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TheskillsofreadingcomprehensionHaiYangNo.2MiddleSchool,得阅读者得天下,一、中考阅读理解题的命题新特点,1、阅读材料的篇幅逐渐加长。原来阅读材料的字数通常在200300个单词之间，但近几年的中考题中，有的文章的字数已增至350400，这表明阅读的信息量和理解上的难度在逐渐加大。2、选材广泛，具有浓厚的时代气息,知识性强。阅读材料涉及科普、环保、文化教育、体育卫生、新闻时事、广告宣传、社会生活、影视明星、名人轶事等。重视社会热点问题，具有浓厚的时代气息是近几年的中考阅读理解题的最大特点。3、题型为选择型。但其他省份普遍采用任务型阅读理解，提高能力考查。4、语篇逻辑性强，试题设计适当，干扰项设置水平高。短文语段声动活泼，语句富于变化，试题设计更符合考生的认知水平，更有利于考查学生的阅读能力。,二、中考阅读理解的题材和体裁题材广泛体裁多样,1、文章内容的社会实用性越来越强，更趋于信息化、时代化、生活化和知识化，涉及新闻、广告、科普、医疗、教育等诸多领域的实效信息。2、文章体裁多样，包括记叙文（故事、人物小传、史地知识介绍等）、说明文（科普文章、说明书等）、议论文（有关政治、经济、社会各方面的论述）、应用文（新闻报道、书信、广告、通知、节目表等）、说理的小品文等。,三、中考阅读理解题的命题原则,1、考查学生在阅读中准确捕获信息的能力。这就要求学生通过阅读短文，运用自己所学的语法、词汇、短语等方面的语言知识，根据自己的理解，掌握所读材料的主旨和大意以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和情节，能回答短文后面所给的问题。2、要求学生既能理解具体的事实，也能理解抽象的概念；既理解文章的表层意思，也理解文章的深层含义，这其中包括作者的态度、意图等“弦外之音”。3、要求学生既理解某句、某段的意义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断。4、要求学生既能根据材料提供的信息去理解，也能结合自己应有的常识去判断,把握中心的能力。,四、阅读理解解题步骤,一初读文章注意首末段原则，首末句原则，了解文章论述的主要内容以及作者的态度。二读文章找依据初定答案;三看文章找细节推敲答案;四读文章终定答案。这“四步法”综合了略读、跳读、找读和查读等阅读技巧。在第一遍阅读时，可用略读或跳读的方式阅读全文，不必注意细节或具体事实，只求对文章有一个总体印象，了解中心思想和作者的基本观点，记住文中的信息方位。浏览题目后，再读文章要带着题目有的放矢地在文中圈圈划划、做标记，查找解答题目的依据，避免毫无目的地通读文章，许多局部性题目都可以通过原文中的一两句话直接找到答案。第三、第四次阅读主要是定夺答案。,五、阅读理解题目的设置方式,1、细节理解型这种题目比较简单，一般针对某个特定的细节提问，属表层信息理解试题。只要通读全文，了解文中所述的重要事实或细节，就可以直接或间接找出答案依据。细节题的主要提问方式如下：（1）Whichofthefollowingisright?(2)WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentioned?(3)WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueinthepassage?(4)Fromthispassageweknow_.(5)Theauthormentionsallofthefollowingexcept_.(6)Theauthorstatesthat_.(7)Accordingtothepassage,when/where/why/how/who/.?,1.He/sheshouldhaveaninterestinmakingpizza.Moreimportantly,he/sheshouldhaveworkexperienceinarestaurant.试题:Theadtellsusthat_A.Theassistantmustbeaman.B.Theassistantmusthaveonceworkedinarestaurant.C.PuccipizzahasbranchesalloverChina.,1查找事实、细节型,B,2.Inthepast,therewereforestsallaroundLakePonkapog,sorainwaterwasclean.试题Inthepast,LakePonkapogwassurrounded(环绕)by_.fishB.rainC.birdsD.trees,D,3.Escapingafireisaseriousmatter.Knowingwhattododuringafirecansaveyourlife.Itisimportanttoknowthewaysyoucanuseandshowthemtoeveryoneinthefamily,suchasstairwaysandfireescapes,butnotlifts.试题：WhichofthefollowingescapingwaysisNOTright？A.Youcanescapethroughstairways.B.Youcanchoosefireescapes.C.Escapefromthewindowsthatopenontoaroof.D.Usealiftcomedownatonce.,D,4.Canyoufindaringinanegg?ButLiuQian,awell-knowmagicianfromTaiwan,founditinfrontoftheaudiencesat2009CCTVSpringFestivalGala.Hewasbornin1976.试题：WherewasLiuQianborn?A.InLiaoningProvinceB.InBeijingC.InHongKongD.InTaiwan,D,2、逻辑推理判断型这种题目有一定难度，往往不能直接从文中找到答案，而必须根据上下文及其相互间的关系，在对整篇文章进行深层理解后，才能找到答案。有时还要联系作者的写作意图、态度等弦外之音，文外之意加以推理，才能获得正确答案。推理判断题的主要提问方式如下：（1）Wecanguessthewriteofthelettermaybea_.（2）Wecaninferfromthepassage/articlethat_.（3）Fromthestory/passagewecanknow/guess_.（4）Whatwouldhappyif_?（5）Howdidthewriterfeel_?（6）Thewriterbelievesthat_.（7）Thewritersuggeststhat_.,五、阅读理解题目的设置方式,1）根据常识判断,Onedayweinvitedsomefriendstodinner.Whenitwasabouttenoclock,mywifefoundthatwehadlittlebread.Sosheaskedourfive-year-olddaughter,Kathy,tobuysome.试题：Oneday,Kathysparentsinvitedsomefriendsto_.A.havebreakfastB.havelunchC.havesupperD.haveaparty.,B,2)根据计算判断,Ifeveryonesetstheirair-conditionat26,Beijingwillsave400millionkilowatt-hours千瓦时ofelectricityinonesummer.Thatsone-thirdofalltheusageofthecityintheseason,”saidaTVadvertisement.试题：Beijingwilluse_millionkilowatt-hourselectricityinonesummer.A.1200B.800C.400D.1600,A,3)根据上下文理解判断Thenextmorning,DadwasinthekitchenwhenKathygotup.“Noticeanything,Dad?”sheasked.Helookedaroundandlistened,“SomethingismissingIcantfindoutwhatitisWait,itstooquietinhere.”“Thatsright,”Kathysaid,“Somethingismissing.Ifixedthewatertap.Itdoesntleakanymore.”“Thatsmygirl,”Dadsaid.“Itsagoodthingyouarereallylikeyourmother.”试题:FromthepassageweknowthatKathyisa(n)_girl.A.funnyB.ableC.honestD.lazy,B,此类题目主要针对文章的主题、中心思想、文章的结构层次（主题句或主题段），要求在理解全文的基础上归纳短文要点，概括中心思想。解答此类题目时，不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义，如涉及文章的标题、主题、结论、结局等，需细读短文，抓住主要意思，并获取文章中的隐含信息。主旨大意题常用提问方式：（1）Accordingtothepassage,weknowthat_（2）Thetitleofthepassagecanbe_.（3）Thewritertriestotellus_.（4）Fromthestorywecansee/learn/say_（5）Themainidea/pointofthispassageis_.（6）Whatisthispassageabout?（7）Whatsthebesttitleofthispassage?(8)Thepurposeofthewriterinwritingthispassageis_.,五、阅读理解题目的设置方式,3.归纳主旨型,1、Wastecanbeseeneverywhereintheschool.Somestudentsaskformorefoodthantheyeatandothersoftenforgettoturnoffthelightswhentheyleavetheclassroom.Theysaytheycanaffordthesethings.ButIdontagreewiththem.WastecanbringalotofproblemEverybodyshouldstopwastingassoonaspossible.试题：Whichisbesttitleofthispassage?A.StopWastingB.SchoolLifeC.WasteintheschoolD.RichResourcesinChina,A,2、Happinessisimportantforeveryone.Mostpeoplewanttobehappybutfewknowhowtofindhappiness.Moneyandsuccessdontbringlastinghappiness.Happinessdependsonourselves.Nowmaybeyouknowhowtofindhappiness.试题：Thepassagemainlytellsus_.A.howtofindhappinessB.howtosavehappinessC.todosomethinggoodforothersD.tovalueourbeliefsorhealth,A,五、阅读理解题目的设置方式,4.理解词句含义型考查内容多为名词、动词、词组甚至句子。英语中很多单词和词组在不同的语言环境中有着不同的内涵，掌握大量单词和习语是重要的，但语言是活的东西，做这类题时，考生应尽可能通过上下文猜测词义，即利用所熟悉的词或短语和上下文已知的部分来进行合理推理，有时还需要依据常识和经验。（1）Theword“”inthepassageprobablymeans_.（2）Theunderlinedword“”inthepassagerefersto_.（3）Inthestorytheunderlinedword“”means_.（4）Here“”means_.（5）“”couldbestbereplacedbywhichofthefollowing?（6）Theexpression/phrase“”means_.（7）Theword“”iscloseinmeaningto_.,1、Inmanyplaceswelivein,thewintermonthsoftenseemdarkanddreary.WhenspringcomeslateMarch,theworldbecomescolorful.试题：Accordingtothepassage,theunderlineword“dreary”means“_”inChinese.A.沉闷的B.暖和的C.晴朗的D.明亮的2、Weknowthemosquitoverywell.Mosquitoesflyeverywhere.Theycanbefoundalmostallovertheworld,andtherearemorethan2,500kindsofthemItstruethatmalemosquitodoesntbiteandonlythefemalemosquitobitesbecausesheneedsbloodtolayeggs.试题：Inthepassage,“mosquito”means_inChinese.A.苍蝇B.蜻蜓C.跳蚤D.蚊子,A,D,3、Nowtherearemanyhousesaroundthelake.peopleoftenusechemicalsintheirgardens.Theyuseotherchemicalsinsidetheirhousesforcleaningorkillinginsects(昆虫).Therearealsomanybusinessmen.Businessmenusechemicalsintheirmachinesorshops.“Chemical”inthestorymeans_.A.化学家B污染品C药品D.化学制品,D,4、ButnowIhaveaseriousproblem:theInternetproblem.Mylittlesonissixteen,andIfeelheshoulddoalotofhomeworknow,buthedoesntseemtobeinterestedinit.HecanhappilyspendsixoreighthoursatatimeontheInterneteveryday.Hechatswithpeoplethathehasnevermetbefore,butspeakslittletous.HedoeslotsofuselessthingsontheInternet.Andheseesredifyouaskhimtodohishomework.试题：Whatdoesthephrase“heseesred”meaninthispassage?HefeelssorryB.HefeelshappyC.HebecomesfrightenedD.Hebecomesangry,D,Thewaysofguessingthenewwordsincontext:,遇到生词要冷静,A.利用构词法进行猜测,根据单词的前缀与后缀进行猜词。如，care(小心)careful(小心的)carefully(小心地);write(写)rewrite(改写)。,un-;dis-;-less:;mis-:;re-:-ern:-er,-or,-ist:;,2.根据“合成词”猜测。如school+bagschoolbagdown+stairsdownstairs,不无,错误,再,重复,重新,表方向,表示人,haveatry,rebuildmodernizeman-madeunsafemisunderstanding,不安全的误解重建现代化人造的,表示因果关系的：because,as,since,for,so,asaresult表示同义关系的：and,like,justas表示反义关系的：but,however,though,although,yet,instead(of)等等。,(1)根据关联词猜词,B.根据上下文猜测,1.Icouldseenothingbecausethelightwassofaint2.Tomisveryrude,buthisbrotherisquiteelegant.3.Sheisbeautiful,andherdaughterisasprettyasher.,(昏暗的）,(优雅/高雅的),(漂亮的),Challenge1,常用的：be,becalled,mean或破折号或定语从句等来表示。1.Whydoesjogging-runningslowlybecomesopopular.,(2).根据定义、释义、举例或复述猜词,2.Abullyismorethanjustamean(卑鄙的)kid.3.Janeiswarm-hearted,shelikestohelpothers.,(慢跑),(以强凌弱的人/恶霸),(热心的),(3).根据生活经验及普通常识猜词,Chinaisourmotherland.Kangaroomothershavepouchestocarrytheirbabies.3.Itsreallycoldoutside,andmyhandsarebothnumb.,(祖国),(育儿袋),(冻僵了的,麻木的,失去知觉的),1.Alotoftheworldsnaturalresourceslikeoilcomefrompoorcountries.A.环境B.资源C.汽油2.Theoldmanputonhisspectaclesandbegantoread.A.帽子B.雨鞋C.眼镜3.Mymomwasalittleheavy.AndIwasalmostasplumpasmymom.A.丰满的B.苗条的C.强壮的4.Childrenhaveschoolbagswithtwostrapstocarrythem.A.口袋B.肩带C.纽扣,2.Doctorsbelievethatsmokingisdetrimentaltoyourhealth.,4.Theboyhadahappyfamilybefore.However,afterthewar,hebecamehomeless.,Wealthymeanshavinglotsofmoney.,5.Youmuststopdreamingandfacereality.,(富裕的，有钱的）,(有害的),(现实),3.Mymother-in-law,myhusbandsmother,wasateacher.,(婆婆),(无家可归的）,请同学们记住：1无中生有不能选；2.张冠李戴不能选；3.范围太宽不能选；4.以偏概全不可选；5.绝对化说法不能选；（all.everyone，right）6.合理选项不一定是正确选项，要看原文有没有；7.正确答案要么是原句，要么是原文中的同义句.向中考阅读进军，挑战满分,
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