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专题五生态环保类,【典例示范】,A,B,A(2015浙江卷,C篇)Ifhumansweretrulyathomeunderthelightofthemoonandstars,wewouldgoindarknesshappily,themidnightworldasvisibletousasitistothevastnumberofnocturnal(夜间活动的)speciesonthisplanet.Instead,wearediurnalcreatures,witheyesadaptedtolivinginthesunslight.Thisisabasicevolutionaryfact,eventhoughmostofusdontthinkofourselvesasdiurnalbeings.Yetitstheonlywaytoexplainwhatwevedonetothenight:Weveengineeredittoreceiveusbyfillingitwithlight.,A,B,Thebenefitsofthiskindofengineeringcomewithconsequencescalledlightpollutionwhoseeffectsscientistsareonlynowbeginningtostudy.Lightpollutionislargelytheresultofbadlightingdesign,whichallowsartificiallighttoshineoutwardandupwardintothesky.Ill-designedlightingwashesoutthedarknessofnightandcompletelychangesthelightlevelsandlightrhythmstowhichmanyformsoflife,includingourselves,haveadapted.Whereverhumanlightspillsintothenaturalworld,someaspectoflifeisaffected.Inmostcitiestheskylooksasthoughithasbeenemptiedofstars,leavingbehindavacanthaze(霾)thatmirrorsourfearofthedark.WevegrownsousedtothisorangehazethattheoriginalgloryofanunlitnightdarkenoughfortheplanetVenustothrowshadowsonEarthiswhollybeyondourexperience,beyondmemoryalmost.,A,B,Wevelitupthenightasifitwereanunoccupiedcountry,whennothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Amongmammalsalone,thenumberofnocturnalspeciesisastonishing.Lightisapowerfulbiologicalforce,andonmanyspeciesitactsasamagnet(磁铁).Theeffectissopowerfulthatscientistsspeakofsongbirdsandseabirdsbeing“captured”bysearchlightsonlandorbythelightfromgasflaresonmarineoilplatforms.Migratingatnight,birdstendtocollidewithbrightlylittallbuildings.Frogslivingnearbrightlylithighwayssuffernocturnallightlevelsthatareasmuchasamilliontimesbrighterthannormal,throwingnearlyeveryaspectoftheirbehavioroutofjoint,includingtheirnighttimebreedingchoruses.Humansarenolesstrappedbylightpollutionthanthefrogs.Likemostothercreatures,wedoneeddarkness.Darknessisasessentialtoourbiologicalwelfare,toourinternalclockwork,aslightitself.,A,B,Livinginaglareofourownmaking,wehavecutourselvesofffromourevolutionaryandculturalheritagethelightofthestarsandtherhythmsofdayandnight.Inaveryrealsense,lightpollutioncausesustolosesightofourtrueplaceintheuniverse,toforgetthescaleofourbeing,whichisbestmeasuredagainstthedimensionsofadeepnightwiththeMilkyWaytheedgeofourgalaxyarchingoverhead.【语篇导读】本文为议论文。作者首先说明人类习惯于生活在日光下,所以在夜晚打开各种灯;接下来,作者引出了光污染这个话题;随后,作者阐述了黑暗的重要性;最后,作者建议人类反思自己在宇宙中的位置。,A,B,1.Accordingtothepassage,humanbeings.A.prefertoliveinthedarknessB.areusedtolivinginthedaylightC.werecuriousaboutthemidnightworldD.hadtostayathomewiththelightofthemoon解析:推理判断题。根据第一段第二句内容可以推断出,我们人类习惯于生活在日光下,不习惯夜晚的黑暗。答案:B,A,B,2.Whatdoes“it”(Paragraph1)mostprobablyreferto?A.Thenight.B.Themoon.C.Thesky.D.Theplanet.解析:推理判断题。根据前面的句子“Yetitstheonlywaytoexplainwhatwevedonetothenight.”可推断出,此处的代词it指的是“夜晚”。答案:A,A,B,3.Thewritermentionsbirdsandfrogsto.A.provideexamplesofanimalprotectionB.showhowlightpollutionaffectsanimalsC.comparethelivinghabitsofbothspeciesD.explainwhythenumberofcertainspecieshasdeclined解析:推理判断题。根据第四段最后两句和第五段第二句可推断,作者提到鸟类和青蛙是为了说明光污染是如何影响动物的。答案:B,A,B,4.Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthat.A.lightpollutiondoesharmtotheeyesightofanimalsB.lightpollutionhasdestroyedsomeoftheworldheritagesC.humanbeingscannotgototheouterspaceD.humanbeingsshouldreflectontheirpositionintheuniverse解析:推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句可以推断出,作者认为人类应该反思自己在宇宙中的位置。答案:D,A,B,5.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheMagicLight.B.TheOrangeHaze.C.TheDisappearingNight.D.TheRhythmsofNature.解析:主旨大意题。文章主要说明人类在夜晚开启的各种各样的灯使得城市变成了不夜城,光污染随之出现。C项“消失的夜晚”非常形象生动地揭示了问题所在。答案:C,A,B,B(2015四川卷,D篇)Theircheerysongbrightensmanyawintersday.Butrobinsareindangerofwearingthemselvesoutbysingingtoomuch.Robinsaresingingallnightaswellasduringtheday,British-basedresearcherssay.DavidDominoni,ofGlasgowUniversity,saidthatlightfromstreetlamps,takeawaysignsandhomesisaffectingthebirdsbiologicalclocks,leadingtothembeingwideawakewhentheyshouldbeasleep.DrDominoni,whoisputtingcamerasinsidenestingboxestotracksleepingpatterns,saidlackofsleepcouldputthebirdshealthatrisk.Hisstudyshowsthatwhenrobinsareexposedtolightatnightinthelab,itleadstosomegenesbeingactiveatthewrongtimeofday.Andthemorebirdsareexposedtolight,themoreactivetheyareatnight.,A,B,Hetoldpeopleataconference,“Therehavebeenacoupleofstudiessuggestingtheyareincreasingtheirsongoutputatnightandduringthedaytheyarestillsinging.Singingisacostlybehaviourandittakesenergy.Sobyincreasingtheirsongoutput,theremightbesomecostsofenergy.”Anditisnotjustrobinsthatarebeingkeptawakebyartificiallight.Blackbirdsandseagullsarealsobeingmorenocturnal.DrDominonisaid,“InGlasgowwhereIlive,gullsareaseriousproblem.IhavepeoplecomingtomesayingYouarethebirdexpert.Canyouhelpuskillthesegulls?.Duringthebreeding(繁殖)season,betweenAprilandJune,theyareveryactiveatnightandverynoisyandpeoplecantsleep.”AlthoughDrDominonihasonlystudiedlightpollution,otherresearchconcludedthatrobinslivinginnoisycitieshavestartedtosingatnighttomakethemselvesheardoverloudnoise.,A,B,However,somebirdsthrive(兴旺)innoisyenvironments.AstudyfromCaliforniaPolytechnicUniversityfoundmorehummingbirdsinareaswithheavyindustrialmachinery.Itisthoughtthattheyarecapitalisingontheirpredators(天敌)fleeingtoquieterareas.【语篇导读】本文为议论文。光污染使知更鸟等鸟类的生物钟发生了紊乱,错把有人造光的夜间当成白天而高歌,从而严重影响这些鸟类的健康。然而,像蜂鸟这样的鸟在嘈杂的环境中却更加兴旺。,A,B,6.AccordingtoDrDominonisstudy,whatcausesrobinstosingsomuch?A.Thebreedingseason.B.Thelightinmodernlife.C.Thedangerousenvironment.D.Thenoisefromheavymachinery.解析:细节理解题。由第二段中的“.lightfromstreetlamps,takeawaysignsandhomesisaffectingthebirdsbiologicalclocks,leadingtothembeingwideawakewhentheyshouldbeasleep.”可知,街灯、外卖店的招牌和住宅产生的人造灯光会影响鸟的生物钟,导致它们在本应睡眠的夜间十分清醒。故B项正确。答案:B,A,B,7.Whatistheresearchersconcernovertheincreaseofbirdssongoutput?A.Theenvironmentmightbepolluted.B.Thebirdshealthmightbedamaged.C.Theindustrycostmightbeincreased.D.Thepeopleshearingmightbeaffected.解析:推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句话“.byincreasingtheirsongoutput,theremightbesomecostsofenergy.”可以推断,这些鸟的健康可能会受损害,所以B项正确。答案:B,A,B,8.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“nocturnal”inParagraph5mean?A.Activeatnight.B.Inactiveatnight.C.Activeduringtheday.D.Inactiveduringtheday.解析:词义猜测题。分析“Anditisnotjustrobinsthatarebeingkeptawakebyartificiallight.Blackbirdsandseagullsarealsobeingmorenocturnal.”可以判断,画线单词和awake属于含义相近的词,都表示光污染也会使它们清醒或者活跃。nocturnal意为“夜间活动的”,故A项正确。答案:A,A,B,9.Whydosomebirdsthriveinnoisyenvironments?A.Becausetherearefewerdangers.B.Becausethereismorefoodtoeat.C.Becausethereislesslightpollution.D.Becausetherearemoreplacestotakeshelter.解析:推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Itisthoughtthattheyarecapitalisingontheirpredators(天敌)fleeingtoquieterareas.”可以判断因为天敌去了更安静的地区,所以它们的生存可能性更大了。故A项正确。答案:A,
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