英美概况试题答案.doc

英美概况模拟试题（一）一15 abbdb 610 bdddc 1115 aabdc 1620aadcb二15 FFFTF 610 TFTFF 1115 TFFFT 1620TFFFT三1On October 24, 1929, the American stock market crashed. Billions of dollars of paper profits were wiped out within a few hours. This led to a long economic depression. 2. The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequences in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize. The Industrial Revolution in Britain first began in the textile industry.3. Since the United States is a nation of many ethnic groups, it is also known as a “melting pot,” meaning immigrants from different nations all over the world have mixed to make up the American nation. 4. Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. It spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England in the summer of 1348 without warning. It killed many people. As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labor. 5. The Constitution of the United States is the basic instrument of American government and the supreme law of the land. It is the oldest written constitution in the world. It was drawn up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789. It founded federalism and introduced checks and balances into government for the first time in history. 四1. The Second War between America and England was during 18121814.2. The two major political parties in Britain are Conservative Party and Labor Party.3. Britain enjoys maritime climate. 4. Richard Nixon was involved in Watergate Scandal. 5. The most important river in Britain is Thames River. 五 In 1066 the army of William, Duke of Normandy, defeated King Harolds troops. He was crowned King of England. He then built a string of defense castle ensure his military control of the whole country. This is the Norman Conquest in British history. After the Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established, England. Relations with the Continent were opened. The civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture ere introduced.英美概况模拟试题（二）一15dbaca 610 cccdb 1115 dbbca 1620daccb二15 FTTFF 610 TTTFF 1115 FFTTT 1620 FTTFT三1 It refers to a series of measures taken by Franklin Roosevelt in 1932 to prevent the possible collapse of the American economic and political system.2 It was a movement of revolt in the 1960s against the moral values, the aesthetic standards, the personal behavior. and the social relations of conventional society. 3 Each of the three branches of the governmentthe legislative, the executive and the judicialhas part of the powers but not all the power. Each branch can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This is called “checks and balances”.4 A constitutional monarchy is a county in which head of the state is a king or a queen. In practice, the Sovereign reigns, but does not rule. In English history, constitutional monarchy was established after Glorious Revolution in 1688.5 On September 22, 1862 during American Civil War, Lincoln issued the famous document Emancipation Proclamation which would become effective on January 1, 1863. it provided that all the black slaves in the rebelling states were freed and they were welcome to join the armed forces of the Union. 四1. The longest river in Britain is Severn river.2. The War of the Roses went on for 30 years.3. American Civil War began in 1861.4. The mainstream Americans are called WASPs.5. American Congress consists of Senate and House of Representatives. 五Some historians say that the world entered Cold War immediately after the Second World War ended. The conflicts arose basically from the separate concepts of postwar world order. The United States, relying on its large economic and military strength, tried to play the role of world police under the pretext of fighting against the Soviet expansion. The Soviet Union put forward the theory that there could be no long-term peaceful coexistence between socialism and capitalism and the Soviet Union should rapidly build up its strength for the final struggle against capitalism, represented by the United States and Britain. Cold War was characterized by international tension and conflicts without bloody “hot war” between the Soviet Union and the United States. Cold War did not end until after the collapse of Berlin Wall in 1989. 英语国家概况参考答案 I. 1C 2B3B4D5A6B7C8D9D10B11A12B13A14B15B16D17B18D19C20A21B22D23A24C25AII. 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. F 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. T 11. F 12. T 13. T 14. F 15. T III. 1. the feudal system 2. John Bunyon, John Milton 3. Teheran; Yalta; Potsdam 4. strong 5. industry; agriculture 6. contributions national insurance, taxation 7. formulate; supply 8. abundant; raw 9. one, one third 10. Northern Ireland 11. Northern Territory 12. School of the air 13. land; buy 14. macreconomic, microeconomic 15. the Canadian Pacific Railway 16. Parliamentary 17. Ben Nevis; 1,3000 18. England 19. Captain James Cook 20. the Great Depression 21. registration; wheels 22. Britain; Italy 23. trappers 24. Great Bear Lake; Great Slave Lake 25. the Opposition, Shadow cabinet 26. the ministers 27. Hundred, ambitious 28. Cavaliers, Roundheads 29. House of Assembly 30. Acts; decisions 31. jobs, wars IV. 1. Thatcherism The election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain. Her policies are popularly referred to as Thatcherism. It included the return to private ownership of state - owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order. 2. diversity of American education Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education. This can be seen not only in type, size and control of the institutions, but educational policies and practices. As is stated by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, education is a function of the state, not the federal govemment. As each state has the freedom to develop its own school system and delegates its power over education to local districts, many variations can be found in the education system of the 50 states. 3. the Canadian Shield The Canadian Shield is a semicircular band of rocky highlands and plateaus around Hudson Bay from the northern shores of Quebec to the Arctic shores of the Northwest Territories. It is a region of rounded hills, and tens of thousands of lakes and swamps. 4. Australias service industries Service industries are also called tertiary industy. This sector now includes an additional quaternary level, which covers the research, processing and storage of information. Australias service sector is the fastestgrowing one. It has been growing in importance, due to higher living standards and greater demand for more and better transport and housing, and the expansion by government of educational, health and welfare services. 5. the New Deal In order to deal with the Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up many efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to save American democracy and the development of American economy. V. 1. Look at a physical map of the United States and find out and name the main monition ranges, rivers and lakes in the United States. There are two main mountain ranges in the United States. They are the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains. There are many important rivers in the United States. The Mississippi River and its two branches, the Missouri River and the Ohio River, flow south to the Gulf of Mexico. On the Pacific side there are two great rivers: the Colorado River and the Columbia River. The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States. Other well known rivers include the Hudson River which meets the Atlantic Ocean at New Yurk and the Potomac boarding the national capital of Washington. The most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States except Lade Michigan. 2. How many constituencies are there in Britain today? How many members are there in the House of Commons? To hold general elections, Britain is divided into 651 constituencies, each of which returns one member to the House of Commons. There are 651 members in the House of Commnos. 3. What were the effects of European settlement on the Aborigines? White settlement in 1788 proved disastrous for the Aborigines. (1) Aboriginal culture and society were totally disrupted because of a total conflict of cultures. (2) The loss o land to white people led to the breakdown of their tribal life because Aboriginal culture was based on the land. (3) After losing their land, Aborigines became dependent on white handouts. They copied the European habit of drinking alcohol, which destroyed large numbers of Aborigines. (4) The whites also brought many diseases which the Aborigines had no resistance to. (5) All these, combined with the violence between Europeans and Aborigines resulted in the drastically reduction in Aboriginal population. The Aborigines have always been in unfavorable position ever since 1788. The Aborigines still face legal, political, economic and social discrimination today. 4. Sinn Fein Sinn Fein was the Irish guerrilla movement that wrested independence from the British in 1921. It spit in 1921 over the Anglo - Irish Treaty and became two parties, Fianna Fail and Fine Gael, which remains to be the two major political parties in Ireland today. VI. 1. Tell briefly the history of the two - party system in the United States. What are the characteristics of the two major parties in the United States today? There nave been four periods in the history of the two - party system in the United States. (1) During the Ratification period, the first two major parties appeared. They were the Federalists and the Anti - Federalists. After the adoption of the Bill of Rights, the Anti - Federalists began to call themselves Democratic - Republicans. The Federalists gradually disintegrated. (2) After the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson, the Democratic - Republican Party split. The main faction led by Jackson was called the Whig Party which formed in 1834. As the struggle over slavery intensified, the majority of the Whig Party, part of the democrats, and other anti - slavery elements formed the Republican Party in 1854. (3) From 1860s to 1920s, the Republican Party dominated the political scene. (4) From the time of President Franklin Roosevelt to the 1980s, the Democratic Party was dominant, with short interruptions. Traditionally, the Democrats support government intervention in the economy and a strong social security system. While the Republicans stress the role of the market more and oppose large government social security programs. But the two parties are not really very different. They both believe in individualism, defend capitalism and uphold private ownership of means of production. Their organizations are both very loose. But they are both very significant in political life.答案：解答 A Beowulf是Anglo-Saxon时代留下的重要的古英语文学作品，它被认为是英国的民族史诗。sir Gawain and the green knight，king Arthur and his knights of the round table是中古英语时期的浪漫传奇。the Canterbury tale是英国大诗人乔叟的一部诗体短篇小说集。解答 D 乔叟被誉为英国诗歌之父，Troilus and Criseyde是他的重要作品之一。解答 D 1608-1612被认为是莎翁的浪漫剧创作时期，包括四部浪漫剧和解剧the tempest, pericles, the winters tale，Cymbeline 。 merchant of Venice, as you like it，twelfth night，the merry wives of Windsor为莎翁的喜剧，Romeo and Juliet, antonym and Cleopatra为悲剧。解答 C莎翁最杰出的四大悲剧为hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth。解答 C songs of innocence是英国18世纪末19世纪初浪漫主义诗人William Blake的著作。解答 D john Donne是17世纪玄学派诗人的重要代表人物，Ben Johnson是莎翁同时代的剧作家，john Milton，john Bunyan虽都是17世纪著名作家，但作品风格与玄学派大相径庭。解答 B Daniel Defoe创作的鲁宾逊漂流记为他赢得了英国小说之父的称号。解答 D Daniel Defoe创作的鲁宾逊漂流记中的主人公Robinson Crusoe有个同伴和仆人叫Friday。解答 C Guiiliver travel是Jonathan swift一部极具魅力的儿童故事，同时包含深刻的思想内容。解答 A William Wordsworth为英国浪漫派诗人。 练习题答案及题解:1 D, 英国之所以能成为世界上最早开始工业化的国家,原因有很多。但英国是从17世纪以后逐步开始对海外贸易和开拓海外殖民地产生浓厚兴趣的。2 B, 英国是君主立宪制国家，国王或女王（君主）几乎没什么实质性的权力。3 A, 保守党和自由党是英国最早成立的两个党派。大致来说，保守党是中上层阶级的党，它得到大公司财政上的支持；而工党，主要得到工会的支持，它的支持者主要是中产阶级和知识分子。4 D, 权利法案的签署，标志着英国进入了君主立宪制时代，一个君主几乎没有什么实质性权力并受制于议会的时代。5 A, 直到1918年妇女才在全国大选中享有选举权。6 B, 1867年英国北美法案将加拿大纳为它的自治领。7 D, 在第二次世界大战中，当时的英国首相丘吉尔作为战争统帅受到了英国人民的广泛拥戴，并带领英国人民赢得了战争的最后胜利。8 C, 福克兰群岛战役是发生在英国和阿根廷着这两个国家之间。位于大西洋南部的福克兰群岛从1892年起就是英国的海外殖民地，1982年阿根廷开始控制这些岛屿，但是英国最终打败了阿根廷，并重新占领了这些岛屿。9 B, 英国的下院议会成员中有人去世、退休或辞职时，就要进行补缺选举。10 C, 在英国，部长们是由首相推荐，女王加以任命的练习题答案及题解: 1 D, 下议院共有651名议员。 2 C, 撒切尔夫人，丘吉尔和梅杰都曾经做过英国首相；而纳尔逊（1758-1805），英国海军统帅，因作战负伤，右眼失明，失去右臂。后任地中海舰队司令，在特法尔加角海战中大败西班牙联合舰队，本人受重伤阵亡，号称 Viscount Nelson。 3 A, 在英国，按照传统，多数党的领导人由君主任命为首相，首相从本党内部挑选一些领导人担任各部部长职位。 4 B, 托利党是英国保守党的前身。 5 B, 在英国，在下议院中赢得第二席位的政党为反对党，它也有它自己的领导和影子内阁（shadow cabinet）。 6 D, 现在“英国病”这一术语经常用来指英国经济上的衰退。 7 C, 正如20世纪40年代被看作是国有化的时代一样，20世纪80年代被看作是私有化的时代。包括英国石油、航空、钢铁、电讯在内的几乎40% 的国有公司实现了私有化。 8 A, 英国煤矿业被称为生病工业。英国的煤产量在一战前达到顶点，如今的英国的煤矿业衰退，从而导致矿工的数量、煤矿的总产量大大下降。 9 B, 第一台蒸汽机是 Thomas Newcomer 在17世纪末设计的，后来苏格兰发明家瓦特在1765年对原有的设计进行了改进提高，生产出了第一台高效的蒸汽机并应用到纺织和其他机械业中。 10 B, 工业革命产生了工人阶级，即无产阶级。后来形成了工会制度。练习题答案及题解: 1 B, 纺织业的改革是英国工业革命的主要成就之一。 2 C, 工业革命时期的主要文学流派是浪漫主义。 3 C, 现代的足球运动起源于英国。 其正宗的老家在英格兰，19世纪兴起。 4 A, 英国的政体是君主立宪制。 国王（女王）是国家元首，但政府的首领为首相。 5 D, 英国的第二大城市伯明翰位于英格兰中部平原，是国际化大都市，也是英国的工业和制造业中心。 6 B, 公元43年，罗马人占领英国，其后统治了400多年。基督徒就是在这一时期由罗马人传入英国的。 7 B, 君主立宪制下，国王的作用更侧重于其象征意义，而实权为内阁所有，内阁由首相率领。 8 C, 英国的教育体系中的义务教育阶段是5-16岁，这是每一位学生在学校学习的最低年限。 9 C, 英国最长的河是塞文河，全长355公里，美国最长的河是密西西比河， 长4000公里左右。 10 D, 英国大选每5年举行一次名词解释:1.William Shakespeare: the best known literary figure in the world; a playwright; a director of a theatre company in London; his works include tragedies, comedies and history plays.2. Boxing Day: it is on December 26; traditionally, people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff of servants; now many people choose to go shopping this day.3. Easter: an festival on the first Sunday after the full moon that occurs on or after March 21; commemorating the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ; the most important Christian festival4.independent schools: public schools which receive their funding through the private sector and tuition rates, with some government assistance; not a part of national education system; maintaining high quality of instruction and standards; only rich people can afford it.5. Open University: founded in Britain in the 1960s for people who may not get the opportunity for higher education for economic and social reasons; open to everybody and not demanding the same formal educational qualifications as the other universities; courses followed through TV, radio, correspondence, videos and a network of study centers; awarding a university degree to successful students.1. William ShakespeareHe was an English dramatist and poet in the Elizabethan age. He is generally regarded as the greatest playwright in English literature. His plays fall into three categories: tragedies such as Hamlet, comedies such as Merchant of Venice and historical plays like Charles II. 2. Elizabethan dramaIt refers roughly to the drama produced during the 15th and 16th centuries which is known as the Renaissance. The first professional theatre was founded in London in 1576 and many famous playwrights appeared. Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson and William Shakespeare were among the best.3. the Bronte sistersThey were daughters of the vicar of a village church in Yorkshire. Though they were poor, they were educated and respectable. They all died young, but were remembered long after their death for their contribution to English literature. Charlotte was well-known for Jane Eyre and Emily was noted for her Wuthering Heights. They had to use male pseudonyms in order to get their books published. The Industrial Revolution- The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. 工业革命指的是18世纪末、19世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及由此而导致的社会结构和经济结构的变化。答案 1.D 凯尔特在公元前700年到英国，罗马人在公元1到5世纪统治英国，5世纪中期盎格鲁撒克逊人侵占英国，因此凯尔特人是最早踏入英国的。 2.B 英法百年战争爆发于1337年到1453年间，中间还发生了黑死病。 3.D 爱尔兰共和国在1949年独立。 4.A 英国内战于1642年到1646年间发生，国王查尔斯与议会发生争执，实际上是国王与清教徒之间的矛盾引起的，结果议会胜利。 5.B 英国南面与法国隔着英吉利海峡。 6.B 英国最大的湖是内伊湖，最长的河流是塞文河。 7.B 苏格兰中低部适合人类生存，是苏格兰工业和人高度集中的地区。 8.A 由于英国农作业时的高度机械化，只需利用全国2%的人口来耕作大面积农地。 9.D 小麦和大麦是英国最重要的庄稼。 10.B 英国的义务教育是从5岁到16岁，所以期间的教育全部免费。 练习题答案及题解:1 D, 英国历史上最悠久的日报是泰晤士报。2 C, 泰晤士河位于英格兰。 3 A, 工业革命最早从英国开始。4 C, 1979年撒切尔夫人成为英国第一任女首相。她提出的政策称被为“撒切尔主义”。其内容包括国有企业私有化，采用货币主义政策以控制通货膨胀，削弱工会的影响，加强市场因素在经济中的作用，将公有住房卖给公众，强调法律和秩序。在一定程度上讲，她的计划是成功的。她领导英国经济度过了一段最繁华的时期。5 B, 英国拥有其海军核力量与其一贯的霸主地位是密切相关的。6 C, 观察家报创刊于1791年，是英国创刊最早的星期日报纸。7 B, 据说Big Ben 得名于它在1859年修建时候的建造者 Benjamin Hall。8 B, 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫。9 A, 英国最大的海军基地是普茨茅斯。10 C, 英国奉行的是两党制。其两大主要政党是保守党和工党。练习题答案及题解: 1 D, 多伦多属于加拿大,与英国无关。 2 A, 路透社创建于伦敦。 3 D, 伦敦塔是1078年为防止罗马入侵由威廉大帝修建的。 4 A, 英国民族的前身是安格鲁萨克森人。 5 C, 格拉斯格是苏格兰最大的城市和经济中心。 6 A, 英国小孩 516岁的教育是免费的。 7 A, 工业革命起源于英国。 8 B, 本尼维斯山为英国最高峰。 9 C, 提起英国，很多人会使用名字“Britain”，“England”或“British”，但这往往会惹恼苏格兰人，威尔士人以及北爱尔兰人。从政治角度来讲，“the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland”或 “the United Kingdom/UK”是英国正确的叫法。“the British Isles”则是地理意义上的名字，包括Great Britain，the whole of Ireland （ Northern and Southern），the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man 这些岛屿。 10 A, 英国几个世纪以来地势一直在缓慢地倾斜，表现为西北部在慢慢上升，而东南部在慢慢下沉，所以英国的西北部为高地。 练习题答案及题解:1 B, 现在，英国移民主要集中在伦敦及英格兰心脏地带的一些城市和城镇，诸如 Slough, Leicester, Wolverhampton, Birmingham, Luton, Bradford, Coventry, Bedford 和Reading等等。2 C, 英国国旗为红白蓝三色的米字旗（也叫“Union Jack”），是由三个十字组成。3 D, A，蓟是苏格兰的象征，用作苏格兰的国徽；B，三叶苜蓿花为爱尔兰的国花；C，黄水仙花是威尔士的国花；D，玫瑰则是英格兰的国花。4 C, 位于英格兰西北部和威尔士北部的湖区是英国著名的风景区之一，也是英国十九世纪湖畔诗人聚居的地方。5 A, 最早来英国定居的是伊比利亚人。大约在公元前3000年左右，也就是新石器时代，他们从伊比利亚半岛（即今天的西班牙）来到英国。6 D, 英国的历史是从罗马人的入侵开始的。恺撒，这位伟大的罗马将军，在公元前55年第一次带兵入侵并征服了英国。7 C, 尽管罗马人征服了英国，但是罗马文化对英国的影响十分有限。这主要是因为：罗马人一直把英国人看作是社会地位相当于奴隶的被降伏的民族；在长达四个世纪的时间里从来没有罗马人跟英国人通婚；罗马人对英国平民阶层的语言和文化没有任何影响。8 B, 英法之间的百年战争以英国人被赶出法国而告终。到1453年战争结束时，只有法国北部的加莱港还在英国人手里。9 A, 尽管玫瑰战争持续了30年，但对老百姓的生活几乎没什么影响，反倒使英国的封建主义受到致命打击，贵族阶层受到了削弱。10 D, 英国内战也叫“清教徒革命”，这是因为反对国王的人大部分是那些清教徒。英国内战不仅推翻了英国的封建制度，也动摇了欧洲封建统治的基础。所以，从这个角度讲，英国内战通常被看作现代世界史的开端答案及解析:1.B 高尔夫是一项古老的贵族的运动，源于十五世纪或更早以前的苏格兰，苏格兰地区山多，气候湿润，多雾，非常适合牧草生长，这里的工业文明以前是连绵不断的牧场。相传当时牧羊人放牧闲暇时，用木板玩游戏，将石子击入兔子窝或洞中。久而久之形成了使用不同的球杆并按一定的规则击球。 2.D Gaelic苏格兰盖尔语是高地苏格兰人的传统语言；更多人使用的语言是英语。一直到15世纪末，盎格鲁人仍然以他们的语言称苏格兰盖尔语为苏格兰语（盎格鲁语：Scottish）。3.A Margaret Thatcher 在1979年成为英国首相，为英国史上第一个女首相。4.D 具体的说，英国的议会是有元首，上议院和下议院组成。其中，元首没有实权，上议员由大法官（Lord Chancellor）掌权，是由神职议员（the Lord Spiritual）和世俗议员（the Lord Temporal），下议院的成员是通过选举产生的651名议员,以首相为首。5.D 伦敦塔名为“塔”，实际上是公元11世纪处于罗马统治时期的一座城堡式建筑。6.A英国有两大国教： 在英格兰是英格兰教（Church of England）或者英国圣公会，在苏格莎白的头衔全称为“托上帝宏恩，大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合国和她的其他领土和领地的女王、英联邦元首、基督教的保护者伊丽莎白二世”。可见，英/女王是基督教的保护者。 7.C Oliver Cromwell的儿子在父亲过世后继承王权，但是不久后掌控的政体瓦解。1660年，议会扶植流浪法国的前国王儿子Charle二世当国王。8.A 在英国,21岁生日是个大生日,因为他们认为21岁是大人开始的年龄。9.C 路透社是世界四大通讯社之一，也是英国创办最早的通讯社。1850年由保罗朱利叶斯路透 （paul julius reuter）在德国亚琛创办，1851年迁址到伦敦。创办人路透原为德国人，后加入英国籍。1865年，路透把他的私人通讯社扩展成为一家大公司。10.D “山姆大叔”（Uncle Sam），“乔纳森大哥”和“扬基老”都是美国和美国人的绰号。美国概况习题答案!A:练习题答案及题解:1 D, 纽约是美国