英语国家概况练习题.doc

英语国家概况英国部分练习题（1-2章）第一章 Land and People 考题I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts：1. The British Isles are made up of_A. two large islands and hundreds of small onesB. two large islands and Northern IrelandC. three large islands and hundreds of small onesD. three large islands and Northern Ireland2. There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain. They are_A. Britain， Scotland and WalesB. England， Scotland and WalesC. Britain， Scotland and IrelandD. England， Scotland and Ireland3. The Commonwealth of Nations is an association of independent countries_A. that have a large number of British immigrants B. that fought on the side of Britain in the two world warsC. that speak English as their native languageD. that were once colonies of Britain4.About a hundred years ago， as a result of imperialist expansion， Britain ruledanempirethat had one fourth of theworlds people and _of the worlds land area.A. one third B. one fifth C. one fourth D. two fifths 答案：选择： 1.A 2.B 3.D 4.C1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. 1949， Dublin简答1.What are the differences between Britain and the British Isles， Great Britain， England， the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth？The British Isles， Great Britain and England are geographical names， no the official names of the country， while the official name is the United Kingdom， but the full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The British Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.2. Describe the geographical position of Britain？Britain is an island country. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.3.Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland？The north and west of Britain are mainly highland， while the south and south-east are mostly lowlands.4. Does Britain have a favorable climate？ Why？Yes， it has a favorable climate， because it has a maritime type of climatewinters are mild， not too cold and summers are cool， not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. It has a small range of temperature， too.5. What are the factors which influence the climate in Britain？ Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest？The factors which influence the climate in Britain are the following three：1） The surrounding waters balance the seasonal differences；2） The prevailing south-west winds bring warm and wet air in winter and keep the temperatures moderate；3） The North Atlantic Drift， a warm current， passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.The northwestern part has the most rainfall， while the south-eastern corner is the driest.6. Describe the distribution of Britains population.Britain has a population of 57 million. It is densely populated， with an average of 237people per square kilometer. It is also very unevenly distributed， with 90%of the population in urban areas， 10% in rural areas. Geographically， most British people live in England. Of the total of 57 million people， 47 million live in England； 14 million live in London and Southeastern England.7. What are the three natural zones in Scotland？The three natural zones in Scotland are： the Highlands in the north， the central Lowlands， and the southern Uplands.8. What is the difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots， Welsh and Irish？The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons， while the Scots， Welsh and rash are Celts.9. What are the differences in character and speech between southern England and northern England？ How do the Welsh keep their language and culture alive？The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. The Scots are hospitable， generous and friendly. Irish are known for their charm and vivacity as well as for the beauty of their Irish girls. Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau. On these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry， music， singing and art and in this way they keep the Welsh language and Welsh culture alive.10. What is the main problem in Northern Ireland？Hundreds of years ago Scots and English Protestants were sent to live in Northern Ireland. Since then there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants and the Roman Catholics. The former are the dominant group， while the latter are seeking more social， political and economic opportunities. The British Government and the government of Ireland are now working together to bring peace to Northern Ireland.Arrival and settlement of the CeltsBasis of modern English race： the Anglo-SaxonsThe Viking and Danish invasionsKing Alfred and his contributionsThe Norman Conquest and its consequences1 The earliest invasion of England is that by _.A. the Iberian B. the Danes C. the Celts D. the Anglo-Saxons2 the Celts religion was _.A. Christianity B. Druidism C. Norman belief D. Roman Catholic3 the Anglo-Saxons brought _ religion to Britain.A. Christian B. Druid C. Roman Catholic D. Teutonic4 The Anglo-Saxons established _ system， whereby the lord of the manor collected taxes and organized the local army.A. salve B. feudal C. manorial（采邑制度） D. Capitalistic5. The Anglo-Saxons created the _ to advise the king， the basis of the Privy Council.A. Synod B. Witan（议会）C. Whit by D. Shirt court6. _ was known as “the father of the British navy”。A. Edward B. Balfe C. Canute D. Harold I7. Christmas Day _， Duke William was crowned in Westminster Abbey.A. 1056 B. 1066 C.1006 D. 10608. The Celts may originally have come from eastern and central Europe， now _.A. France， Belgium and Spain B.France， Spain and southern ItalyC. France， Belgium and southern Germany D. France， Spain and southern Germany9. By the middle of the ninth century， _ posed a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Essex.A. the Vikings and the Danes B. the Vikings and the Jutes C. the Jutes and the Danes D .the Danes and the Vikings （是不是和A一样呀？）10. The battle of Hastings witnessed the death of _ in October， 1066.A. Edward B. Testing C. Harold D. Harridan11. In 597， _ was the first Archbishop of Canterbury.A. Agricola B. Constantine C. St. Augustine D. Gregory I12. The Saxons were originally from _.A. northern Holland B.northern Germany C. south Norway D. south Germany13. The Celts began to arrive about _BC and kept coming until the arrival of the Roman.A.400 B. 500 C.600 D.70014.The Celts came to Britain in _main waves.A two Bothered C four D five15. _laid the foundations of English state.A Celts B the Anglo-Saxons C the Romans D the Normans16. Alfred the Great was the King of _.A Sussex B Essex C Essex D Mercia17. On the Christmas Day of 1066， _was crowned king of England.A. Edward B Harold C Edgar D William18. When Edward， the Confessor died， the Witan chose _as English King.A Duke William B Edith C Harold D Testing19. Of the following four kings， _ died most tragically.A King Edward B King Egbert C King Harold D King Alfred20. In 1066 Harold and his troops fought against Williams army on Senlac field near _.A London B Normandy C Stanford D Hastings21. From which of the following languages was the suffix-caster or-orchestra in English place names borrowed？A Danish B Welsh C Latin D German22. The Witan， the basis of the Privy Council was created by_.A the Celts B the Anglo-Saxons C the Normans D the Romans 答案：选择 1c. 2B. 3D. 4C. 5B 6B. 7B 8 C 9 A 10 C11 C 12 B 13D 14B 15B 16C 17D 18C 19C 20D 21C 22B简答1 How did the Celts invade Britain？The Celts invaded Britain in three waves： the Gaels， the Brythons and the Belgae.2 How did the Anglo-Saxons invade England？The Anglo-Saxons invaded into Britain in three waves： Jutes， Saxon and Anglos.3 Who began to invade England from the end of the 8th century？By the end of the 8th century， the Norwegian Vikings and the Danes Denmark began to invade England.4 What is the significance of the Norman Conquest？The Norman Conquest ended the English history of being invaded.5 Who formally brought Christianity to Britain？ And when？Christianity was brought to Britain by St.Augustine in 597.名词解释1. HeptarchI t is a collective name for the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms from the 7th century to the 9th century. They are Kent， Essex， Sussex， Essex， East Anglia， Mercia and North Umbria. After the 9th century， the seven kingdoms were conquered one after another by the invading Danes.2. Alfred the GreatHe was king of Essex， one of the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. It was he who led the Anglo-Saxons to fight against the invading Danes and maintained peace for a long time. Alfred was not only a brave king at wartime， but also a wise king at peacetime. He encouraged education and introduced a legal system. He is known as “the father of the British navy.”3. William the conquerorHe was also known as William， Duke of Normandy In 1066， he led the Normans to cross the English Channel and conquered England .He became William the First. His reign marked the beginning of the full feudal system in England英语国家概况英国部分小型习题第3章（上、下）(2009-10-15 17:01:57) 转载标签： 杂谈第三章 Shaping of the Nation （练习题上）I.Choose the right answer1. Under Williams rule， the were at the bottom of the feudal system.A. barons B. freemen C. villains D. lawyers2. William replaced the Witan， the council of the Anglo-Saxon king， withA. the Grand Council B. the House of Lords C. the House of Corranons D. Parliament3. William II was known as William because of his red complexion.A. Rufus B. the Conqueror C. the Confessor D. the Unready4. Henry II was the first king of the dynasty.A. Windsor B. Tudor C. Malcolm D. Plantagenet5. In Henry II s reign， a law was gradually established in place of the customs of the manor.A. local B. private C. civil D. common6. The Great Council of Henry II drew up the Constitutions of in 1164 to increase the jurisdiction of the civil courts.A. Labourers B. Clarendon C. Oxford D. Cambridge7. The Great Charter was signed in and had clauses.A.1251， 63 B.1251， 73 C.1215， 63 D.1215， 738. In 1265 summoned the Great Council， which has been seen as the earliest parliament.A. Henry B.the Pope C. Barons D. Simon de Montfort9. The Hundred Years war started in and was ended in ， in which the English had lost all the territories of France except the French port of ，A .1337 ， 1453， Flanders B .1337 ， 1453， CalaisC.1346， 1453， Argencourt D.1346， 1453， Brest10. In 1351， the English government issued a Statute of ， which made it a crime for peasants to ask for more wages .A. Oxford B. Clarendon C. Labourers D. Magna CartaII Fill in the blanks1. Under William， the system in England was completely established.2. william replaced the ， the council of the Anglo-Saxon kings， with the of his new tenants-in-chief.3. The property record in Williams time is known as ， which was compiled in4. was the first king of the House of Plantagenet.5. In Henry II s day， the country was divided into circuits， and the system replaced old ordeals by fire and water and old trials by battle.6. s grave became a place of pilgrimage in and beyond chaucer s time after he was murdered.7. In 1215， the barons charter， known as or was approved， which contained clauses.8. In the Hundred Years war， the French heroine led the French to drive the English out of their country. By 1453， was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English.9. was the deadly bubonic plague， which reduced Englandspopulation from four million to million by the end of the 14thcentury.10. One of the consequences of the Uprising of 1381 was the emergence of a new class of farmers.Answers：1.C 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.CII1. feudal 2. Witan， Grand Council3 . Domesday Book， 1086 4. Henry II5. six， jury， English， Norman 6. Thomas Becket7. Mangna Carta， the Great Charter， 638. Joan of Arc， Calais 9. Black Death， two10. yeomenIII1.Domesday BookIt is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of King William the First in 1086. The book was in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of England. It recorded the extent， value， state of cultivation， and ownership of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today， it is kept in the Public Records Office in London.2.lollards：罗拉德派they were poor priests and traveling preachers who were john wyclifs followers.they played an important role in the mental preparations for the peasant uprising of 1381.they preaching the equality of men before god.3.Joan of arc：圣女贞德she was a national heroine of France during the hundred years war，she successfully led the france to drive the English out of France.4.The Black DeathIt is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague， an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning， and without any cue. In England， it killed almost half of the total population， causing far-reaching economic consequences.简答1.What was feudalism like in England under the rule of William the Conqueror？Under the rule of William the Conqueror， the feudal system in England was completely established. According to this system， the king owned all the land personally. William gave his barons large estates in return for military services and a proportion of the lands produce. These estates were scattered all over the king. Then， the barons parceled out land to the lesser nobles， knights and freemen， also in return for goods and services. At the bottom of the feudal scale were the serfs. One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance not only to their immediate lord， but also to the king.2. What were the contents and the significance of the Great charter？Contents： no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council； no freeman should be arrested， imprisoned， or deprived of his property except by the law of the land； the Church should possess all its rights， together with freedom of elections； London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges， and there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. It was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons， a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the power of the king.3. Why and how did the English Parliament come into being？Henry IIIs many measures was brought matters between he and barons to a head. And the barons force the king to swear and accept the Provisions of Oxford. Simon de Montfort summoned in 1265 the Great Council to meet at Westminster， together with two knights from each country and two burgesses from each town， a metting which has been seen as that the earliest parliament.4. What do you know about Wat Tylers Uprising？The uprising broke out in Kent and Essex in 1381 and was led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw. Tyler led the mared villagers to occupy London. The king was forced to accept their demands. Most of the rebels dispersed and went home， while Tyler and other leader stayed on for more rights. Tyler was killed at a meeting with the king， who suppressed the Uprising brutally. Although the Uprising failed， it had great importance in English history. It directed against the rich clergy， the lawyers and the landowners. It effectively blew the serfdom， and a new class of yeomen farmers emerged， paving the way for the development of capitalism.英语国家概况英国部分考纲中文详解（1-4章）(2009-10-15 17:47:44) 转载标签： 杂谈1. Land and People 国土与人民Different names for Britain and its parts 英国的不同名称及其区域正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。简称：联合王国，或UK.首都伦敦。它包括不列颠岛和北爱尔兰。不列颠诸岛：包括不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛和几百个小岛。爱尔兰岛：岛的北部地区，即北爱尔兰属于联合王国；岛的南部地区，称为爱尔兰共和国或爱尔兰，1949年独立，首都是都柏林。三个政治区域：英格兰，苏格兰，威尔士。由于帝国主义扩张政策，英国成为一个帝国。两次世界大战后，其殖民地不断独立，大英帝国逐渐消失，1931年由英联邦取代。英联邦：是由原英国殖民地组成的一个自由联合体，各独立成员国间，根据贸易协议实行经济合作。英联邦没有特别的权力，目前有50个成员国。2. Origins of the Nation 英国的起源Arrival and settlement of the Celts 凯尔特人的到来和迁居自公元前700年不断迁入，来自东欧及中欧，即现在的法国，比利时和德国南部。三次入侵高潮：第一次是公元前600年，盖尔人。第二次是公元前400年，布立吞（不列颠）人。第三次是公元前150年，贝尔盖人。强大的酋长卡西弗洛诺斯，莎士比亚剧本中的辛白林。技艺：农耕，沼泽地排水，修建房屋，铁匠。后裔：山地苏格兰人，爱尔兰人，威尔士人。语言：是威尔士语和盖尔语的基础。宗教：德鲁伊德教。德鲁伊德指智者，占星家和占卜者。采用活人祭祀。Basis of modern English race： the Anglo-Saxons 现代英格兰民族的基础：盎格鲁撒克逊人三支日尔曼（条顿）部落的入侵：朱特人：来自朱特兰岛（现丹麦南部）。酋长亨及斯特和霍塞，帮助肯特国王伏泰根驱逐皮克特人和苏格兰人后，转而攻击伏泰根，最终亨及斯特成为肯特国王。撒尔逊人：来自德国北部。建立了埃塞克斯，苏塞克斯，威塞克斯。盎格鲁人：来自德国北部。英国人名字的来源。建立了东盎格利亚，麦西亚，诺森伯利亚。七王国：肯特，埃塞克斯，苏塞克斯，威塞克斯，东盎格利亚，麦西亚，诺森伯利亚。日尔曼宗教：Tiu战神（星期二Tuesday），Woden主神（星期三Wednesday），Thor雷神（星期四Thursday），Freya和平女神（星期五Friday）。基督教：修道士哥伦巴，在爱奥那岛建了一所修道院，促使北方和普通人皈依基督教。罗马圣安德鲁修道院的副院长，圣奥古斯丁来到英国，促使国王和贵族皈依基督教（肯特国王埃瑟伯特）。公元579年成为坎特伯雷大主教。罗马传教士与凯尔特传教士的分歧：公元664年在约克郡的威特比举行会议，教皇权威被认同。盎格鲁-撒克逊部落间不断交战，麦西亚国王欧发，威塞克斯国王埃格伯特先后统治。设立郡（县），郡法庭和郡长官（执法范围广泛），狭长三田轮作制（延用至农业革命），采邑制度（领主收租并组织当地军队），议会（贤人会议，现枢密院基础），为英国的形成打下基础。The Viking and Danish invasions 北欧海盗和丹麦入侵者从8世纪末，挪威海盗和丹麦人不断袭击英格兰。9世纪时甚至占领了基督教中心约克郡。9世纪中叶，威胁到威塞克斯王国，王国首都在温切斯特。公元879年，威塞克斯国王亚尔弗雷德打败了丹麦人，与之达成协议，规定丹麦人控制英格兰的西部和北部（丹麦法区）。并说服丹麦首领古斯鲁姆受洗成为基督徒。亚尔弗雷德去世后，纷争又起。公元980年，北欧海盗再度进犯，“未准备好者”埃塞尔雷德国王征收向人民“丹麦金”。公元1016年，埃塞尔雷德国王去世，贤人会议挑选丹麦首领喀奴特为国王，英格兰成为斯堪的那维亚帝国的一部分。公元1035年，喀奴特去世。喀奴特之子哈罗德，哈迪喀奴特先后继任；再后来由“未准备好者”埃塞尔雷德之子“忏悔者”爱德华统治。King Alfred and his contributions 亚尔弗雷德大帝及他的贡献海军：被称为“英国海军之父”。建立强大的舰队，在海战中击败丹麦人，保护海岸并促进贸易。陆军：改组了“弗尔德”（撒克逊军队），使之更高效。其它成就：学识渊博，将比德的英国人民教会史翻译为英语，发展教育并制订法律制度这些成就，使他无愧于“亚尔弗雷德大帝”的称号。The Norman Conquest and its consequences 诺曼人征服及其后果“忏悔者”爱德华去世后，四个人争夺王位：A） 挪威国王哈罗德。哈德拉达；B） 诺曼底公爵威廉；C） 流放的诺桑布里亚伯爵托斯帝格；D） 威塞克斯伯爵哈罗德。戈得温森，世袭继承者。诺曼人征服：流放的C投靠A，两人在斯坦福桥败于D，战败身亡。1066年，D与B的骑兵在森拉克决战，B胜D亡，从此盎格鲁-撒克逊的英格兰消失。D进入伦敦，由约克主教加冕为英格兰国王。随后D镇压北方起义，即“扫平北方”，并建立强大的诺曼政府，对整个国家实行军事统治。后果：在英格兰完全确立了封建制度，开放了与欧洲大陆的关系，文明和商业得到发展，引进了诺曼-法国文化，语言，举止和建筑。教会与罗马的联系更密切，教会法庭与世俗法庭被分开。3. Shaping of the Nation 英国的形成Englands feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror 征服者威廉统治下的封建制度英国的封建制度：在威廉的统治下，英国的封建制度完全确立。规定国王个人拥有所有土地。国王将土地分给贵族，贵族保证服役和交租。成为国王土地承租人的贵族，再把土地分配给小贵族，骑士和自由民，同样要求交租和服役。封建制度义底层的是农奴。英国封建制度的特点：所有的土地拥有者，无论是承租人还是二佃户，不仅要宣誓效忠于直接领主，而且还要宣誓效忠国王。这样限制了贵族权力的扩大。贵族的地产分散于各处，这样不易于联合起来反叛国王。大议会：威廉用大议会取代了贤人会议，一年召开三次。末日审判书：为了可靠记录所有的土地，佃户及其财产，并查明他们能交多少税，威廉派官员编了一本财产清册，称为末日审判书。此册完成于1086年，记录了当时英国全国总调查的结果，陈述了土地的范围，价值，人口，耕种情况和所有权。现保存在伦敦的公共档案馆里。宗教政策：威廉对教会的政策是完全控制，同时造成它拥有权力。任命诺曼人兰佛兰克为坎特伯雷大主教，鼓励高效率的管理，进一步密切英国教会与罗马的关系，同时小心维护自己的独立性和权力。在他的统治下，诺曼文化在英国土地上遍地开花，修道院成了新的文化中心。Contents and the significance of the Great Charter 大宪章的内容和意义诺曼人遗留的两件事促成了12世纪和13世纪英国国内的不稳定：其一是英国在法国境内拥有的土地；其二是诺曼人对罗马天主教的依附。三次大规模的十字军东征，以及对法战争，极大消耗了英国的财政，最终导致了约翰国王与贵族之间的对抗。1215年夏天，在兰尼米德岛举行了会议，贵族代表团将他们的宪章（后称为大宪章）递交给国王和他的顾问们。1215年6月19日，国王极不情愿地在大宪章上盖上印鉴。大宪章的主要内容：没有大评议会的批准不得征税；不得随意逮捕拘禁自由民，不依土地法不得剥夺其财产；教会拥