。No matter who breaks the rule, he must be punished. 无论谁违反规定，都必须受罚。5) 名词性从句中主句和从句的时态一致宾语从句中主句和从句的时态保持一致，但如果从句中表示的是客观现象，虽然主句是过去时态，从句仍用一般现在时。如：Hello, I didnt know you were in London. How long have you been here?喂，我不知道你在伦敦。你在这里多久了？The teacher told us that light travels at a very high speed.老师告诉我们光以非常快的速度传播。主语从句作主语相当于单数第三人称作主语，谓语动词用单数，如果由and 连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句，谓语动词用单数。如：When the meeting will begin has not been decided yet.会议何时开始还没有决定。When they will start and where they go have not been decided yet.他们何时出发以及去何处还没有决定。When and where the meeting will begin has not been decided.会议何时何地开始还没有决定。6)含有宾语从句复合句的反意疑问句反意疑问句一般与主句一致。He said they were going to help me, didnt he？ 他说过他们要帮我，不是吗？She told you that the mat was her own work, didnt she? 她告诉过你这个垫子是她亲自做的，是吗？当主句的主语为第一人称，谓语动词是think, believe, consider, imagine, suppose, hope 等词时，反意疑问句应与宾语从句保持一致。这时特别要注意否定转移的问题。I suppose youre serious, arent you? 我想你是当真的，不是吗？(不可用dont I)I dont suppose hes serious, is he? 我想他不是当真的，是吗？ (不可用do I)提示：如果主语是第二、第三人称，则疑问句部分与主句一致，且不存在否定转移的问题。You dont think we can speak English, do you? 你认为我们不会说英语，对吗？He thinks hes got the right answer, doesnt he? 他认为自己找到了正确的答案，是吗？7) because, why引导的表语从句 Thats because he didnt understand me. 那是因为他没有理解我。（Thats because 强调原因）Thats why he got angry with me. 那正是他对我生气的原因。（Thats why 强调结果）注意: what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，一般不宜用because。The reason why I was sad was that he didnt understand me. 我难过的原因是他没有理解我。What cost him his life was that he was too careless. 使他丧命的原因是他太粗心了。版权所有：高考学习网(www.gkxx.com)111
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