何玲语言学教程导读.ppt

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1,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,2,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,胡壮麟,胡壮麟,男,1933年3月生,上海市人。北京大学英语系教授、博士生导师。研究方向涉及:国外语言学理论与流派、功能语言学、语用学、文体学、语篇分析、英语教学法、语言规划、符号学等。主要著作语言学教程。,3,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,语言学教程,Thebookcovers12chaptersItiseasytoreadandunderstand,4,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,ChapterOneInvitationstoLinguistics,ChapterTwoSpeechSounds,ChapterThreeLexicon,ChapterFourFromWordtoText,ChapterFiveMeaning,ChapterSixLanguageandCognition,ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety,ChapterEightLanguageinUse(Pragmatics),Chapter9LanguageandLiterature,Chapter10LanguageandtheComputer,Chapter11,LinguisticsandForeignLanguageTeaching,Chapter12TheoriesofLinguistics,16,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,Themainquestionsdiscussedinthisbook.,17,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,1.WhyStudyLanguage?,18,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,1.1Somemythsaboutlanguage,Languageisonlyameansofcommunication.Languagehasaform-meaningcorrespondence.Thefunctionoflanguageistoexchangeinformation.EnglishismoredifficulttolearnthanChinese.BlackEnglishisnotstandardandshouldbereformed.,19,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,2、Whatslanguage?,LaymendefinitionsLanguageiswhatwedothingswithLanguageiswhatIthinkwithLanguageisusedforcommunicationLanguageiswhatIspeakwithLanguageiswhatIwritewith,20,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,“Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.”-RonaldWardhaugh:IntroductiontoLinguistics(1977),21,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,“Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.”Itisinstrumentalinthatcommunicatingbyspeakingorwritingisapurposefulact.,22,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,3.DesignFeaturesofLanguage,Languagedistinguisheshumanbeingsfromanimalsinthatitisfarmoresophisticatedthananyanimalcommunicationsystem.,23,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,Humanlanguageisunique,Arbitrariness,Duality,Creativity,Displacement,24,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,3.1Arbitrariness,ThedogbarkswowwowinEnglishbut“汪汪汪”inChinese.,25,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,3.2Duality,Primaryunitswords(meaningful)consistofsecondaryunitssounds(meaningless).,26,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,3.3Creativity,Languageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Wecanuseittocreatenewmeanings.Wordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthings,andcanbeinstantlyunderstoodbypeoplewhohavenevercomeacrossthatusagebefore.,27,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,Creativity,一天,一个不明飞行物从桂林上空飞过。10秒钟后,有人在荔浦县城看到三个小矮人。他们左手握着冲锋枪,右手拿着大哥大,头戴红军帽,口里唱着刘三姐主题歌。,28,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,3.4Displacement,Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.,29,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,Displacement,Thus,wecanrefertoConfucius,ortheNorthPole,eventhoughthefirsthasbeendeadforover2550yearsandthesecondissituatedfarawayfromus.,30,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,4.Originoflanguage,TheDivineorigin:“InthebeginningwastheWord,andtheWordwaswithGod,andtheWordwasGod.”(Gospel,John1:1),31,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,AstheopeningbookoftheOldTestament,Ittellsaboutthecreationoftheuniverse,theoriginofthemankind,thebeginningofsinandsufferingintheworld.,32,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,Accordingtothestoryofcreation,Godcreatestheworld.Godfirstcreatetheuniverse;Theearthistheonlymember;Mercury(水星)(信使神);Venus(金星)(爱神);Mars(火星)(战神)Jupiter(木星)(天神),33,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,Formless;desolate;ragingocean;darkness;Godcommanded:“lettherebelight”Heseparatelightfromdarkness;Henamedlight“Day”andthedarkness“Night”;ThatwasDayOne(Sunday),34,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,DayTwo(Monday)Godmadeadomeanditseparatedthewater,henamedthedome“Sky”.Eveningpassedandmorningcame,thatwasthesecondday.,35,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,DayThree(Tuesday)Godcommanded“letthewatercometogether,sothatthelandappear”.Henamedtheland“Earth”andthewater“Sea”Letthelandproduceplants,36,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,TheTowerofBabylon(巴比伦之塔)OnelanguageWanderedintheEastandsettledinit.LetsmakebricksandbuildatowerThischallengedtheoriginalwillofGod,Theywilldoanythingtheywant,37,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,Godcommanded:Mixupthelanguagesothattheycouldnotunderstandeachother.,38,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,英语中12个月名称的由来,公历一年有12个月,但不少人并不知道12个月的英语名称的来历。公历起源于古罗马历法。罗马的英语原来只有10个月,古罗马皇帝决定增加两个月放在年尾,后来朱里斯凯撒大帝把这两个月移到年初,成为1月、2月,原来的1月、2月便成了3月、4月,依次类推。这就是今天世界沿用的公历。,39,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,January-1月,在罗马传说中,有一位名叫雅努斯的守护神,生有先后两副脸,一副回顾过去,一副要眺望未来。人们认为选择他的名字作为除旧迎新的第一个月月名,很有意义。英语January,便是由这位守护神的拉丁文名字January演变而来的。,40,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,February-2月,每年2月初,罗马人民都要杀牲饮酒,欢庆菲勃卢姆节。这一天,人们常用一种牛、草制成的名叫Februa的鞭子,抽打不育的妇女,以求怀孕生子。这一天,人们还要忏悔自己过去一年的罪过,洗刷自己的灵魂,求得神明的饶恕,使自己成为一个贞洁的人。英语2月February,便是由拉丁文Februar-ius(即菲勃卢姆节)演变而来。,41,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,ThesourcesofEnglishlanguage,Indo-European(8languagegroups),42,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,1.IndoIranian(伊朗语系的)2.American3.Slavic(斯拉夫语)4.Hellenic(古希腊语系)5.Italic(意大利语)6.Celtic(剀尔特语)8.Germanic(English,German,Dutch)(印欧语系的),43,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,EnglishbelongedtoIndo-Europeanlanguage,whichincludesmostofthelanguagesofEuropeandIndia.,44,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,HistoricalviewoftheEnglishvocabulary,OldEnglish(450-1150)MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)ModernEnglish(1500-now),45,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,公元年,罗马人结束了对英国的占领,随后,来自德国北部平原的三个日耳曼部落:昂格鲁人(Angles),撒克逊人,和朱尔特人开始到不列颠定居英语就是盎格鲁撒克逊的人的语言古英语时期(又称盎格鲁-撒克逊时期theAnglo-SaxonPeriod),46,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,MiddleEnglish(1150-1500),公元6世纪末基督教会来到不列颠岛,这是英语史上的一件大事,标志着英语开始受到拉丁语的影响。英语原本是盎格鲁萨克森语,属于日耳曼语的一种。拉丁语的传入是它受到的第一次文化入侵,以后这样的“侵略”还发生过两次。,47,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,经过这几次文化入侵,英语的词汇就变的非常丰富。同一个意思往往有三种词汇可以表达,一种是英语本身的词,另一种是从法语引进的词,还有一种是从拉丁语引进的词。比如“时代”这个意思,英语本身的词是time,从法语引进的词是age,从拉丁语引进的词是epoch。,48,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,英语是来自拉丁语的语言,实际上是不完全对的,因为按照通用的语言学的研究,英语来自跟罗曼语族(即是拉丁语族,意大利语族)并立的日尔曼语族,但是英语在形成过程中受到了拉丁语族的重大影响。*英语字母是源于拉丁字母,拉丁字母源于希腊字母。*在古代,北欧和当今德国的大部分地区的人被称作日尔曼人,他们使用的古语,被称作日尔曼语(Germanic)。*古日尔曼人的几个族在大约公元5世纪左右入侵大不列颠岛,这些部族包括盎格魯、撒克逊族(Anglo-Saxon),即为现今英格兰人的祖先。*古英语源自入侵大不列颠岛的部族带来的日尔曼语。,49,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,ThefirstEnglishdictionarywereprintedinLatinRobertCaswdreysTableAlphabeticalofHardWord,50,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,5.Functionsoflanguage,Linguiststalkaboutthefunctionsoflanguageinanabstractsense,thatis,notintermsofusinglanguagetochat,tothink,tobuyandsell,toreadandwrite,togreet,praiseandcondemnpeople,etc.Theysummarizethesepracticalfunctionsandattemptsomebroadclassificationsofthebasicfunctionsoflanguage.,51,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,5.1Informativefunction,Languageistheinstrumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenfeelneedtospeaktheirthoughtsaloud.Theuseoflanguagetorecordthefactsisaprerequisiteofsocialdevelopment.Thisisindeedacrucialfunctionoflanguage.,52,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,5.2Interpersonalfunction,Intheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar,itisconcernedwithinteractionbetweentheaddresserandaddresseeinthediscoursesituationandtheaddressersattitudetowardwhathespeaksorwritesabout.,53,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,Forexample,thewaysinwhichpeopleaddressothersandrefertothemselves(e.g.DearSir,DearProfessor,Johnny,yours,yourobedientservant)indicatethevariousgradesofinterpersonalrelations.,54,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,5.3Performativefunction,ThisconceptoriginatesfromthephilosophicalstudyoflanguagerepresentedbyAustinandSearle,whosetheorynowformstheback-boneofpragmatics.(Chapter8)Forexample,Inowdeclarethemeetingopen,Ibetyoutwopoundsitwillraintomorrow.,55,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,Theperformativefunctioncanextendtothecontrolofrealityasonsomemagicalorreligiousoccasions.Forexample,inChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay岁岁平安asameansofcontrollingtheinvisibleforceswhichthebelieversfeelmightaffecttheirlivesadversely.,56,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,5.4Emotivefunction,Theemotivefunctionoflanguageisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitiscrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.e.g.God,My,Damnit,Whatasight,Wow,Ugh,Oh.,57,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,5.5Phaticcommunion,Itreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage,originatingfromMalinowskisstudyofthefunctionsoflanguageperformedbyTrobriandIslanders.Forexample,Mrs.Psneezesviolently.Mrs.Q:Blessyou.Mrs.P:Thankyou.,58,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,5.6Recreationalfunction,Therecreationalfunctionofalanguageisoftenoverlookedbecauseitseemssorestrictiveinpurposeandsupposedlysolimitedinusefulness.However,noonewilldenytheuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit,suchasababysbabblingorachanterschanting.,59,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,Totakeoneexample,thewell-knownmovie刘三姐featuresasceneof“对歌”(songdueling)mostlyforthesheerjoyofplayingonlanguage.,60,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,5.7Metalingualfunction,Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.Toorganizeanywrittentextintoacoherentwhole,writersemploycertainexpressionstokeeptheirreadersinformedaboutwheretheyareandwheretheyaregoing.,61,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,Forinstance,insteadofsayingThelionchasedtheunicornallroundthetown,theysayAllaroundthetownthelionchasedtheunicorn.,Aunicorn,62,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,Thisisthemetalingualfunctionoflanguageandmesheswiththethematicfunctionoflanguageinfunctionalgrammar.Itmakesthelanguageinfinitelyself-reflexive:Wehumanbeingscantalkabouttalkandthinkaboutthinking,andthusonlyhumanscanaskwhatitmeanstocommunicate,tothink,tobehuman.,63,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,6.WhatisLinguistics?,ThescientificstudyofhumanlanguageAimsoflinguistictheory:1.Whatisknowledgeoflanguage?(Competence)2.Howisknowledgeoflanguageacquired?(Acquisition)3.Howisknowledgeoflanguageputtouse?(Performance/languageprocessing),64,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,7.Mainbranchesoflinguistics,PhoneticsPhonologyMorphologySyntaxSemanticsPragmatics,65,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,7.1Phonetics,Phoneticsstudiesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thatishowspeechsoundsareactuallymade,transmittedandreceived,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeech,etc.,66,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,7.2Phonology,Phonologystudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.Itdealswiththesoundsystemofalanguagebytreatingphonemeasthepointofdeparture.,67,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,7.3Morphology,Morphologyisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaningmorphemesandword-formationprocesses.Althoughmanypeoplethinkofwordsasthebasicmeaningfulelementsofalanguage,manywordscanbebrokendownintostillsmallerunits,calledmorphemes.,68,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,7.4Syntax,Syntaxisaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectsentences.,69,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,Weknowthatwordsareorganizedintostructuresmorethanjustwordorder.a.Thechildrenwatchedthefireworkfromthehill.b.Thechildrenwatchedthefireworkfromthehill.Thechickenistoohottoeat.,70,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,7.5Semantics,Semanticsexamineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.Itisnotonlyconcernedwithmeaningsofwordsaslexicalitems,butalsowithlevelsoflanguagebelowthewordandaboveit,e.g.meaningofmorphemesandsentences.,71,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,7.6Pragmatics,Pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext.Itdealswithparticularutterancesinparticularsituationsandisespeciallyconcernedwiththevariouswaysinwhichthemanysocialcontextsoflanguageperformancecaninfluenceinterpretation.Inotherwords,pragmaticsisconcernedwiththewaylanguageisusedtocommunicateratherthanwiththewaylanguageisinternallystructured.,72,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,8.Macrolinguistics,Linguisticsisnottheonlyfieldconcernedwithlanguage.Otherdisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociology,ethnography,thescienceoflawandartificialintelligenceetc.arealsopreoccupiedwithlanguage.,73,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,8.1Psycholinguistics,Itinvestigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,forexample,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisition.,74,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,8.2Sociolinguistics,Sociolinguisticsisthestudyofthecharacteristicsoflanguagevarieties,thecharacteristicsoftheirfunctions,andthecharacteristicsoftheirspeakersasthesethreeconstantlyinteractandchangewithinaspeechcommunity.,75,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,8.3Anthropologicallinguistics,Thetwodisciplinesbecamecloselyassociatedintheearlydaysofanthropologicalfieldworkwhenanthropologistsenlistedthehelpoflinguiststostudyunwrittenlanguages.Incontrastwithotherlinguists,then,anthropologicallinguistsareinterestedprimarilyinthehistoryandstructureofformerlyunwrittenlanguages.,76,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,8.4Computationallinguistics,Aninterdisciplinaryfieldwhichcentersaroundtheuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehumanlanguage(alsoknownas“naturallanguage”,todistinguishitfromcomputerlanguages).Tothisfield,linguisticscontributesanunderstandingofthespecialpropertiesoflanguagedata,andprovidestheoriesanddescriptionsoflanguagestructureanduse.,77,崔建斌:语言学教程(第三版),2008,Requiredreadingreferences,赵世开(中国社科院)(1989):美国语言学简史,上海:上海外语教学出版社。,
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