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（Realism）一、Background1）Mechanization机器化2）Urbanization城市化3）Industrialization工业化4）Federal government(race种族平等进入宪法）标志着马克吐温的镀金时代开始5）Railway system工业化的一大标志，电力和石油的应用6) Northern industrialism had triumphed over Southern agrarianism.二、文化特征：1）女性发挥作用明显，女性的作者和读者明显增多2）开始关注Mid class3）现实主义（realism）-New York replaced Boston as the nations literary center.纽约成为新的文化中心。一、时期综述：1、镀金时代：The Gilded Age, an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope.无节制、走极端，倒退和进步、贫困和富有并存，既令人沮丧又让人有希望的时代。2、Although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, and Poe, the great age of American romanticism had ended. By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned.新英格兰的文艺复兴已开始接近尾声。3、现实主义和自然主义作家的人物刻画方法：19世纪末,the literary naturalists who followed them, rejected the portrayal of idealized characters and events. Instead, they sought to describe the wide range of American experience and topresent the subtleties of human personality, to portray characters who were less simply all good or all bed.反对在作品中描绘理想化了的人物和事件，关注人性中的微妙之处。4、Realism：（现实主义）appeared in the United States in the literature of local color, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things was immediately observable. the dialects, customs, sights.现实主义有浓厚的美国本土特色，是浪漫主义故事情节和现实主义描写相结合的产物：美国风味的方言、风俗、各种观点5、Naturalism：自然主义a new and harsher realism,新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派，产生于the end of the century十九世纪末，因为Perception of societys disorders对社会无序的感知。Presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity.设法尽力客观真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活。The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, the religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death.强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活是痛苦的。 Deterministic决定论，宿命的，代表作家：Stephen Crane史蒂芬.克莱恩, Frank Norris弗朗克.诺里斯,Jack London杰克.伦敦, Theodore Dreiser西奥多.德莱塞.6、Darwinism:达尔文主义:an evident influence on naturalism, stress the animality of man, to suggest that be was dominated by the irresistible forces of evolution.对自然主义影响极大，强调人的动物性，意味着人的命运受进化的不可抗力来决定的。二、代表作家：1、Walt Whitman沃尔特.惠特曼free verse (自由诗体)without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.无固定节奏，无有规律的韵脚“Leaves of Grass”草叶集1870 the first genuine epic poem.美国历史上第一部真正的史诗，当中的民主思想标志着浪漫主义的结束 Poems特点：most of the poems in “LeavesofGr6ass”are about man and nature.关注点：In his poetry, he combined the ideal of democratic common man and that of the rugged individual诗人职责：he envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who leads the community by his expressions of the truth.表达真理的前提下，引导社会发展。2、Emily Dickinson爱米丽.狄金森作品：“I died for Beauty”我为美而死（诗歌）Beauty / Truth / Goodness are ultimate(终极) the same “Because I could not stop for Death”我不能等候死神Theme：死亡是实现永恒Immortality的途径特点：her poetry in unique and unconventional in its own way. Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines.3、Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽雅特.比彻.斯托小说家only one female prose writer(散文作家) in 19thcentury代表作：“Uncle Toms Cabin”汤姆叔叔的小屋关注农奴制度 Pay attention to serfs system4、Mark Twain马克.吐温美国现实主义文学的代表作“Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn”哈克贝里.费恩历险记(马克最有名的作品)特点：local colorist地方特色:a unique variation of American literary realism, it refers to the particular concern about the local character of a region.contribution贡献：colloquial speech accepted as literary medium口语化被文学界接受代表作：“The Gilded Age”70-90年代，镀金时代，贫富分化，财富积累。 “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”用词简单、幽默、使用当地语言编写 “Life on the Mississippi”5、O. Henry欧.亨利 short story短篇小说特点：tell about the lives of poor people in New York关注下层人; usually short简单; plots are exceedingly clever and interesting，humor abounds情节极度聪明有趣并富于幽默; the end is always surprising结尾意外; contain a great deal of slang and colloquial expressions使用大量的俚语和口语.代表作：“The Four Million”四百万小说集、“The Gift of the Magi”麦琪的礼物单部小说6、Henry James亨利.詹姆斯 novelist小说家；Literature theoretician文学理论家，从小受欧洲教育心理现实主义的开创者：the founder of psychological realism. The literary career of him is generally divided into three periods, in the first periods, James took great interest in international theme; exemplify the mature and formidable style of a third literary period, which critics have come to praise as “The Major Phase”.特点：(1)deeply into the individual psychology of his characters, writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience.深刻探讨人物人性心理，用深厚、复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行揣摩 (2)1st person and 3rd person narration，第一和第三人称的叙述 (3)omniscient全视角是不真实的;家庭背景：father: philosopher哲学家,富有；brother: psychologist, philosopher心理学家,哲学家；创作原则：The art of Fiction小说的艺术;art vs. life, brings the meaning of life;贡献contribution：in his critical commentaries, he made major contributions to the art of fiction itself, helping to transform the novel from its alliance with journalism and romantic story-telling into an art from of penetrating analysis of individuals confronting society, chronicles of the psychological perceptions that James himself defined as the highest from of experience.詹姆斯把小说从新闻形式和浪漫故事转变成为了对个人在社会大环境中面对种种冲突，进行深刻剖析的文学形式；对人们心理感受进行反映的一种文学形式，他定义这位感受的最高形式。代表作：“The American”、“Daisy Miller”、“in the Portrait of a Lady”(早期最好的作品) Last full-length novel =“The Wings of the Dove”、“The Ambassadors”、“The Golden Bowl”The name of the heroine “in the Portrait of a Lady”isIsabel Acher. The novel is representative of the best of James mature work. The plot concerns the courtship, marriage, and development of the character of Isabel Archer, a young American girl who has been left penniless by the death of her father. The intricate novel of psychological and moral interrelationships is in one sense another treatment of the Jamesian theme of the American in conflict with European culture and in another sense the most personal of his novels, an intimate picture of a womans soul presented with masterly psychological finesse.7、Jack London杰克.伦敦代表作：“The People of the Abyss”、“The Call of the Wild”、“The Sea Wolf”、 “Martin Eden”(autobiographical novel自传体小说) while embracing the socialism of Marx, London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel.8、Theodore Dreiser西奥多.德莱塞代表作：“Sister Carrie”嘉莉妹妹the first novel, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood. “The Financier”、“The Titan”、“The Stoic”Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲“An American Tragedy”美国悲剧，The identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreisers greatest and most successful novel,德莱塞最恢宏、最成功的小说，表达了金钱万能的主题。（the20thcentury）一、Background:World War I第一次世界大战，America have great profit.Jump in technology (automobile / radio)科技方面的跳跃（汽车/收音机）old moral code breaks旧道德体系破碎1、Imagism意象派：is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in Some Imagist Poets, included the use of the language of common speech, project matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and concentration.2、Lost Generation：迷惘的一代，Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation,” devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semipoverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.3、Modernism现代主义：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary. Strictly, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19thcentury and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one.4、现代主义的标志：T. S. Eliots “The Waste Land”, the most significant American poem of the twentieth century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.5、典型的迷惘一代：F. Scott Fitzgerald, “The Great Gatsby”了不起的盖茨比 novelErnest Hemingway “The Sun Also Rises”太阳照样升起“A Farwell to Arms”告别了，武器William Faulkner “The Sound and the Fury”喧嚣与骚动6、Playwrights戏剧、剧作家：Eugene ONeill “The Emperor Jones”琼斯国王、“Anna Christie”安娜.克里斯蒂、“The Hairy Ape”毛猿7、The Jazz Age(享乐时代)：when New Orleans musicians moved “up the river” to Chicago, and the theatre of New Yorks Harlem pulsed with the music that had become a symbol of the times. Fitzgerald portrays the Jazz Age as a generation of “the beautiful and damned”, drowning in their pleasures.二、代表作家：1、Ezra Pound埃兹拉.庞德诗人Imagism意象派的代表人物。Pound and Eliot became the early leaders in restoring to poetry the use of literary reference as an imaginative instrument.庞德和爱略特都是运用意象主义作为文学表现手法的早期诗人。major work of poetry is the long poem called “The Cantos”2、Robert Frost罗伯特.弗洛斯特自然主义诗人poet诗歌特点和内容：(1)rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporaries, choosing instead “the old-fashioned way to be new.” He employed the plain speech of rural New Englanders and preferred the short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative. (2)He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol. (3)His concern with nature reflected deep moral uncertainties, and his poetry, for all its apparent simplicity, often probes mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where men stand alone, unaided and perplexed.he become a national bard美国民族诗人的翘首, win four Pulitzer Prizes获得了四次普利兹奖.“The Road Not Taken”、“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”向往大自然，想逃避社会；死亡、迷惑3、Wallace Stevens华莱士.斯蒂文斯诗人His work is primarily motivated by the belief that “ideas of order,” that is ,true ideas, correspond with an innate order in nature and universe, and that it is the high privilege of individuals and mankind to discover this correspondence.作品动机起源于秩序理念，他的秩序就是真理，就是自然与宇宙天然一致的次序，是人类与个体发现这种一致性的特权。代表作：“The Man with the Blue Guitar”带蓝吉他的人； “Necessary Angel”必要的天使，collection of his occasional lectures on poetry诗歌的评论. “Anecdote of the Jar”坛子的轶事jar man made art, wildness nature, jar bring order/meaning to the nature,艺术到自然的秩序，integrated统一体特点：(1)he adopted a variety of experimental styles, created poetic surfaces of Frenchified elegance, exotic imagery, odd sounds, curious analogies, and inscrutable titles.尝试过多种实验性的写作风格。 (2)he confronted the contemporary abandonment of traditional values and sought to come to terms with the confusions of his time. The problem of the interrelation between the ideal and the real became a constant theme in his later poetry.理想和现实中所交叉的矛盾。 (3)a series of oppositions between inner and outer worlds between subject and object, perceiver and perceived, fiction and fact, “imagination and reality”(想象与现实)4、Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯.斯特恩斯.爱略特现代主义代言人多重身份：poet诗人, critic评论家, playwright剧作家代表作： “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”poems，holds its place in the development of Eliots poetry as a whole. “Tradition and the Individual Talent”essay,随笔传统和个人天才, the earliest statement of his aesthetics第一次阐释了自己的审美观点. provided a useful instrument for modern criticism.成为现代评论极为有效的评判标准。 “The Waste Land”荒原one of the major works of modern literature. Use a new form the orchestration of related themes in successive movement.新的文学形式即相关的主题在连续运动中构成交响效果。 “Four Quartets”四个四重奏poem “Murder in the Cathedral”，poetic tragedy,诗歌悲诗, a drama(戏剧) of impressive spiritual power.极富感染力的戏剧作品特点： (1) concerns various aspects of the frustration and enfeeblement of individual character as seen in perspective with the decay of states, peoples, and religious faith.触及人性中的软弱沮丧的弱点，正确思索了国家、人民、宗教信仰等的丧失。 (2)poem conceived as a made object, an organic thing in itself, whose concrete elements are true correlatives of the artists imagination and experience with respect to that poem.诗歌是客观成型的东西，诗歌的具体元素与艺术家的想象和经历密切相关，也与诗歌相一致。 (3)The degree to which fusion and concentration of intellect, feeling, and experience were achieved was Eliots criterion for judging the poem.知识、情感、体验的融合与集中程度是爱略特判定诗歌好坏的标准。5、F. Scott Fitzgerald F.司各特.菲茨杰拉德 novelist小说家作品：“This Side of Paradise”人间天堂，the first novel. “The Great Gatsby”了不起的盖茨比 novel “Tender Is the Night”夜色温柔novel第二本小说的开展过程：dream梦想 Daisy self-centered理想化的淑女，自我为中心 disenchantment, disillusion魔法消失，(因阶级差异)梦想破灭 sense of failure and despair (light)失败和绝望 Ash灰(象征) forest树木，西部开发，树木变成灰了limited point of view有限视角 suspense悬念+ mystery神秘真实性reliable可信的，不偏，不评价6、Ernest Hemingway厄恩斯特.海明威 novelist小说家写作特点：(1)he developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based on simply sentence structure and using a restricted vocabulary, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone.推动了报告文学的发展，认为报告文学句子结构要简单，用语要节制，想象要简练，要采用不受感情影响的、戏剧化的语调。 (2) His primary concern was an individuals “moment of truth,” and his fascination with the threat of physical, emotional, of psychic death is reflected in his lifelong preoccupation with stories of war.主题强调换个体“真理的瞬时性”，痴迷于描写肉体情感方面面临的威胁和心灵死亡等主题。 (3) mans greatest achievement is to showgrace under pressure作品主题, or purity of line through the maximum of exposure最大限度地挖掘自己使自己成为一个纯粹的人.代表作：“The Sun Also Rises” Hemingway became the spokesman for “a lost generation” “A Farewell to Arms”、“For Whom the Bell Tolls”、“The Old Man and the Sea”7、John Steinbeck约翰.斯坦贝克the foremost novelist of the American Depression.美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家。代表作：“Of Mice and Men”人鼠之间portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant workers“The Grapes of Wrath”愤怒的葡萄regarded as masterpiece视为杰作。8、William Faulkner威廉.福克纳作品的主题：the universal theme of “the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself”人类心灵与自己冲突是宇宙永恒的主题。作品：“The Sound and the Fury”喧嚣与骚动成名作、“Absalom, Absalom!”、“Go Down, Moses”narrative method叙述方法:1、stream of consciousness意识流 2、multiple point of view, narrator多角度，多个叙述者Imagism 意象主义(1)Imagismcame into being in Britain and US around 1910 as a reaction to thetraditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation.2TheImagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means toexpress these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.(3) Imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles: i) direct treatmentof subject matter; ii) economy of expression; iii) as regards rhythm, to compose in thesequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome; iv) Ezra Pounds In aStation of the Metro is a well-known imagist poem.Francis Scott Fitzgerald F.S菲茨杰拉德The spokesman of the roaring 20s the Jazz Age美国梦的实践者爵士乐时代的桂冠诗人和喧嚣的二十年代的代言人The Lost Generation 迷惘的一代1.The Lost Generation is a term first used by Gertrude Stein to describe the post-World WarI generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal andemptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2. Full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively,had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3.The three best-known representatives of Lost Generation are F. Scott Fitzgerald, ErnestHemingway and John Dos Passos.The Old Man and the Sea. 老人与海It tells of a Cuban fisherman, Santiago桑提亚哥, who catches a big fish, only to see it devoured by sharks. The novel highlights the theme that man can be destroyed but not defeated.你尽可以把他消灭,但就是打不败他It is a representation of life as a struggle againstunconquerable forces in which only a partial victory is possible. This book led to Hemingways receipt of the Novel Prize in 1954.1) Hemingway was famous for his novels and short stories written his spare, laconic, terse, clear,telegraph-like, yet intense prose with short sentences and very specific details. This style is hisfamous Iceberg TheoryIceberg Theory冰山理论:Thinkof an iceberg: one eighth of an iceberg is above the water. All of the rest isunderneath the water. The same is true with Hemingways writing. His sentences only giveone small bit of the meaning. The rest is implied. One must go very deep beneath the surfaceto understand the full meaning of his writing. Hemingways vocabulary is easy and hissentence patterns are easy, but they are extremely difficult to be fully understood.Hemingway terms courage as grace under pressure these heroes are calledHemingway heroes or the code hero:硬汉Hemingway heroes refer to some protagonists inHemingways works. Such a hero usually anaverage man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent. And usually he is a man ofaction and of few words. His such an individualist, alone even when with other people, somewhatan outsider, keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place whereone can not get happiness. For example, Frederic Henry in A Farewell to Arms, Jake Barnesin The Sun Also Rises, Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea or the undefeated bullfighter.Stream of Consciousness: 意识流Stream of Consciousness or interior monologue, is one of the modern literary techniques. Itwas first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. The modern American writerWilliam Faulkner successfully advanced this technique. In the stories, action and plots areless important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequences areoften dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than anobserver.Multiple Point of View(多重视角)Faulkner was a master at presenting multiple points of view, showing within the same storyhow the characters reacted differently to the same person or the same situation. The use ofthis technique gave the story a circular form wherein one event was the center, with variouspoints of view radiating from it. The multiple point of view technique makes the readerrecognize the difficulty of arriving at a true judgment.CommentFaulkneras the foremost southern writer of the 20th century with 19 novels, 4collections of about 70 short stories, and two volumes of poetry. His important subjects arechildhood, families, sex, obsessions the past and the modern southern memory, myth and reality,race, and alienation. His theme is essentially an analysis of the underlying cause for the failure anddecay of the South before the Civil War. His fiction carries a strong sense of fragmentation insocial community and within the individual himself due to the loss of love and lack emotionalresponse.He is noted for the Yoknapatawpha stories/saga in which the fictional Yoknapatawpha 约克纳帕塔法县County is the setting. The country stands for the Old South. It also serves asallegory or a parable of the Old South. He writes about the disintegration of the old social systemin the American Southern States and its effect on the lives of modern people, both black and white. It shows a panorama of the experience and consciousness of the whole Southern society.The Great Gatsby and American dreamAmerican dream re
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