书面表达的写作步骤和要点自改(保留).ppt

,书面表达的写作步骤1审试题观察判断要写文章的类型和特点2圈要点要点就是考试评分的给分点或者扣分点。要求在能在图画图表等提示上用简单词语标出所表达的内容。这样做可以防止要点遗漏或者过分发挥。3定基调即定出时态语态、人称口吻、顺序段落、开头和结尾4写全文选择熟悉短语和句型，一气呵成5改病错看看是否有要点遗漏，字数是否符合要求，人称、时态、主谓一致等方面的错误，以便及时修改6重抄写最后将修改好的文章抄写在考卷上指定地方。要字迹工整。,书面表达注意事项1英语书面表达和语文命题作文不一样。它是一种指导性作文，不允许考生自行立意，不能漫无边际地发挥。字数（100左右）达不到要求或者超出范围均要扣分。2注意正确使用英语标点符号和大小写。3文中不要出现汉语式英语，遇到不会的词汇，可以采用相近意思表达即可。4在书写时要不勾不画，卷面美观。附录1常见的过渡表达法附录2英语中五种简单句型解析附录3写作常见经典句型（供参考）附录4关于写作中的一般表达和高级表达附录5高考书面表达评分标准附录6高考书面表达常见错误及对策,附录1常见的过渡表达法一表示时间的过渡词atfirst,next,then,afterthat,soon,soon/shortlyafter,finally,intheend,eventually,atlast,lately,recently,sincethen,later,innotime,afterawhile,afterwards,tobeginwith,immediately,meanwhile=inthemeantime=atthesametime,sofar,suddenly,attheageof,asearlyas,assoonas,before,theotherday,earlyinthemorning,after/beforedark,oneday,oneafternoon/evening,二表示空间的过渡词totheleft/rightontheleft/right,ontheoppositeside,inthemiddleof,infrontof,inthefrontof,atthebackof,atthebottomof,ontheedgeof,ontopof,oppositeto,closeto,nextto,nearto,under,over,below,above,across,around,behind,before,against三表示列举和时序的过渡词firstofall,inthefirstplace,next,andthen,finally,atthesametime,tobeginwith,lastly四表示举例的过渡词forexample,forinstance,foronething,foranother,suchas,like,takeforexample,五表示对比或者比较的过渡词like,unlike,similarly,inthesameway,comparedto/with,while,still,onthecontrary,differentfrom,ontheonehandontheanother(hand),incommon(with)六表示增补的过渡词and,bothand,notonlybutalso,aswellas,also=besides=furthermore=moreover,inaddition,apartfrom,whatsmore,worsestill=whatsworse=tomakethings/matterworse,including七表示因果的过渡词because,since=nowthat,as,for,therefore,thus,so,asaresult,becauseof=onaccountof,thanksto,forthisreason,ifso,ifnot,八表示目的的过渡词forthispurpose,inordertodo=soastodo,inorderthat=sothat九表示让步的过渡词though=although,inspiteof=despite,afterall,evenif=eventhough,nomatterwhat/when/where/how=whatever/whenever/wherever/however十表示条件的过渡词if,unless,so/aslongas,providedthat=onconditionthat十一、表示强调的过渡词aboveall,indeed,inanycase,infact=asamatteroffact,inthiscase,inparticular,obviously,anyway=anyhow,orrather,十二、表示解释的过渡词thatis(tosay),inotherwords,or,namely十三、表示转换话题的过渡词bytheway,Imafraid,inmyopinion,totellyouthetruth,tobehonest十四、表示总结的过渡词ina/oneword,generallyspeaking,inshort=inbrief=inafewwords,inconclusion,onthewhole,ashasbeenmentioned/stated,Itisquiteclearthat-,Thereisnodoubtthat-,Itiswellknownthat-,asweallknow=asisknowntousall,as/sofarasIknow,tosumup=tosummarize=insummary十五、表示选择或者排除的过渡词eitheror,or,without,except=but,insteadof,八表示目的的过渡词forthispurpose,inordertodo=soastodo,inorderthat=sothat九表示让步的过渡词though=although,inspiteof=despite,afterall,evenif=eventhough,nomatterwhat/when/where/how=whatever/whenever/wherever/however十表示条件的过渡词if,unless,so/aslongas,providedthat=onconditionthat十一、表示强调的过渡词aboveall,indeed,inanycase,infact=asamatteroffact,inthiscase,inparticular,obviously,anyway=anyhow,orrather,十二、表示解释的过渡词thatis(tosay),inotherwords,or,namely十三、表示转换话题的过渡词bytheway,Imafraid,inmyopinion,totellyouthetruth,tobehonest十四、表示总结的过渡词ina/oneword,generallyspeaking,inshort=inbrief=inafewwords,inconclusion,onthewhole,ashasbeenmentioned/stated,Itisquiteclearthat-,Thereisnodoubtthat-,Itiswellknownthat-,asweallknow=asisknowntousall,as/sofarasIknow,tosumup=tosummarize=insummary十五、表示选择或者排除的过渡词eitheror,or,without,except=but,insteadof,十六、表示转折的过渡词but,however,still,andyet附录2英语中五种简单句型解析英语基本句型有5种，即（1）主语+连系动词+表语（2）主语+谓语（+状语）（3）主语+谓语+宾语（4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语（5）主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语从5种句型来看，一个句子的核心部分是动词。也就是说我们写出来的任何句子总少不了动词。还有，句子的主语一般是名词，代词，-ing形式，不定式，主语从句或者the+形容词等等。请看下列句子的主语：Chinaisagreatcountry.Swimmingisherfavoritesport.Tofinishthattaskcallsforgreatskillsandpatience.Whathesaidatthemeetingsurprisedusall.Thepoorarelookeddownonbytherich.,句型一：主语+连系动词+表语常见的连系动词有：be,look,seemappear,become,turn,get,feel,sound,smell,taste,grow,go(bad/wrong/mad/hungry/),come(true/loose),fall(asleep/ill),stay,remain,keep,stand,lie,etc.表语可以是名词，形容词，介词短语，不定式，-ing形式，-ed分词，副词等等。句型二：主语+谓语（+状语）此句型的谓语由不及物动词或者相当于不及物动词的短语来充当。状语可以由副词，形容词，名词，介词短语，不定式，-ing形式或者with的复合结构等来充当。句型三：主语+谓语+宾语此句型的谓语由及物动词或者相当于及物动词的短语来充当。宾语可以由名词,代词,不定式,-ing形式,或者从句来充当.,句型四：主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语间接宾语和直接宾语一起称为双宾语。能够带双宾语的动词有如下一些：give,show,send,bring,offer,read,pass,lend,leave,hand,tell,return,write,pay,allow,wish,teach,promise,award,owe,refuse,make,buy,do,fetch,get,paint,spare,cook,sing,etc.句型五：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，-ing形式，-ed分词，不定式等充当。附录3写作常见经典句型（供参考）1Itwas+时间段+before/Itwasnotlongbefore/Itwill(not)be+时间段+before2Itis(hasbeen)+时间段+since+过去时3beabouttodowhen,4while(表示对比)5Notuntil的倒装句型/Itwasnotuntilthat(强调句型)6asas(notas/soas)/morethan/moreandmore/themorethemore7It+be+过去分词/形容词/名词+todo/that-从句8It+不及物动词（seem/appear/happen）+that-从句9Ittakessb.sometimetodosth.10Therebe句型，其中be可以换成stand/live/lie/comeThereisnoneedtodo/Thereisnopointindoing/Thereisnodifficultyindoing/Thereisnodoubtthat,11状语从句句型，比如if/unless/although/though/aslongas/nomatter+wh-/whetheror/evenif/incase/sothat/inorderthat/sothat/suchthat12祈使句（表条件）+and(then)+句子（表肯定结果）祈使句（表条件）+or/orelse/otherwise+句子（表否定结果）13soastodo/inordertodo14tootodo/enoughtodo/onlytodo15think/find/feel/consider/make+it+宾语补足语（形容词或者名词）+todo16with+宾语+宾语补足语（形容词/介词短语/todo/doing/-ed）17几种重要倒装句型，比如nosoonerthan/hardlywhen/only+状语+/notonlybutalso/neither(nor)/so,附录4关于写作中的一般表达和高级表达解析新的高考评分细则,我们不难看出,运用高级词汇、复杂句式和适当的过渡连接词语是书面表达得高分的重要手段.这里我们所说的一般表达和高级表达指的是词汇和句式两个方面.1.学会使用从句(1)使用定语从句Thegirlisspokenhighlyof.Hercompositionwaswellwritten.(一般)Thegirlwhosecompositionwaswellwrittenisspokenhighlyof.(高级),(2)使用状语从句Iwontbelievewhathesays.(一般)Nomatterwhathesays,Iwontbelieve.(高级)Ifyoucomebackbeforesixoclock,youcangoout.(一般)Youcangooutonconditionthatyoucomebackbeforesixoclock.(高级)Ifshedoesntagree,whatshallwedo?(一般)Supposingthatshedoesntagree,whatshallwedo?(高级)2.合理使用复杂的句型Whenhespoke,hefeltmoreandmoreexcited.(一般)Themorehespoke,themoreexcitedhefelt.(高级),Whowillbeondutytoday?(一般)Whoseturnisittobeondutytoday?(高级)Shecantcorrectlypronouncetheword.(一般)Shehastroubleinpronouncingtheword.(高级)3.适度使用高级词汇(1)Asaresulttheplanwasafailure.(一般)Theplanturnedouttobeafailure.(高级)(2)ShewenttoAustraliainordertostudymusic.(一般)ShewenttoAustraliaforthepurposeofstudyingmusic.(高级)(3)Becausetheweatherwasgood,ourjourneywascomfortable.(一般)Thankstothegoodweather,ourjourneywascomfortable.(高级),(4)Whensheheardhehaddied,shewentpalewithsorrow.(一般)Atthenewsofhisdeath,shewentpalewithsorrow(高级)体会下列翻译是属于一般表达还是高级表达?1一回到家他发现所有的窗户都是开着的.Onarrivalhomehefoundallthewindowsopen.Assoonashearrivedhome,hefoundallthewindowsopen.Themomenthearrivedhome,hefoundallthewindowsopen.Nosoonerhadhearrivedhomethanhefoundallthewindowsopen.,2等了大约半个小时车之后,我不耐烦了,决定打的去学校.AfterwaitingforthebusforabouthalfanhourIbecameimpatient.ThenIdecidedtotakeataxitoschool.AfterwaitingforthebusforabouthalfanhourIbecamesoimpatientthatIdecidedtotakeataxitoschool.3我们已经有5年没有见面了.Itisfiveyearssincewelastsaweachother.Wehaventseeneachotherforfiveyears.Wehaventseeneachothersincefiveyearsago.4我还没有到家就开始下雨了.Ididntarrivehome,butitbegantorain.ItbegantorainbeforeIarrivedhome.,5他直到凌晨2点才回家.Hedidntarrivehomeuntil2oclockam.Notuntil2oclockamdidhearrivehome.Itwasnotuntil2oclockamthathearrivedhome.6王先生以前住在那间房子里.房子的后面有一个大的花园.Mr.Wangusedtoliveinahousewithabiggardenbehindit.Mr.Wangusedtoliveinthathouse.Therewasabiggardenbehindit.7现在太晚了.我认为没有必要去看他.Itisverylatenow.IthinkitisunnecessarytovisithimItissolatenowthatIthinkthereisnoneedtovisithim.,8我准备出门,就在这时邮递员送来特快专递.IwasabouttogooutwhenthepostmansentanEMS.Iwasleaving.JustatthattimethepostmansentanEMS.,请看下列来自学生习作的错句并加以改正。1Ihaventseeyouforseveralmonth.Hopeyouareverygood.2SuddenlyIhadaidea.3Iaskedhewhathappened.4IambackinChina.ThanksforhelpmeinAustralia.5Ifeltsadly,becauseafewofmyclassmateslaughtomeinclass.6Bothmymotherandmysisterlikeslistentopopmusic.7Collectstampismyfavoritehobby.8IhavebeentoEnglandtwicetwoyearsago.IhopeyoutocometoChinaforavisit.9IwasabsentyesterdaybecauseIhavetolookformysister.Shewasillathome10Ihurtmewhenplayingfootballyesterdayafternoon.,(二)句子结构错误这种错误常见的有句子结构不完整(如漏掉be动词)；在表达时试图用比较复杂的结构，但往往又事与愿违，丢三落四；2个句子之间缺乏连词或多用连词；写出断句(sentencefragment)等等。对策是学好英语中的复合句(包括定语从句，状语从句和名词性从句)，重点把握连词的用法；还要充分理解句子和句子的逻辑关系。请看下列来自学生习作的错句并加以改正。1MyhometownonthebankoftheChangjiangRiver.2GuoJingjing,whohaswontwogoldmedals,shewasborninHebei.3ThisisallwhatIknowaboutit.4Ihaveagoodfriend,hisnameisLiLei.5Lastweekourclasswentonatriptoafactory,itisamodernplasticfactory.,6Ithinkyoushouldputonmoreclothes.Becauseitisverycold.7Idontknowthatwhentheylefthere.8Onemorningitwasrainingstrongly.However,Iwaslateforschool.9Idontknowwhereisthenearestpostoffice.10Englishisnoteasytolearnwellisafact.(三)中文式英语（Chinglish）由于受母语的影响，不少学生在写作时往往习惯于用中文构思或把中文直接翻译成英文，造成用词不当或句子成分的缺失，结果经常出现不地道的汉式英语。这种错误的出现在书面表达中最多。避免这种错误的正确做法是：掌握英语句子的基本构成(五种简单句的结构，即主语+谓语+宾语；主语+谓语+状语；主语+连系动词+表语；主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语；,主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语)；注意英文表达和中文表达在结构（顺序）上的不同；注意英文和中文词汇意义上的差别（尤其遇到难于表达或英语中没有的词汇可以采用解释法）；注意英语中的惯用句型；多读短小精悍的文章，培养语感。请看下列来自学生习作的错句并加以改正。1Whenyoucome,givemeatelephone.(你来的时候给我一个电话。)2Inthefootballmatch,ourclasswonClass4(在下午的足球比赛中我们班赢了4班。)3IverylikeEnglish.(我非常喜欢英语。)4MynameisLiHuaIandIin1985wasborninDalian.(我的名字叫李华。我1985年出生在大连。)5Ihave165cmtall.Mybodyisverygood.(我有1米,65。我的身体很好。)6IgotNo.1inthemiddleexamandthenwenttoakeyseniormiddleschool.(我在中考中得了第一，然后上了一所重点高中。)7Youhavenoneedtolookupeverywordwhenreading.(阅读时你没有必要查每一个单词。)8Chinashistoryisverylong,hasover5,000years.(中国的历史很悠久，有5000多年了。)9Outsideisverycold.Youhadbetternotgoout.(外面很冷，你最好别出去。)10Inwaitforabus,theweatherbegantorain.(在等车的时候天下雨了。),1.,1.,1.,