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一、 情态动词的用法（一） 情态动词的类型1、 只做情态动词的有：must、can（could）、may（might）2、 可做情态动词也可做实义动词的有：need3、 可做情态动词也可做助动词的有：will（would）、shall（should）4、 可做情态动词的某些特征的有：have to、ought to（二） 情态动词的特征1、 有一定的词义，但不能单独做谓语，必须和行为动词或系动词连用，构成谓语： must home（X） must go home（）2、 无人称和数的变化（have to）例外，用于第三人称单数时用has toWe must stay there. He must stay there.We have to walk home. He has to walk home.3、 后接动词原形：She may lose her way4、 具有助动词的作用，可用来构成否定句、疑问句及用于简明答语Can you sing an English song ? Yes, I can.（三） 情态动词的用法1、can、could的用法（1） 表示能力，译为：能，会。如：Can you play basketball? 你会打篮球么？（2） 表怀疑、猜测，常用于否定句和疑问句当中，如：He cant be in the room.他不可能在房间里。（3） 表请求或允许，多用于口语，意为“可以”，相当于may。如：You can(may) go now.你现在可以走了。（4） could是can的过去式，可以表示过去的能力。如：I could swim when I was seven years old.（5） 以can开头的一般疑问句，其肯定回答和否定回答分别用can和cant。2、may（过去式might）的用法（1）表推测，意为“可能，也许”，用于肯定句中。如：He may come tomorrow. 他明天可能会来。（2）表请求、许可，意为“可以“。如：May I borrow your book? 我可以借用你的书么？注意：may表请求，用于主语为第一人称的一般疑问句时，其否定回答用mustnt，不用may not，意为“不可以，不许，禁止“，如：May I go now? No, you mustnt不可以/ Yes, you may(can). 是，可以。 （3）表祝愿。如：May you succeed. 祝你成功 表示推测，意为一定，一般用于肯定句。在疑问句和否定句一般应用can，否定句也用may，但may not表示可能不，而cant表示不可能。如：Theres someone knocking on the door. 有人在敲门。It must be Jim. 肯定是吉姆。注意：在否定句中，mustnt表示禁止，意为不允许。以must开头的疑问句，肯定回答用must，而否定回答则常用neednt或者dont have to，意为不必，而不用mustnt。如：Must I finish the work today? 我今天必须完成工作么？No，you neednt/ you dont have to. 不，你不必（4）对need词性的判断：need后加to do说明need为实义动词，用助动词提问或否定；need后加doing表被动；若need后加动词原形，则need为情态动词，用need提问或否定，肯定回答用must，否定回答用neednt。如：You neednt come to school so early. 你不必这么早来学校。5、 had better的用法had better+动词原形，表示最好做某事，否定式用had better not do sth6、 shall（should）、will（would）的用法（1） shall用于第一人称，表示征求意见、询问。用于第二、三人称，表示命令如：Shall I open the window？ 我打开窗户好么？Shall we have lunch here？我们在这儿吃饭好么？You shall listen to the teacher in class. 课堂上你必须听讲。 （2） should常用来表示义务、责任。如：We should obey traffic laws. 我们应该遵守交通规则。（3） will用于第二人称表示询问、请求，也可以表达现在的意愿。如：Will you pass me the book? 你能把这本书递给我么？（4） would用来表示过去的意愿或委婉的询问。如：Would you tell me the way to the station？你能告诉我去东站的路么？7、 易混点清单（1） can和be able tocan和be able to表示能力时用法相同，can只用于现在时和过去式（could），但be able to表示经过努力后，能够做到有现在时，过去时和将来时。如：We will be able to come back next week.我们下周能回来。The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.Jim couldnt speak Chinese last year, but now he can. Jim去年不会说中文但今年会。（2） can和may表示可能性的区别 在肯定句中用may表可能。如：You had better ask the policeman. He may know.你最好问问警察，他可能知道。 在否定句中，若语气肯定，表示不可能时用can not，若语气不肯定，表示可能不时用may not。Mr Li cant be in the room. He has gone to Beijing for a visit.李老师不可能在，他去北京度假了。（3） could，should，would，might表示委婉语气could，should，would，might等过去式有时不表示过去，而是表示更委婉客气的语气，如： Would you tell me the way to the park?你能告诉我去公园的路么？（4） maybe和may bemay为情态动词，后面跟动词原形be，用在句中。Maybe为副词，“大概，也许”，相当于perhaps，用于句首。（5） cant和mustnt表否定推测时应用cant，mustnt表达“禁止，不允许”的含义，不是用来表推测的，在肯定句中must表推测，意为“一定”。 Must I go to law school and be a lawyer like you, Dad? D No，you_, son. Youre free to make your own decision.A. cant B. mustnt C. shouldnt D. neednt Is Mr Brown driving here? AIm not sure. He_ come by train.A. may B. shall C. need D. must Look at the young lady in red. Is it Mrs King? DNo, it_ be her. She is wearing a white dress today.A. can B. may C. must D. cantB 1May I stop my car here? No, you_.A. cant B. mustnt C. neednt D. dont have toA 2. Must we clean the house now? No, you _.A. neednt B. may not C. mustnt D. cantC 3. John_ his father about his failure in the exam.A. dares not tell B. dares not telling C. dare not tell D. dares not to tellC 4. You_ return the book now. You can keep it next week if you like.A. cant B. mustnt C. neednt D. may notB 5. Johnny, you_ play with the knife, you_hurt yourself.A. wont.cant B. mustnt.may C. shouldnt, must D. cant.shouldntD 6. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone_ get out.A. had to B. would C. could D. was able toC 7. Would you go out for a walk with me? No, I _. My girl friend is coming.A. wouldnt B. shall not C. wont D. shouldntA 8. Man_ die without water.A. will B. can C. need D. shallD 9. If he started at 9 0clock, he_ be there by now.A. need B. shall C. ought to D. mustD 10. I mailed the letter two weeks ago. She _it.A. must receive B. cant receive C. might receive D. must have receivedA 11.The professor gave orders that the experiment _ before 5:30p.m.A. be finished B. will finish C. must be finished D. would be finishedD 12. There was plenty of time. You_.A. mustnt hurry B. mustnt have hurried C. neednt hurry D. neednt have hurriedA 13. Tom was a diligent(勤奋的) boy. He_ go to school though it was raining hard.A. was able to B. could C. couldnt D. wasnt able to C 14. _I go back before lunch? No, I dont think you_.A. Need.must B. Do.need to C. Must.have to D. May . ought toA 15. The teacher_do all the exercises, but a student_.A. neednt.must B. may not.must C. neednt.neednt D. cant.mustA 16. Would you open the window please ? Yes, I_.A. will B. would C. do D. canC 17. A lion_only attack a human being when it is hungry.A. should B. can C. will D. shallC 18. Must I finish this novel this morning ? No, you_.A. mustnt B. might not C. dont have to D. cantB 19. The taxi _ only hold six passengers. It is full. You _take the next one.A. may.may B. can.may C. may.can D. must.canC 20. I_ a little earlier, but I met a friend of mine on the way.A. may come B. may have come C. could have come D. must have comeA 21. I wish to go home now, _I?A. may B. cant C. must D. doD 22. He must have finished his homework, _he?A. mustnt B. didnt C. neednt D. hasntB 23. This pen looks like mine, yet it isnt. Whose_ it be?A. must B. can C. may D. mightB 24. He didnt do well in the exam. He_ hard at his lessons.A. must have worked B. ought to have worked C. would have worked D. has workedD 25. I wonder how he_ that to the teacher.A. dare to say B. dare saying C. not dare say D. dared sayC 26. Mr Baker, a number of students want to see you. _ they wait here or outside?A. Should B. Will C. Shall D. AreB 27. You_ the trees. Look, it is raining now.A. mustnt have watered B. neednt have watered C. could have watered D. might have wateredB 28. I_ give you an answer tomorrow. I promise!A. must B. will C. may D. shallB 29. As a soldier, you_ do as the head tells you.A. will B. shall C. may D. oughtA 30. The streets are all dry. It_ during the night.A. cant have rained B. must have rained C. couldnt rain D. shouldnt have rained二、 现在完成时（一） 定义：某个动作发生在过去，但对现在仍然有影响和结果，这个动作或状态可能已经结束，但影响可能还要持续下去。（二） 其构成形式是：have/has+动词过去分词，否定式在have/has后加not，疑问句应将have/has放在句子主语之前。（三） 现在完成时的用法（1） 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果，常用的时间状语有：already, yet, never, just，these days，in the past years，recently等。如：Have you ever been to Beijing? 你去过北京么？China has already made great progress in science and technology. 中国已经在科技方面取得了巨大的进步。My father has just come back from work. 我爸爸刚下班回来了。（2） 表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和表示一段时间的状语连用。“for+时间段”如for two years、“since+时间点”（表时间段），since 1991如：They have left there for two years. 他们已经离开这里两年了。He has lived in America since 1960. 从1960年开始他就一直住在美国。We have studied English for six years. 我们学习英语已经6年了。（3） for和since引导的短语都表示“一段时间”，所以谓语动词应该时延续性动词，不能用非延续性动词。延续性东西表示该动词可以一直持续进行，有：live，work，study，teach，stay等，非延续性动词是指该动词所表示的动作不能持续，在短暂的时间里完成的，有：borrow，come，arrive，get，leave，die，lend，buy等。She has come. 她来了。I have bought a watch. 我已经买了一块手表。She has been for an hour. 她已经来了一个小时了。I have had a watch since last year. 我去年就买了一块手表。（4） 现在完成时可以在条件或时间状语从句中，表示将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作。He will come as soon as he has finished the homework. 他一完成家庭作业就来。We shall wait here until the rain has stopped. 我们将一直在这里等着直到雨停。（四） 现在完成时和一般过去时的用法比较（1） 一般过去时只表示动作发生在过去，和现在不发生联系，它可以和表示过去的某个时间的状语连用。而现在完成时表示某种动作发生在过去，但对现在仍有影响，强调的是现在情况，不能和表过去时间的状语连用。如：We have visited the farm. （现在对农场有所了解）We visited the farm last week. （说明上周参观农场这件事）（2） 如果询问某事发生的时间、地点，只用一般过去时。如：When did you find your bag? 你是什么时候找到了你的包？I found it in the afternoon. 我下午找到了它。He has lived in Beijing since last year. 从去年开始他一直住北京（现在也住着） He lived in Beijing before last year. 去年以前他住在北京（现在是否住不知道）（五） have/has been和have/has gone的区别have/has been to 的意思是“去过，到过”，表示曾经去过某处，但现在人不在那，have/has gone to 意思是“去了”，表示已经去了某地，现在人可能在去的途中或已经到达。如：She has gone to Beijing. 她已经到北京去了。（她已前往北京，或在途中，或已到达。现在人不在这里）She has been to Beijing. 她曾到北京。（她过去到过北京表示一种经历，表示说话的时候她还在这里） 总之，have/has been to 讲的时过去的情况，强调过去与否，着重到目前为止的某个结果，而have/has gone to 指现在人不在“这里”，只用于第三人称，不用于第一、第二人称，不能用来代替have been to。B 1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _whats happened to him . . knew . have known . must know .will know B 2、He has _ been to Shanghai , has he ? . already .never .ever . still C 3、Have you met Mr Li _？ . just . ago .before . a moment ago D 4、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two year . . is writing .was writing .wrote .has written C 5、Our country _ a lot so far . Yes . I hope it will be even _ . . has changed ; well . changed ; good . has changed ; better . changed ; better C 6、Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years . . was ; studying . will ; study . has ; studied . are ; studying C 7、We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . . know . had known . have known . knew B 8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_ it twice . . will see . have seen . saw .see B 9、These farmers have been to the United States . Really ? When _ there ? . will they go . did they go . do they go . have they gone B 10、_ you _ your homework yet ? Yes . I _ it a moment ago . . Did ; do ; finished . Have ; done ; finished . Have ; done ; have finished . will ; do ; finish D 11、 His father _ the Party since 1978 . . joined . has joined . was in . has been in B 12、Do you know him well ? Sure . We _ friends since ten years ago . . were . have been . have become . have made A 13、How long have you _ here ? About two months . . been . gone . come . arrived C 14、Hurry up! The play _ for ten minutes . . has begun . had begun . has been on . began A 15、 It _ ten years since he left the army . （It is/has been+时间段+since+一般过去时，自.以来多长时间了）. is . has . will . was A 16、 Miss Green isnt in the office . she_ to the library . .has gone . went .will go . has been A 17、My parents _ Shandong for ten years . . have been in . have been to . have gone to . have been D 18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ? A. so they B. dont they C. have they D. havent they C 19、 has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he to China? A. How soon, comes B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrived C 20、 His uncle for more than 9 years. A. has come here B. has started to work C. has lived there D. has left the university 三、 when、while、as的区别(一) 若主句表示的是一个短暂性动作，从句表示的是一个持续性动作，三者都可用：He fell asleep when while, as he was reading. 他看书时睡着了。【注】 as 用于引出一个持续性动词表示“在期间”时，其谓语通常只能是那些含有动作(action)和发展(development) 意味的动词，一般不能是那些不用于进行时态的动词(如 be, seem, love, want, agree, see, know, have 等)，所以下面一句中的 while 不能换为 as：A：Im going to the post office. 我要去邮局。B：While youre there, can you get me some stamps? 当你在邮局时，能帮我买几张邮票吗?(2) 若主、从句表示两个同时进行的持续性动作，且强调主句表示的动作延续到从句所指的整个时间，通常要用 while：Dont talk while youre eating. 吃饭时不要说话。I kept silent while he was writing. 在他写的时候，我默不作声。但是，若主从句表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边一边”之意思，通常用 as：She sang as she went along. 她边走边唱。(三) 若从句是一个短暂性动作，主句是一个持续性动作，可用 as / when 但不用 while：It was raining hard when as we arrived. 我们到达时正下着大雨。(四) 若主从句表示的是两个同时(或几乎同时)发生的短暂性动作，用 as / when：I thought of it just when as you opened your mouth. 就在你要说的时候，我也想到了。(五) 若要表示两个正在发展变化的情况，相当于汉语的“随着”，一般用 as：Things are getting better and better as time goes on. 随着时间的推移，情况越来越好。As it grew darker, it became colder. 天色越晚，天气越冷。(六) 表示“每当的时候”(暗示一种规律性)，一般要用 when：Its cold when it snows. 下雪时天冷。He smiles when you praise him. 你夸奖他时他总是笑笑。(七) 若主从句所表示的动作不是同时发生，而是有先后顺序时，一般要用 when：I will go home when he comes back. 他回来时，我就回家去。(八) when 可用作并列连词，表示“这时(突然)”;while 也可以用作并列连词，表示“而”、“却”(表示对比);但 as 则没有类似用法：We were about to start when it began to rain. 我们正要出发，这时天开始下雨了。He likes coffee, while she likes tea. 他喜欢咖啡，而她却喜欢茶。(九) as 和 when 后均可直接跟一个名词，构成省略句，但 while 一般不这样用：As When a boy, he lived in Japan. 他小时候在日本。(十) when 和 while 后可接现在分词、介词短语、形容词等构成省略句，但 as 一般不这样用：When While reading, he fell asleep. 他看书时睡着了。When While in trouble, ask her for help. 遇到麻烦的时候你就去找她帮忙。D 1.Thatbankclerkplaysfootball_afootballplayer.A.asgoodasB.asbetterasC.sowellasD.aswellasC 2.Hehastoldthestoryjust_ithappened.A.to B.and C.asD.ifB 3.Thefilmhadbeenon_wearrived.A.whileB.whenC.howD.ifD 4.Mymotherwasworking_Iwasdoingmyhomework.A.whenB.becauseC.andD.whileC 5.Mybrotherwanttowork_anastronautwhenhegrowsup.A.inB.forC.asD.likeC 6._timegoeson,hefindshidneighboursarekind.A.whenB.whileC.asD.ifA 7.Iwashavingsupper_someoneknockedatthedoor.A.whenB.whileC.asD.ifB 8.Maryisagirloffewwords,_hissisteristalkative.A.whenB.whileC.asD.if9.Idontknowifitwill rain(rain)tomorrow,ifit doesnt rain,IwillgototheCenturyPark.10.Canyoutellmeifit will rain(rain)tomorrow?11.Hundredsofjobswill be lost(lose)ifthefactorycloses.
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