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DoctorandPatient,Unit3,HowtoDoCriticalReading,Techniques,Techniquesforcriticalreading,WhatiscriticalreadingHigherlevelofreadingcomprehensionItinvolvesmakinginferencesandevaluationsandmakingpersonaljudgmentontheaccuracy,valueandtruthfulnessofwhatisread,Techniquesforcriticalreading,HowtoreadcriticallyIdentifyingtypesoflanguageMakinginferencesDifferentiatingfactsfromopinionsIdentifyingtheauthorspurposeEvaluatingsourceandauthority,Techniquesforcriticalreading,IdentifyingtypesoflanguageObjectivelanguageSubjectivelanguageDescriptivelanguageFigurativelanguage,Techniquesforcriticalreading,IdentifyingtypesoflanguageObjectivelanguageCanalsobecalledinformativeorfactuallanguageEmployedtoreportordescribetheeventsorideaswithoutanypersonalinvolvementThepurposeistopresentinformationorfactstothereadersMaterialsthatusefactuallanguagetextbooks,referencebooks,contracts,phonedirectories,Techniquesforcriticalreading,IdentifyingtypesoflanguageSubjectivelanguageIsalsocalledemotiveoropinion-basedlanguageUsedtorevealthewritersattitudetowardthesubject,Techniquesforcriticalreading,IdentifyingtypesoflanguageSubjectivelanguageDescriptivelanguagehelpstocreateimaginarypictureoftheobject,personoreventFigurativelanguagemakescomparisonbetweenthingstohelpthereadersunderstandthethingsbetter,Techniquesforcriticalreading,Example1Abortionistechnicallydefinedastheexpulsionofafetusfromthewormbeforeitissufficientlytodevelopedsurvives.AbortionwaslegalizedintheUnitedStatesinJanuary1973.theSupremeCourtdecisionstatedthatpriortotheendofthethirdofpregnancythedecisiontohaveanabortionwassolelythatofthepregnantwomanandherphysician.Afterthatstageabortionispermissibleifthemothershealthisindanger.,ObjectiveLanguage,Techniquesforcriticalreading,Example2Abortioncanbedefinedastakingthelifeofanotherhumanbeingduringitsfetaldevelopment.TheinhumaneactofabortionwaslegalizedintheUnitedStatesinJanuary1973.TheSupremeCourtdecidedthatkillingafetuspriortoitsthirdmonthofdevelopmentwasacceptable,butafterthatpointonlytheself-interestofthemotherforherownwell-beingshouldallowittooccur.,SubjectiveLanguage,Techniquesforcriticalreading,MakinginferencesWhatdoesmakinginferencesmeanThepurposeofmakinginferencesHowtomakeinferences,Techniquesforcriticalreading,MakinginferencesWhatdoesmakinginferencesmeanTodraworguessinformationorideas,whicharenotspecificallystatedbytheauthorinthereadingmaterialItisareasonableguessbasedonwhattheauthorsays,Techniquesforcriticalreading,ExampleInthemirrorJohnBellnoticedthathishairwasgrayingatthetemples.Ashepickedupthemorningpaper,herealizedthathecouldnolongerseewellatallwithouthisglasses.Lookingatthehandsholdingthepaperhesawthattheywerewrinkled.,InferenceJohnBellisrealizingheisaging,Techniquesforcriticalreading,MakinginferencesThepurposeofmakinginferencesCanhelpyoubetterunderstandtheauthorspurposeandideas,Techniquesforcriticalreading,MakinginferencesHowtomakeinferenceTounderstandtheliteralmeaningofthereadingmaterial.Onlyinthiswaycanyougobeyondtheliteralmeaningandmakereasonableinferences.AskquestionstohelpformulatetheinferencesWhatistheauthortryingtosuggestfromthestatedinformation?Whatdoallthefactsandideaspointtoward?Forwhatpurposedoestheauthorincludethesefactsanddetails?Verifytheinferencetoensuretheaccuracy.Youmaylookbackatthestatedinformationtobesurethatthereissufficientevidencetosupportyourinference.,Techniquesforcriticalreading,DifferentiatingfactsfromopinionsTheimportanceWhatisfactandwhatisopinion,Techniquesforcriticalreading,DifferentiatingfactsfromopinionsTheimportanceWillnotmisunderstandanauthorspointofviewHelpbetterunderstandthereadingmaterialPuttheinformationyouhavereadtogooduseTobeaskillfulcriticalreader,Techniquesforcriticalreading,Techniquesforcriticalreading,DifferentiatingfactsfromopinionsWhatisfactandwhatisopinionThefactistheinformationorastatementthatistrue,whichisexpressedinobjectivelanguageTheopinioniswhatapersonthinksorfeelsaboutsomething,whichisexpressedinsubjectivelanguageMostreadingmaterialsaremixtureoffactsandopinions,theopinionstartsfromwherethefactendInformedopinions:opinionsbasedonfacts,Techniquesforcriticalreading,EXAMPLESAquartistwopints,or4cups,or32ounces.ThetermisderivedfromanOldEnglishwordforfourth.Itisafourthofagallon.ChristianDiorwasthemostoutstandingdressdesignerofthelastcentury.Inmanyareas,Nixonsrecorddidlookbad.,FACT,OPINION,OPINION,mostoutstanding?Whataboutcocochannel?,Diditlookgoodtoothers?Badforwhom?,Techniquesforcriticalreading,DifferentiatingfactsfromopinionsWhatisfactandwhatisopinionSomestatementscannotbetakenforgrantedasfactsjustbecausetheyarewiththefollowingphrasesAsamatteroffactInfactItisafactthatThefactofthematterisThepointisThetruthisExampleThepointisthatnoteveryoneshouldlearnaforeignlanguage.,Techniquesforcriticalreading,Exercises:decidewhenthefollowingstatementsarefacts(F),oropinions(O)ormixtureoffactsandopinions(F/O)1.In1996,menearnedanaverage$32,144annually,whilewomenearned$23,710forthesameamountofhoursworked,accordingtoareportpublishedbytheNationalCommitteeonPayEquity.2.ThevaluablecontributionearlychildhoodprogramscanmakebyfosteringmentalhealthhasbeenemphasizedinrecentreportbytheJointCommissionontheMentalHealthofChildren.,Techniquesforcriticalreading,Exercises:decidewhenthefollowingstatementsarefacts(F),oropinions(O)ormixtureoffactsandopinions(F/O)Healthymarriagesarethesinglestrongestantidotetomanysocialillsfrompoorschoolperformancetoteenpregnancytopovertyandcrime.Thefactismostindividualslimittheirgoalsbylimitingtheirknowledge,andtheypursuethesamehumdrumpatheverydaywithouteverknowingtheirlivescouldhavebeenenrichedbyseekingtolearnsomethingabouteverything.,IdentifyingtheWritersPurposeAllwriterswriteforareason.Threecommonpurposesofwritingare:ToinformtoprovidereaderswithinformationaboutatopicTopersuadetoconvincereaderstobelieveacertainviewpoint;totakeacertaincourseofactionToentertaintoamusereadersinsomeway,Techniquesforcriticalreading,IdentifyingtheWritersPurposeSomecluestohelpidentifythekindofwritingInformationalwritingfeaturesfactsandevidence,notopinionsorvalue,orjudgmentscontainsdates,statisticsorotherfigures,and/orquotesfromexpertsorwitnesseslanguagemayincludetechnicaljargon,butthevocabularyandsentencestructureareoftenquitesimplePersuasivewritingfeaturesemotionalappeals:opinionsandarguments;rhetoricalquestions;evaluatinglanguage(good/bad,right/wrong,horrifying/wonderful,etc.)and/orjudgmentallanguage(must,should,hadbetter,etc.),Techniquesforcriticalreading,Techniquesforcriticalreading,IdentifyingtheWritersPurposeSomecluestohelpidentifythekindofwritingEntertaintextscanbeveryvariedTheyoftenuseratherinformallanguage,simplesentencestructure,dialogs,punsand/orfiguresofspeech.,Criticalreadingrequiresyou:,toevaluatetheargumentsinthetext;todistinguishfactfromopinion;tolookatargumentsgivenforandagainstthevariousclaims;tobeawareofthewritersbackground,assumptionsandpurposes.,Thefollowingquestionsmaybeusefullyaskedaboutanytextyouarereading:,A.PurposeandbackgroundWhyareyoureadingthistext?Whatisyourpurpose?Whattypeoftextisit:researchreport,essay,textbook,bookreview?Whatdoyouknowaboutthesubjectofthetext?Whatelsehasbeenwrittenonthesubjectofthetext?Whatcontroversiesexistinthisarea?Howdoesthistextfitin?,B.TheauthorandthetextWhoistheauthor?Whatdoyouknowabouttheauthor?Whatauthoritydoestheauthorhave?Whoistheintendedaudience?Whatistheauthorspurpose?Whyhasthetextbeenwritten?Whatisthesourceofthetext?Isitreputable?Whoisthepublisher?Whatreputationdotheyhave?Whatisthedateofpublication?Isitappropriatetotheargument?Whatisthewritersattitudetowardsthetopic?Whatconclusionsaredrawn?,Thefollowingquestionsmaybeusefullyaskedaboutanytextyouarereading:,C.EvidenceusedIsthereacleardistinctionbetweenfactandopinion?Isevidenceusedtosupportarguments?Howgoodistheevidence?Areallthepointssupported?Inanexperimentalstudy,wasthesamplesizeadequateandarethestatisticsreliable?Arethereanyunsupportedpoints?Aretheywell-knownfactsorgenerallyacceptedopinions?Howdoesthewriteruseothertextsandotherpeoplesideas?Arethewritersconclusionsreasonableinthelightoftheevidencepresented?Howdotheconclusionsrelatetoothersimilarresearch?,Thefollowingquestionsmaybeusefullyaskedaboutanytextyouarereading:,D.AssumptionsmadeWhatassumptionshasthewritermade?Aretheyvalid?Whatbeliefsorvaluesdoesthewriterhold?Aretheyexplicit?Lookatthelanguagethatisused,e.g.active/passiveverbs,nominalisations,pronouns,ergativeverbs,articles,etc.Isitalwayspossibletoidentifyparticipantsandprocesses?Lookforemphaticwords:itisobvious,definitelyandofcourse.Lookforhedges:possible,might,perhaps.Lookforemotionalarguments,useofmaximisers:completely,absolutely,entirely,orminimisers:only,just,hardly,simply,merely.Howelsecouldthetexthavebeenwritten?,Thefollowingquestionsmaybeusefullyaskedaboutanytextyouarereading:,Haveapractice!,InterpretivereadingactivityScan“PatientViolenceagainstHealthCareProfessionals”andanswerthequestionsonP40.Underlinethemedicalexpressionsinthetext.Time:5min,Haveapractice!,CriticalreadingactivityRead“PatientViolenceagainstHealthCareProfessionals”closelyandaskquestionsaboutthetextinthefouraspectssuggested.Trytousetheskillsintroducedjustnow.Sharethequestionsyouaskwithyourgroupmates.Thencooperatetofindtheanswerstoyourquestions.Time:20min,MatchthemedicaltermswiththeirChineseversion.,medicolegalreportneurosurgeonforcepspsychiatristcustodialstaffpsychiatricresidentsurgicalresidentinternalmedicineresidentcomplaintschizophreniaIntramuscularoutpatientEmergencydepartment(ED),看护人员内科住院医生精神科医师神经外科医生医用钳法医报告诉求精神科住院医生门诊病人急诊科肌注的外科住院医生精神分裂症,Assignment,Applycriticalreadingtechniquestothereadingsof“Doctor-PatientRelationship”.Reviewthemedicalexpressionsinunit2(readingA&B)andgetreadyforthequiznextweek.Preparefortheinformationanalysisandcriticalthinkingactivities.,Informationanalysisandcriticalthinkingactivities,1.Searchinformationfromothersourcesandmakeapresentationabouthowtoprotectdoctorsfromdifferentkindsofmedicalviolence.2.SearchinformationfromothersourcestofindoutoneofthemostinfluentialmedicalviolencecasesthathappenedinChinaandmakeapresentationabouthowithappenedandwhatcanbelearnedfromtheaccident.,Informationanalysisandcriticalthinkingactivities,Analyzetwomedicalcasesanddiscussaboutthebehaviorsofthedoctors.Ifyouwerethedoctor,whatwouldyoudointhesesituation.Makeascenarioaboutthecasesandyourcomments.3.Case1:Apregnantwomanwassenttothehospitalforseriouspneumoniabutitturnedoutsheneededcesareanimmediatelytosaveboththechildandherself.Afterbeinginformedoftheunexpectedsituation,herhusbandrefusedtosigntheOperationAgreement.Withouttheapprovalofthehusband,thedoctordarentgivetheoperationandthereforethewomandied.Lateron,thedoctorandthehospitalweretakentocourtfortakingnoactionstosavethewoman.,Informationanalysisandcriticalthinkingactivities,Analyzetwomedicalcasesanddiscussaboutthebehaviorsofthedoctors.Ifyouwerethedoctor,whatwouldyoudointhesesituation.Makeascenarioaboutthecasesandyourcomments.4.Case2:Amanseriouslywoundedinatrafficaccidentwassenttothehospital.Hislifewouldbeindangerifthedoctorcouldntgivehimimmediateoperation.However,thepatientsfamilywasnttheretosigntheOperationAgreement.Inordertosavehim,thedoctorinchargeoperatedonhimwithoutgettingthewrittenapprovalofhisfamily.Lateron,thepatientdiedofunexpectedheartattackinthemiddleofthesurgeryandthedoctorthereforewastakentocourtforthedeathofthepatient.,Informationanalysisandcriticalthinkingactivities,5.WatchtheAmericanTVdramaGregsAnatomySeason1Episode8andmakeapresentationaboutyourthoughtsaboutthefollowingaspects:1)Shoulddoctorsrespectthereligiousbeliefofthepatienttomaintainagoodrelationshipwiththepatient?2)Shoulddoctorsmeettheneedsofpatientsincasetheirneedsmayjeopardizetheirlife?3)Inwhichwayscanadoctorrespecthispatients?Isrespectarequirementtokeepapositiverelationshipwithpatients?,
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