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.【1】Insurance is the sharing of _(1). Nearly everyone is exposed _(2) of some sort. The house owner, for example, knows that his _(3) can be damaged by fire; the ship owner knows that his vessel may be lost at sea; the breadwinner knows that he may die by _(4) and _(5) his family in poverty. On the other hand, not every house is damaged by fire or every vessel lost at sea. If these persons each put a _(6) sum of money into a pool, there will be enough to _(7) the needs of the few who do suffer _(8). In other words the losses of the few are met from the contributions of the _(9). This is the basis of _(10). Those who pay the contributions are known as _(11) and those who administer the pool of the contributions as insurer.The _(12) for an insurance naturally depends on how the risk is to happen as suggested _(13) past experience. If the companies fix their premiums too _(14), there will be more competition in their branch of insurance and they may lose _(15). On the other hand, if they make the premiums too low, they will not have _(16) and may even have to drop out _(17) business. So the ordinary forces of supply and _(18) keep premiums at a proper _(19) to both insurers and those who _(20) insurance.【2】Motivation is “the driving force within individuals that impels them to action.” And goals are the sought-after results _(1) motivated behavior.Motivation can be either positive or negative _(2) direction. We may feel a driving force toward some object or condition, _(3) a driving force away from some object or condition. For example, a person may be impelled toward a restaurant to fulfill a need, hunger, and away _(4) an airplane to fulfill a need of safety. Some psychologists refer to positive drives _(5) needs, wants or desires, _(6) negative drives as fears or aversions. _(7), though negative and positive motivational forces seem to differ dramatically _(8) terms of physical and sometimes emotional activity, they are basically similar in _(9) they both serve to initiate and sustain human behavior. _(10) this reason, researchers often refer _(11) both kinds of drives of motives as needs, wants and desires.Goals, _(12), can be either positive or negative. A positive goal is one toward _(13) behavior is directed and it is often referred to as an approach object. A negative goal is _(14) from which behavior is directed away and it is sometimes referred to as an avoidance object. Since both approach and avoidance goals can be considered objectives of motivated behavior, most researchers refers to _(15) types simply as goals. Consider this example. A middle-aged woman may wish to remain _(16) attractive as possible. Her positive goal is to appear desirable, and _(17) she may use a perfume advertised to make her irresistible. A negative goal may be to prevent her skin _(18) aging, and therefore she may buy and use face creams. _(19) the former case, she uses perfume to help her achieve her positive goal attractiveness; in the _(20) case, she uses face creams to help avoid a negative goal wrinkled skin.【3】A good translator is by definition bilingual. The opposite is not _(1) true, however. A born and bred bilingual will still need two _(2) to become a translator: first, the skills and experience necessary for _(3); second, knowledge of the field in which he or she will _(4). The skills and experience for translation include the ability to write _(5) in the target language, the ability to read and understand the _(6) language material thoroughly, and the ability to work with the latest _(7) and communication hardware and software.Dose a born and bred bilingual _(8) a better translator than someone who learned language B later in _(9)? There is no definite answer, but the following issues are important. _(10), a born and bred bilingual often suffers from not truly knowing _(11) language well enough to translate, with some even suffering from what _(12) known as a lingualism, a state in which a person lacks _(13) full, fluent command of any language. Second, born and bred bilinguals _(14) dont know the culture of the target language well enough to _(15) top-quality translations, or cannot recognize what aspects of the source language _(16) its culture need to be treated with particular care, as they _(17) in a sense too close to the language. And last, they often _(18) the analytical linguistic skills to work through a sticky text.On _(19) other hand, the acquired bilingual may not have the same in-depth _(20) of colloquialisms, slang, and dialect that the born bilingual has. Also, the acquired bilingual will not be able to translate as readily in both directions (from B to language A and A to language B). Finally, born bilinguals often have a greater appreciation of the subtleties and nuances of both their languages than someone who learns their B language later in life can ever hope to have.【4】Statistics from China _(1) be mind boggling: 1.2 billion _(2), 1.73 trillion cigarettes smoked in a year, 7,000 different _(3) of woody plants. But amid all of these staggering sums, one factoid stands _(4) for both its audacious size and for what it says about Chinas future: there are 630 million Chinese under the age of 24. Thats a lot of _(5) energy to burn. Materialism may be the _(6) preoccupation among Chinas young people these days, but just beneath the surface lies a feeling _(7) wounded nationalist pride and an ever-deepening spiritual hunger. It isnt clear where Chinas young people are headed. But this is a generation that, by its _(8) size and certain talents, will _(9) the worlds destiny.Heres another sobering statistic: this is Terry McCarthys 22nd, and fina, cover _(10) for TIME Asia-hes leaving the region _(11) three years to become TIMEs Los Angeles _(12) chief. McCarthy, who has indefatigably crisscrossed Asia out of his twin bases of Hong Kong and Shanghai, was the main driver _(13) this weeks superb special report on young China. He developed the story list, guided much _(14) the reporting and wrote some of the articles. All _(15) planning a swank black-tie masked ball last weekend in Shanghai. “ I was _(16) by the willingness of individual Chinese to write for us or talk about their _(17),” McCarthy says about the special _(18). “ These are the guys _(19) are going to be running the country in 20 _(20).” If were lucky, McCarthy will be back in the region long before then.【5】Ageing is a demned nuisance. Just _(1) you think you have the experience, _(2) style, the wisdom, the confidence to _(3) gorgeous, it turns out your body _(4) are descending without the aid of _(5) parachute and going up a _(6) of stairs without gasping is a major _(7) challenge. Where is the justice in _(8)?Red wine was invented as the consolation _(9) now one man wants to take the _(10) to nature. If the radical dream of Ed Moses _(11) true, we will no longer think _(12) 48 as middle age. It will be the beginning of life, bounding and brimming with youthful _(13) and potential. One of the greatest track athletes of _(14) time, the 1976 and 1984 Olympic champion _(15) the 400 metres hurdles, is back in _(16).Oh, dont be daft, Edwin, all his friends and colleagues have been _(17). Michael Johnson, SebCoe, Daley Thompson have all looked him _(18) the earnest eye and forewarned _(19) of terrible injuries and humiliation. _(20) is a tide that no man may turn back, not even one who went unbeaten in his event for nine years, nine months and nine days, winning 122 consecutive races and driving despair into the hearts of his miserably training rivals.【6】60,000 volunteers from around the world will be trained _(1) the Olympic and Paralympic _(2) in Athens in 2004. Without the volunteers, _(3) Olympic Games as we know them _(4) would not exits. The volunteers, who are_(5) all ages, cultures and backgrounds, all _(6) the same passion for sport and the Olympic Ideal, _(7) the athletes, these are the people who _(8) personify Olympism.In Athens, the volunteers will work _(9) the maintenance of venues, the supervision _(10) events, hospitality and orientation of visitors _(11) athletes, transport, logistics, etc. From welcome _(12) the airports and train stations, _(13) security at venues, catering, administration, ticketing and transport for athletes and officials, _(14) one of their many talents is invaluable.Applications _(15) are available to any individual, of _(16) nationality, who wishes to participate. The only _(17) is being at least 18 years old _(18) the time of the Games. The candidates _(19) profiles best fit the required posts will be _(20) a place in the Organising Committee. They must then follow a training course. Finally, the volunteers will receive their accreditation, uniform and any necessary equipment.【7】Video games have taken a lot of _(1) lately, blamed by some for _(2) violence and fostering sedentariness (sitting for a long time). Now the results of a new study suggest that all those hours _(3) playing action-packed games might have some _(4) effects. Researchers writing today in the journal Nature report that the activity _(5) attention-related visual skills.Through a series of experiments, C. Shawn Green and Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester determined that habitual video-game players were _(6) able than non-players to focus on visually complex situations, to keep _(7) of multiple items at once and to process fast-changing information. To rule _(8) the possibility that their results _(9) reflected a tendency for gamers to be people _(10) inherently superior visual skills, the team subjected non-gamers to action-video-game training, _(11) which they played Medal of Honor for an hour _(12) day, 10 days in a _(13). Meanwhile a control group was trained on Tetris, which, _(14) Medal of Honor, requires focusing on only a single object at a _(15). After that short training period, the Medal of Honor group exhibited _(16) visual skills. “_(17) forcing players to simultaneously juggle a number of _(18) tasks (detect new enemies, track existing enemies and avoid getting hurt, among others), action-video-game playing pushes the limits of three _(19) different aspects of visual attention,” the authors conclude. “Although video-game playing may seem rather mindless,” they add, “ it is _(20) of radically altering visual attention processing.【8】People who learn to play an instrument may reap benefits that arent musical in _(1), according to a new study. Findings _(2) this month in the journal Neuropsychology indicate that children with training _(3) music have better verbal memory skills than _(4) their peers who havent received musical instruction.Agnes S. Chan of Chinese University in HK and her colleagues tested 90 boys _(5) the ages of six and 15. Half of the students _(6) to a school orchestra and had received additional musical training, _(7) the other half and not been taught how to play _(8) instrument. The researchers compared the students verbal memory skills, _(9) as recalling words from a list, and their visual memory _(10) images. They found that boys with musical training remembered significantly more words than the _(11) students did and retained more words after 30-minute delays. What is _(12), performance on the verbal learning tasks rose in proportion _(13) the length of musical training. Music instruction had no _(14) on visual memory, however.The scientists note that the improved verbal memory stems _(15) musical training because both tasks engage the _(16) section of the brain, the left temporal region. A _(17) study a year after the first indicated that the effects are long-lasting children who _(18) stopped their musical training retained the verbal memory advantage gained from the instruction. In _(19), Chan notes that musics benefits may spill _(20) into other areas, nothing that “students with better verbal memory probably will find it easier to learn in school.”【9】Welcome to Washington, _(1), one of the most exciting and beautiful cities in the world. Americas _(2) City is the seat of government as well as a city of monuments and memorials.The District of Columbia, _(3) of culture, charm and intrigue, also has an international _(4) in its embassies and everyday neighborhoods._(5) from its many obvious attractions and sights, the District is known for _(6) politicians, scandals and prominent citizens. It has some of the countrys oldest churches and has been the _(7) for some of the worlds greatest authors and musicians. To help you find your _(8) to the sights, were provided short capsules on some points of immediate _(9). Just use the numbers on each item to help you locate the place on the map you wish to see.U.S. CapitolOpen 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Monday through Saturday _(10) Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Years Day. The Capitol is _(11) Sunday. Thirty-minute _(12) tours depart from the Rotunda at the East Front of the Capitol, facing the Library of Congress and _(13) Court, and begin every 30 minutes from 9:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. Monday through Saturday. Free tickets are required for the _(14); tickets are distributed on a first-come, first-_(15) basis daily beginning at 8:15 a.m. at the West Front of the Capitol,moved from the East Front _(16) to construction of a visitors center. Self-guided tours are not available.The building is _(17) symbolic of the U.S. federal government and the place where laws are _(18) by Congress. The Rotunda houses historical paintings, statues and frescoes beneath a massive dome. The gold circle in the center of the Rotundas floor marks the place where 23 U.S. leaders have lain in _(19).Visitors wishing to be admitted to the galleries when the House or Senate is in _(20) must obtain passes from the office of a senator or representative.【10】 White House31600 Pennsylvania Ave. NW. Free admission. Tours of the White House are _(1) to organized school group only. Tour requests must be submitted _(2) a member of Congress. Tours for school groups are given from 7:45 to 10:30 a.m. Tuesday through Saturday. The White House often closes _(3) tours because of official functions, and these are not _(4) announced until the day before the function. The White House Visitors Center, _(5) near E and 15th streets NW, is open seven days a week from 7:30 a.m. until 4p.m. and features many _(6) of the White House, _(7) its architecture, furnishings, first families, social events, relations with the press and world leaders, as well as a 30-minute video.The home of _(8) U.S. president except George Washington, the White House is the citys _(9) public building. Antiques, presidential portraits and _(10) furnishings in their period settings make the White House and unsurpassed museum of Americas leadership as well as the home of the president. It has 132 rooms and 28 baths, _(11) maintained by public funds. Eight rooms are open to the public _(12) for walk-throughs or viewing.Washington MonumentCenter of the National Mall, almost midway between the U.S. Capitol and the Lincoln Memorial. The monument is open _(13) from 9a.m. to 4:45p.m. free tickets are distributed for that days visit from 8a.m. to 4:30p.m. from a kiosk on the monument grounds.An impressive marble and granite obelisk, the 555-foot-tall Washington Monument offers panoramic _(14) of the Washington area from windows on four sides of its capstone. Built from 1848 to 1884 in _(15) of the countrys first president, the monument is the tallest masonry structure in the world. An elevator _(16) visitors to the top. An extensive renovation of the monument was completed recently.Lincoln MemorialWest end of the Mall. Ten-minute talks conducted periodically by National Park Service guiders. Open from 8 a.m.to 11:45 p.m. daily._(17) in 1922, the memorials 36 columns represent the number of states in the union at the time of the presidents _(18). Inside, a huge marble statue of a seated Lincoln-considered by _(19) to be one of the greatest sculptures in the world-overlooks the Reflecting Pool toward the Capitol. Lincolns Second Inaugural Address and Gettysburg Address are _(20) on the interior walls.【11】The jump _(1) the number of Americans _(2) health insurance is not just another bad economic statistic.Health care costs _(3) soaring again, after several years of stability; average premiums _(4) nearly 14 percent this year, the third year of double-digit _(5), according to the Kaiser Family Foundation. Employers are pushing _(6) of the costs onto their workers, raising co-payments and deductibles. At the same time, many Americans _(7) their health benefits jeopardized _(8) layoffs, which have continued _(9) the official end of the recession in November 2001.In such time, the plight of the uninsured becomes more _(10) a middle class issue, more _(11) a symbol of real close-to-home insecurity and _(12) more politically potent, advocates and experts say. _(13) now, “its mainly been an _(14) of altruism for a discrete and disadvantaged population,” said Ron Pollack, executive director of Families USA, _(15) liberal consumer group.“Now _(16) the losses _(17) health coverage are impacting _(18) middle-class and working families,” Mr. Pollack said, “this issue _(19) one of self-interest for a very substantial _(20) of the population.【12】Tourists were coming to Mexicos Isla Mujeres _(1) before Cancun began welcoming visitors big-time for vacation getaways. Back _(2), sons of local fishermen would take groups from the mainland to visit from a port near Puetro Juarez. Today, a regular ferry _(3) makes runs to Puerto Juarez _(4) half-hour.Before the fishermens excursions, _(5) Mayan Indians lived on the island. It _(6) as their sanctuary for Ixchel, the goddess of fertility, reason, medicine and the moon. Remnants of her temple still stand at the southern _(7) of the island, which also has been used as a lighthouse in which _(8) shone through holes in the temple walls to warn _(9) at sea.The Mayans also harvested salt from the lagoons in the area, and in wartime, the island was one of their_(10).Let me tell you a tale of a wonderful trip to that secluded island in the Caribbean on the easternmost point in Mexico.Isla Mujeres is _(11) six miles north of Cancun and has fewer than 12,000 inhabitants. In recent years, tourism has continued to becom
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